MOMENTUM

TRANSFER

ENGR. ERIC R. HALABASO

Overall Mass Balance,
Continuity Equation and
Overall Energy Balance
ENGR. ERIC R. HALABASO
Overall Mass Balance
OVERALL MASS BALANCE

✓ The first step in the solution of flow problems is

generally to apply the principles of the conservation of
mass to the whole system or part of a system.
OVERALL MASS BALANCE

(rate of mass (rate of mass (rate of mass

0 (rate of
output from
control
- input from
control
+ accumulation
in control
= mass
generation)
volume) volume) volume)
OVERALL MASS BALANCE
Consider the figure below:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = ρ𝑣 𝑑𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠α
@ control volume:
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = න න ρ𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠α 𝑑𝐴 = න න ρ 𝑣 · 𝑛 𝑑𝐴
𝔡 𝑑𝑀
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = න න න ρ𝑑𝑉 =
𝔡𝑡 𝑑𝑡
@ OMB
𝔡
න න ρ 𝑣 · 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 + න න න ρ𝑑𝑉 = 0
𝔡𝑡
OVERALL MASS BALANCE
Consider the figure below:
@ OMB
𝔡
න න ρ 𝑣 · 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 + න න න ρ𝑑𝑉 = 0
𝔡𝑡
‫ ׬ ׬‬ρ 𝑣 · 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = ‫ ׬ ׬‬ρ2 𝑣2 𝑐𝑜𝑠α2 𝑑𝐴 + ‫ ׬ ׬‬ρ1 𝑣1 𝑐𝑜𝑠α1 𝑑𝐴

න න ρ 𝑣 · 𝑛 𝑑𝐴 = ρ2 𝑣2 𝐴2 − ρ1 𝑣1 𝐴1

@ OMB with generation

𝑑𝑀𝑖
𝑚𝑖2 − 𝑚𝑖1 + = 𝑅𝑖
𝑑𝑡
OVERALL MASS BALANCE
Sample Problem:
Initially, a tank contains 750 kg of NaCl solution containing 10% NaCl. At
point 1 in the control volume, a stream enters at a constant flow rate of 12 kg/h
containing 20% NaCl. A stream leaves at point 2 at a constant rate of 6 kg/h.
The tank is well stirred. Derive an equation relating the weight fraction of
NaCl in the tank at any time t. What is the weight fraction at t=2 h?
OVERALL MASS BALANCE
OVERALL MASS BALANCE
Continuity Equation
 OVERALL MASS BALANCE AND
CONTINUITY EQUATION
✓ Consider the following simple flow system:
 OVERALL MASS BALANCE AND
CONTINUITY EQUATION
✓ Sample Problem:
Gasoline having a density of 0.78 g/cm3 is flowing through the piping system shown at
a total rate of 0.002 m3/s entering pipe 1.
The flow divides equally in each of pipes 3. The steel pipes are schedule 40 pipe.
Calculate the following using SI units.
a. Total mass flowrate m in pipe 1 and pipes 3.
b. The average velocity v in 1 and 3
c. Mass velocity in 1.
OVERALL MASS BALANCE AND
CONTINUITY EQUATION
OVERALL MASS BALANCE AND
CONTINUITY EQUATION
 OVERALL MASS BALANCE
✓ Sample Problem:
A tank has a volume 1 m3 and contains air that is maintained at a constant temperature
by being in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings. If the initial absolute pressure is 1 bar, how
long will it take for the pressure to fall to a final pressure of 0.0001 bar if the air is evacuated at
a constant rate of 0.001 m3/s, at the pressure prevailing inside the tank at any time?
OVERALL MASS BALANCE
Overall Energy Balance
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
1ST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Δ𝐸 = 𝑞 + 𝑊
Work
Total Heat
Energy

- + =0
(rate of energy (rate of energy (rate of energy
output from input from accumulation in
control volume) control volume) control volume)
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
Energy (per unit mass) present within a system can be classified in three ways:
1. Potential energy, gz
✓ Energy by virtue of its position
2. Kinetic energy, v2/2
✓ Energy due to transitional or rotational motion
3. Internal Energy, U
✓ Other energy present such as rotational and vibrational energy in
chemical bonds.

𝑣2
𝐸=𝑈+ + 𝑧𝑔
2
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
@ control volume:
𝜕 𝑣2
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = න න න 𝑈 + + 𝑧𝑔 ρ𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑡 2
@ rate of energy input and output associated with mass:
1. Internal Energy
2. Kinetic Energy
3. Potential Energy
4. Pressure-Volume Work, PV
𝐻 = 𝑈 + 𝑃𝑉
𝑣2
𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 = ‫ 𝐻 ׬ ׬‬+ + 𝑧𝑔 ρ𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 α𝑑𝐴
2
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
@ control volume:
𝑣2 𝜕 𝑣2
නන 𝐻 + + 𝑧𝑔 ρ𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 α𝑑𝐴 + න න න 𝑈 + + 𝑧𝑔 ρ𝑑𝑉 = 𝑞 + 𝑊𝑠
2 𝜕𝑡 2
@ Steady-State: unit mass
basis

1 2
𝐻2 − 𝐻1 + 𝑣2 − 𝑣12 + 𝑔 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 𝑞 + 𝑊𝑠
2α
Note:
α=0.5 (laminar flow)
α=1.0 (turbulent flow)
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
1 2
𝐻2 − 𝐻1 + 𝑣2 − 𝑣12 + 𝑔 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 = 𝑞 + 𝑊𝑠
2α
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
Sample Problem:
Water enters a boiler at 20°C and 100 kPa through a pipe at an average
velocity of 2 m/s. Exit steam at a height of 15 m above the liquid inlet leaves at
100 kPa, 150 °C, and 10 m/s in the outlet line. At steady state, how much
heat be added per kg mass steam? The flow is turbulent.
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
Sample Problem:
Water at 70°C is being stored in a large insulated tank at atmospheric pressure. It is being
pumped at steady state from this tank at point 1 by a pump at the rate of 0.5 m3/min. The
motor driving the pump supplies energy at the rate of 8 kW. The water passes through a heat
exchanger, where it gives up 1400 kW of heat. The cooled water is then delivered to a second,
large open tank at point 2, which is 20 m above the first tank. Calculate The final temperature
of the water delivered in the second tank. Neglect any KE changes since the initial and final
velocities in the tank are essentially zero.
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
Sample Problem:
A flow calorimeter is being used to measure the enthalpy of a steam. The
calorimeter, which is horizontal insulated pipe, consists of an electric heater
immersed in a fluid flowing at a steady state. Liquid water at 0°C at a rate of
0.4 kg/min enters the calorimeter at point 1. The liquid is vaporized completely
by the heater, where 20 kW is added and steam leaves at point 2 at 250°C
and 150 kPa absolute. Calculate the exit enthalpy H2 of the steam if the liquid
enthalpy at 0°C is set arbitrarily as 0. The kinetic energy changes are small
and can be neglected.
OVERALL ENERGY BALANCE
(@͜@)
ENGR. ERIC R. HALABASO