Matching Features

MODEL PRACTICE 1:
A few geothermal power plants depend on dry-steam reservoirs which produce steam
but little or no water. In these cases, the steam is piped up directly to provide the power to spin
a turbine generator. The first geothermal power plant, constructed at Lardarello in Italy, was of
this type, and is still producing electricity today.

Most currently operating geothermal power plants are either 'flash' steam plants or
binary plants. Flash plants produce mainly hot water ranging in temperature from 300° to 700°
Fahrenheit. This water is passed through one or two separators where, released from the
pressure of the underground reservoir, it 'flashes' or explosively boils into steam. Again, the force
of this steam provides the energy to spin the turbine and produce electricity. The geothermal
water and steam are then reinjected directly back down into the earth to maintain the volume
and pressure of the reservoir. Gradually they will be reheated and can then be used again.

A reservoir with temperatures below 300° Fahrenheit is not hot enough to flash steam
but it can still be used to generate electricity in a binary plant. In these plants, the heat of the
geothermal water is transferred to a second or binary fluid, such as isopentane, which boils at a
lower temperature than water. The steam from this is used to power the turbines. As in the flash
steam plant, the geothermal water is recycled back into the reservoir.

Questions 1-4: LOCATE THE EVIDENCE FOR EACH ANSWER IN THE PARAGRAPH
Types of geothermal plant
A. dry steam plants
B. flash steam plants
C. binary plants
D. all of them
1. They are in use today.
2. They use geothermal reservoirs with temperatures over 300° F.
3. They use steam from the earth, and not water.
4. The vapour which spins the turbines is not produced from water.
MODEL PRACTICE 2:
In Rarities in Numeral Systems, Harald Hammarström lists 12 South American languages
that lack exact numbers above one. He prefers to call these systems 'one-few-many', since there
are usually words in these languages for 'few' and 'many'. He also mentions two languages that
have no exact numbers. The most studied of these is Pirahã, which is spoken by only about 400
people. It has a word for 'about one' and a word for about two'. As if that wasn't fuzzy enough,
the words for about one' and about two are the same - hoi - the only difference being a change
in inflection.

The Amazonian Indians whose sense of number has been most closely studied are the
Munduruku, who have numerical words only up to five. Animals and babies are good at
discriminating quantities above five, so one would expect that the Indians are too - even though
they do not have words to express such amounts. And this is exactly what experiments conducted
by the French linguist Pierre Pica have confirmed: when given tests that involve comparing sets
of more than five dots on a screen, the Munduruku scored just as high as Westerners. When Pica
looked more closely at the Munduruku's number words, he realised that only their words for one
and two were used with any sense of exactness. The words for three, four and five were
approximations - as if what they meant to say was 'threeish', 'fourish' and 'fiveish'. In this aspect,
the Munduruku are just like the 'one-two-many' tribes, who also have exact numbers only up to
two.

When Indians do learn numbers, in fact, they appear uninterested by them. A Pirahã girl
was once taken out of the village to receive medical treatment. During her time with Brazilians
she learnt some Portuguese and how to count in Portuguese. No problem. But after returning to
the community, while she retained some Portuguese she quickly forgot how to count.

Anthropologists first reached communities on the other side of the world, in Papua New
Guinea, in the late nineteenth century. They discovered that they used not just their fingers to
count but also their whole bodies. The natives started out with the fingers and thumb of one
hand for one to five, but then carried on for higher numbers with wrist, elbow, shoulders,
sternum and so on. For example, one tribe, the Yupno, go as high as 34: their word for 34 is one
dead man'. These Papuan 'body-tally' systems are unusual because almost all other systems
group numbers in much smaller sets.

In the Amazon there are also tribes with bases of two, three and four. For example, the
Waimiri have words for one to three, and then say '3+1, 3+2', '3+3', '3+3+1', '3+3+2' and ‘3+3+3’.
Our base ten system of the digits zero to nine, which has its origins in India, is now in use all over
the developed world. It is a natural system, but for several hundred years mathematicians have
questioned whether it is the wisest base for us to have. The campaign for adding two new
numbers, so that our system becomes base 12, is still active – the argument is to do with the
extra divisibility of 12 compared with ten, since 12 can be divided by two, three, four and six
while ten can be divided only by two and five. In fact, there are humans that already use base 12:
and almost all of them belong to the tribes of the Plateau area of northern Nigeria.

Match the statements with the cultures and languages A – F.

1. In this community, people do not really learn how to count, because there is no need for them
to learn.
2. The most used system was started by these people.
3. The counting system in this culture works with small sets but uses addition.
4. The situation in this community demonstrates that people can estimate quantities even in
cultures where exact numbers do not exist.
5. The system here has been in existence for a very long time but may not be the best one.
6. The counting system in this culture is different from that in most other cultures.

List of Cultures:
A Pirahā
B Munduruku
C Yupno
D Waimiri
E English
F Indian
EXTRA EXERCISE 1:
ECCENTRIC LEADERS

A. When we think of kings, queens, emperors or any kind of royal leader, what usually comes to
everyone’s mind is dignity, power, ornate dress or majestic figures sitting elegantly on their
thrones dispensing favors or wisdom to their subjects. Although many monarchs have done
justice to this vision, throughout the world and throughout history there have also been a number
of bizarre, frankly eccentric, rulers.

B. The French have had their fair share of idiosyncratic kings. Charles VI< who reigned from 1368
to 1422, was not always aware that he was king and often forgot that he had a wife and children.
There were times when he believed that he was made of glass and had his manservants put rods
into his clothing so that he would not shatter. Charles the Mad, as he was known, would run
around the palace grounds howling like a wolf until, eventually, his son-in-law had to take over
as regent.

C. Turning now to Russia, one of their more eccentric tsars, or leaders, was Fyodor 1 (1557 –
1598). He is said to have been simple-minded, and earned the nickname Fyodor the Bellringer
for the almost childlike pleasure he took in ringing church bells. Not only did he allegedly lack the
intelligence to rule, he also had no interest in doing so, leaving the running of the state to his
wife’s brother, Boris Godunov. Happily for him, rather than it being seen as a disadvantage, his
subjects saw his childlike simplicity as being divinely inspired. However, as he died childless, his
death marked the end of the Rurik dynasty and the beginning of a tumultuous period in Russian
history known as the ‘Time of Troubles’. Had he left an heir, Russian history might well have gone
in a different direction.

D. England too can boast of at least one peculiar monarch, George III, who reigned from 1760 to
1820. One of his most evident quirks was his speech and famously he once produced a sentence
containing 400 words with only 9 of them being webs! He once purportedly shook hands with a
tree, believing it to be the King of Prussia! However, history often ignores the successes of his
reign. He was the first English king to study the sciences, of which he became a patron, with the
construction of the King’s Observatory in Richmond amongst his achievements. But his supposed
episodes of madness, particularly towards the end of his life, remained a concern, and according
to the standards of the day, George was subjected to some bizarre and inhumane treatments in
an attempt to cure them. Interestingly, there is some speculation from historians that had it not
been for these treatments, he would not have been quite so unstable.

E. Roman emperors are also said to have had some bizarre characters among their number, and
Caligula, who ruled from 37 – 41 AD, probably has the worst reputation. Amongst other things,
he was reported to have been an insomniac, roaming his palace all night and engaging in lengthy
conversations with the Moon and Jupiter. He allegedly even appointed his horse as a senator,
building it a stable out of marble and inviting it to dinner with his guests. However, it should be
pointed out that many of these ‘reports’ about Caligula were written more than 80 years after
his death, so their accuracy is open to question. What’s more, if we compared his supposed
behavior to that of many of the other Roman emperors, quite a few of them would almost
certainly be regarded as even more eccentric.

F. One queen who was actually ‘accused’ of madness was Joanna (Juana) of Castile, who reigned
from 1504 to 1516. However, again, whether this was the case or not is subject to debate.
Certainly, some of her behavior could be regarded as unconventional, especially for the time. She
was said to have been very jealous and on one occasion attacked and cut off the hair of a rival
for her husband’s affections. On the other hand, by many accounts she was a gifted and
intelligent woman with a talent for diplomacy. The fact that both her father and her own son
declared her mad and unfit to rule so that they could reign in her stead raises the question of
whether the accusations were actually motivated by political ambition. Whatever the case,
historians have dubbed her Joanna the Mad and, sadly for her reputation, this is unlikely to
change.

G. As we know from modern-day news reporting, just because something appears in print, it
doesn’t necessarily mean it is true, and it is all too easy to ruin someone’s reputation with gossip
and hearsay. Perhaps we should keep this in mind when we read about these colorful historical
characters and remember that some of them may have been unfairly judged. After all, we all
have our own strange habits and quirks. I for one think we should celebrate royal eccentricity. It
certainly makes reading history much more interesting.

Match the statements 1 – 9 with the correct leaders A - E.

List of People:
A Caligula
B George III
C Charles VI
D Fyodor I
E Joanna of Castile

1. This ruler believed that they are very fragile.

2. This ruler did not want to be the ruler.
3 This ruler’s strange behavior accusations could be driven by ambitions of political forces.
4. It is claimed that this ruler talked to celestial bodies.
5. This ruler’s relative had to replace them as a ruler.
6. This ruler supported the advancement of scientific research.
7. This ruler conducted hostile acts against their love rivals.
8. This ruler did not have any children when they passed away.
9. The behavior of many counterparts of this ruler could be seen as more eccentric.

NOTE: BOYS & GIRLS, HIGHLIGHT THE WORDS THAT YOU DON’T KNOW Y’ALLLL