Cancer Notes Hyperplasia-

Pain and Death Compensatory Hyperplasia - proliferation

of cells while they maintain their
CA Nurse – support pt & family through differentiated structure and function.
physical, emotional, social, cultural & spiritual
crises. Hormonal Hyperplasia -

Cancer
Dilatation and curettage
Med term – Malignant Neoplasm
Hypertrophy - increase size of cells
Abnormal proliferation of cells.
Atrophy – decrease size in cell
Angiogenesis – formation of blood vessels
Dysplasia – Deranged cell growth
Necrosis – traumatic cell death
Metaplasia – Substitution of one cell with
Apoptosis – programmed self death other type
Produce apoptotic bodies – it collects cellular Factors which contribute to the devt of CA
debris that may cause mutation of cell.
1. Oncogenic Viruses + Oncogene
Metastasis – spread of cancer by blood vessel
– Ability to transform normal cell to a
Gold standard test is Tissue Biopsy malignant cell. Theory by Francis
Peyton Rous in 1911.
Carcinoma – CA from epithelial cells
2. Carcinogens
Sarcoma – CA from non epithelial tissue , blood -post close & prolong exposure;
vessel, muscles, skin and bones cause cell and alteration
Melanoma – skin sarcoma
Chemical – forms electrophiles
Oncogenes – discovered by Francis a. Industrial compounds
Peyton Rous b. Foods and preservatives
- Cancer Radiation – adaptive effect (high
energy)
Proto oncogenes – benign forms of
oncogenes necessary for normal cell Chemical carcinogen
functions.
Vinyl chloride
Proto oncogenes
- Plastic manufacture
Retrovirus –
-Asbestos factories
Cellular Adaptive Process –
- construction works
Differentiation – cells transformed into
different specialized types as they Polycyclic Aromatic
proliferate from a single stem cell. Hydrocarbons

In blood formation stem cell comes from - Vehicle emissions

bone marrow - Oil refineries
 B. Food & Preservatives 1. Initiation – Alteration of atructure of
cellular DNA
- nitrates
2. Latency/ Promotion (incubation
- talc (Pulbos) stage ) – Proliferation of AbN cells
d/t repeated exposure of promoting
- Food sweeteners (formal dehide, agents
aspartane) Protein 53 guardian angel gene
C. Radiation 3. Progression – Exhibit increased
malignant behavior rapid
- Ionizing Radiation – Cancer proliferation of CA cells Irreversible.
induction 4. Invasion
- Regional Invasion – CA cells
-X-ray
invade surrounding tissues & organs
-Radioactive Isotopes - Metastasis – spread to a distant
body sites
-Sunlight/ Ultraviolet rays –Sarcoma
and melanoma Regional Invasion occurs by
-Radon – decay of uranium found in 1. Cellular proliferation
soil and rocks 2. Loss of contact inhibition
3. Secretion of cystic Substance
-Electromagnetic Radiation
Mechanism of metastasis
3. Immunologic Defects
1. Invation of neoplastic cells to
4. Age adjacent tissues caused by
5. Gender
6. Heredity Main management in CA
7. Poverty 1. Surgery
2. Radiation
8. Stress
3. Chemotherapy
Characteristics of cancer cells
Cell surface and membrane alteration
Metabolic changes
- Angiogenesis – have own blood supply
Antigenic Changes
- during intrauterine and early post-natal life
working as a protection, When repressed in
later stage in life it becomes tumor marker.
Possible presence of cancer cells
Stages of CA development