Motion and Rest

 An object is said to be in motion if its position changes with time with respect to a reference
object or a reference point.
 An object is said to be at rest if its position does not change with time with respect to a
reference object or a reference point.
 An object may be at rest (stationary) with respect to one reference object and in motion with
respect to some other reference object at the same time.
 Motion is not absolute; it is relative.

Answer the following questions.

Q. 1. Give two examples that shows state of motion is relative.

Q.2. List out the different types of motion about which you have learnt in previous classes.

Concept of scalar and vector

I. Scalar Quantity
 A physical quantity that has only magnitude is called a scalar quantity.
 Scalar quantities can be described by specifying their magnitude (numerical values).
 Example : mass, distance , temperature, speed, time
 Scalar quantities can be added according to usual rules of arithmetic

II. Vector Quantity

 A physical quantity that has magnitude as well as direction is called a vector quantity.
 Vector quantities can be described by specifying both magnitude and direction.
 Example: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, weight
 Vectors cannot be added according to usual rules of arithmetic. Vectors can be added using laws
of vector addition.

Differences between Scalar and vector

Scalar
 has only magnitude
 scalars can be added according to usual rules of arithmetic
 Scalar quantities change when their magnitude change.
 example: distance ,speed ,time ,energy

vector
 has both magnitude and direction
 vectors cannot be added according to usual rules of arithmetic. can be added using laws of
vector addition
 Vector quantities change when either their magnitude changes or direction changes or their
magnitude and direction both change
 example: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, weight

Some conventions of representing scalar and vector

 Scalar quantities are represented by normal letters (upper case/lower case) and vector
quantities are represented by bold letters (upper case/lower case) or with arrow head on letters.
 Example : Symbol for force, which is a vector quantity, can be represented by F or �.
 A vector is represented by an arrow whose direction is the same as that of the quantity and
whose length is proportional to the quantity’s magnitude.
 A magnitude of a vector v is indicated by |v| or v .
Describing position of an object/particle

 To describe the position of an object we need to specify a reference point called the origin.
 Reference point / Origin : It is a point with respect to which the position /state of motion of an
object is described.

Describing motion of a particle/object moving along a straight line

 Distance travelled : The total length of the path taken by the object is the distance travelled by
the object.
 Displacement : The shortest distance measured from the initial to the final position of an object
is known as the displacement.
 The numerical ratio of displacement to distance for a moving object is equal or less than 1
because the magnitude of displacement cannot be more than distance covered.

Similarities between distance and displacement

 both have same unit i.e. unit of length
 both require reference point to be measured from
 distance and magnitude of displacement are equal when the object moves along a straight line
in one direction

Differences between distance covered and displacement

Distance covered
 has only magnitude
 depends on the actual path taken by the object
 distance covered is never less than the magnitude of the corresponding displacement
 if final position of a moving object coincides with initial position, distance covered may not be
zero

Displacement

 has both magnitude and direction

 does not depend on the actual path taken by the object. Depends on the initial and final position
of the object.
 magnitude of displacement is never greater than the corresponding distance covered
 if final position of a moving object coincides with initial position, displacement is zero

Answer the following questions .

Q.1. You leave your house for your school at 9:20 a.m. and return to your house from the school at 4:
30 p.m. . Find your displacement during this time. Distance between your school and your house is 6
km .
Q.2. An object is moving in a circle of radius R . Calculate the distance covered and displacement
(i)when it completes half the circle
(ii)when it completes two full circles
*Answer the following questions given on page no. 100 of your textbook.
1. An object has moved through a distance. Can it have zero displacement? If
yes, support your answer with an example.
2. A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side 10 m in 40 s.
What will be the magnitude of displacement of the farmer at the end of 2
minutes 20 seconds from his initial position?
3. Which of the following is true for displacement?
(a) It cannot be zero.
(b) Its magnitude is greater than the distance travelled by the object.
** Go through Activity : 8.3 and Activity : 8.4 and answer the questions given in these activities.
In activity 8.3 instead of basket-ball court you can consider any room of your house.