Parametric equations 8A

1 a x= t − 2 d x= 2t + 1
so t= x + 2 (1) x −1
so t = (1)
2
y= t + 1 (2) 2
Substitute (1) into (2): 1
y= (2)
y =( x + 2) 2 + 1 t
Substitute (1) into (2):
= x2 + 4x + 4 + 1
1
∴ y = x2 + 4x + 5 y=
x −1
2
x = t − 2, − 4 ≤ t ≤ 4
2
So the domain of f(x) is −6 ≤ x ≤ 2. y=
x −1
y = t 2 + 1, − 4 ≤ t ≤ 4 x =2t + 1, t > 0
So the range of f(x) is 1 ≤ y ≤ 17. So the domain of f(x) is x > 1.

b x= 5 − t 1
so t= 5 − x (1) =y , t >0
t
y= t 2 − 1 (2) So the range of f(x) is y > 0.
Substitute (1) into (2):
y =(5 − x) 2 − 1 1
e x=
= 25 − 10 x + x 2 − 1 t −2
1
∴ y = x 2 − 10 x + 24 so t − 2 =
x
x =5 − t , t ∈  1
t= 2 + (1)
So the domain of f(x) is x ∈ . x
y = t2 (2)
y =t 2 − 1, t ∈  Substitute (1) into (2):
2
So the range of f(x) is y ≥ −1.  1
y 2+ 
=
 x
1 2
c x=  2x +1 
t y= 
1  x 
so t = (1)
x 1
y= 3 − t (2) =x , t>2
t −2
Substitute (1) into (2): So the domain of f(x) is x > 0.
1
y= 3 −
x =y t2, t > 2
So the range of f(x) is y > 4.
1
=x , t≠0
t
So the domain of f(x) is x ≠ 0.

3 t, t ≠ 0
y =−
Range of f(x) is y ≠ 3.

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 1 i x 2 ln (5 − t )
2 a =
1 f x=
t +1 1
= x ln (5 − t )
1 2
so t + 1 =
x 1x
e2 = 5 − t
1
t= −1 (1) So t= 5 − e 2
1x

x 1x

1 Substitute t= 5 − e 2 into y= t 2 − 5 :
y= (2)
t −2 1x

Substitute (1) into (2): (5 e 2 ) 2 − 5

y =−
1 1x
= 25 − 10e 2 + e x − 5
y=
1
−1− 2 20 − 10e 2 + e x
=
1x

x
1 x = 2 ln (5 − t ), t < 4
=
1
−3 When t = 4, = x 2= ln1 0
x
and as t increases 2 ln (5 − t ) decreases.
1
= So the range of the parametric function
1 − 3x
for x is x > 0.
x Hence the Cartesian equation is
x 1x
∴ y= y= 20 − 10e 2 + e x , x > 0
1 − 3x

1 ii y =t 2 − 5, t < 4
=x , t>2
t +1 y= t 2 − 5 is a quadratic function with
1 minimum value −5 at t = 0.
So the domain of f(x) is 0 < x <
3 So the range of the parametric function
1 for y is y ≥ −5.
=y , t >2, t >2
t −2 Hence the range of f(x) is y ≥ −5.
So the range of f(x) is y > 0.
b i=x ln (t + 3)
ex = t + 3
ex − 3 =t
1
t e x − 3 into y =
Substitute = :
t +5
1 1
=y =
e −3+5 e + 2
x x

=x ln (t + 3), t > −2
When t = −2,= x ln1
= 0
and as t increases, ln (t + 3) increases.
So the range of the parametric function
for x is x > 0.
Hence the Cartesian equation is
1
= y , x>0
e +2
x

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 1 3 a x= t
2 b=
ii y , t > −2
t +5 so x 2 = t
1 Substitute t = x 2 into =
y t (9 − t ) :
When t = −2, y =
3
=y x 2 (9 − x 2 )
1
and as t increases, decreases = 9x2 − x4
t +5
towards zero.
So the range of the parametric function =x t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 5
1 The range of the parametric function
for y is 0 < y <
3 for x is 0 ≤ x ≤ 5.
1 Hence the Cartesian equation is
Hence the range of f(x) is 0 < y <
3 y= 9 x 2 − x 4 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 5
c i x=e t

So= y e= 3t 3
(et )= x3 y= t (9 − t ), 0 ≤ t ≤ 5
(Note that since y is a power of x When t = 0, y = 0;
there is no need to substitute for t.) when t = 5, y = 20;
and =y t (9 − t ) is a quadratic function
= x et , t ∈  81 9
with maximum value at t =
The range of the parametric function 4 2
for x is x > 0. So the range of the parametric function
Hence the Cartesian equation is 81
for y is 0 ≤ y ≤
= y x3 , x > 0 4
81
Hence the range of f(x) is 0 ≤ y ≤
ii=y e 3t , t ∈  4
The range of the parametric function
for y is y > 0. b
Hence the range of f(x) is y > 0.

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4 a i =
x 2t 2 − 3 b i x= 3t − 1
x+3= 2t 2 x + 1 =3t
x+3 2 x +1
=t =t
2 3
x+3 x +1
± = t Substitute t = into
2 3
Take the positive root since t > 0 . y =(t − 1)(t + 2) :
x+3
Substitute t = into y= 9 − t 2 :
2  x +1   x +1 
y=  − 1  + 2
 x+3 
2
 3  3 
x+3
9 − 
y=  = 9−  x +1− 3   x +1+ 6 
 2  2 =  
 3  3 
18 − x − 3 15 − x
= =  x − 2  x + 7 
2 2 =  
15 1  3  3 
The Cartesian equation is =
y − x The Cartesian equation is
2 2
1
y = ( x − 2)( x + 7)
ii x = 2t 2 − 3, t > 0 9
2t 2 − 3 is a quadratic function ii x = 3t − 1, − 4 < t < 4
with minimum value −3 at t = 0.
When t = −4, x = −13;
The range of the parametric function
when t = 4, x = 11.
for x is x > −3.
The range of the parametric function
Hence the domain of f(x) is x > −3. for x is −13 < x < 11.
So the domain of f(x) is −13 < x < 11.
y= 9 − t2, t > 0
y= 9 − t 2 is a quadratic function y = (t − 1)(t + 2), − 4 < t < 4
with maximum value 9 at t = 0. When t = −4, y = 10;
So the range of the parametric function when t = 4, y = 18;
for y is y < 9. and (t − 1)(t + 2) is a quadratic function
Hence the range of f(x) is y < 9. 9
with minimum value − at t = −0.5.
4
iii The range of the parametric function
9
for y is − ≤ y < 18.
4
9
Hence the range of f(x) is − ≤ y < 18 .
4
Note: Due to symmetry, the minimum
value of y occurs midway between the
roots t = 1 and t = −2, i.e. at t = −0.5.

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4 b iii d i =
x t −1
x +1 = t
( x + 1) 2 =
t
t ( x + 1) 2 into y = 3 t :
Substitute =
y = 3 ( x + 1) 2 = 3( x + 1)
The Cartesian equation is = y 3x + 3

ii x = t − 1, t > 0
When t = 0, x = −1
c i x= t +1 and as t increases t − 1 increases.
x −1 =t The range of the parametric function
1 for x is x > −1.
Substitute t= x − 1 into y = :
t −1 So the domain of f(x) is x > −1.
1 1
=y =
x −1−1 x − 2 = y 3 t, t > 0
The Cartesian equation is The range of the parametric function
1 for y is y > 0.
y=
x−2 So the range of f(x) is y > 0.

ii x = t + 1, t ∈ , t ≠ 1 d iii
So the domain of f(x) is x ∈ , x ≠ 2.

1
y= , t ∈ , t ≠ 1
t −1
So the range of f(x) is y ∈ , y ≠ 0.

iii
e i=x ln (4 − t )
e x= 4 − t
t= 4 − e x
Substitute t= 4 − e x into y = t − 2 :
y = 4 − ex − 2 = 2 − ex
The Cartesian equation is y= 2 − e x

ii x = ln (4 − t ), t < 3
When t = 3,= x ln1= 0
and as t decreases ln (4 − t ) increases.
So the domain of f(x) is x > 0.

t − 2, t < 3
y=
When t = 3, y = 1
and as t decreases t − 2 decreases.
So the range of f(x) is y < 1.

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 4 e iii

5 a C1: x = 1 + 2t
x −1
⇒ t
=
2

x −1
Substitute t = into y= 2 + 3t :
2
 x −1 
y= 2 + 3  
 2 
4 + 3x − 3 3x + 1
= =
2 2
So the Cartesian equation of C1 is
3 1
y
= x+
2 2

1
C2 : x =
2t − 3
1
2t − 3 =
x
1 3x + 1
2t =3 + =
x x
3x + 1
∴t=
2x
t  1 
and
= y = t 
2t − 3  2t − 3 

3x + 1 1
Substitute t = and x =
2x 2t − 3
 1 
into y = t  :
 2t − 3 
 3x + 1  3x + 1
= y = x
 2x  2
So the Cartesian equation of C2 is
3 1
=y x+
2 2
Therefore C1 and C2 are segments of the
3 1
same line = y x+
2 2

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5 b For the length of each segment find the 2
 1
1 −  + ( 2 − 1)
2
domain and range of C1 and C2. ∴ length of C2 =
For C1: x = 1 + 2t , 2 < t < 5  3
When t = 2, x = 5; 4 4+9 13
= + 1= =
when t = 5, x = 11. 9 9 3
The range of the parametric function
for x is 5 < x < 11, 3
6 a x = + 2, t ≠ 0
so the domain of C1 is 5 < x < 11. t
The range of the parametric function
y = 2 + 3t , 2 < t < 5 for x is x ≠ 2.
When t = 2, y = 8; (This is also the domain of the Cartesian
when t = 5, y = 17. equation y = f(x).)
The range of the parametric function
for y is 8 < y < 17, y = 2t − 3 − t 2 , t ≠ 0
so the range of C1 is 8 < y < 17. When t = 0, y = −3;
2t − 3 − t 2 is a quadratic function
The endpoints of C1 have coordinates with maximum value −2 at t = 1.
(5, 8) and (11, 17). The range of the parametric function
∴ length of C1 = (11 − 5) 2 + (17 − 8) 2 for y is y ≤ −2, y ≠ −3.
(This is also the range of the Cartesian
= 36 + 81 equation y = f(x).)
= 117 3 13
=

Note: To find the maximum point of the

1 quadratic y = 2t − 3 − t 2 ,
C2: x
For= , 2<t <3 dy
2t − 3 either solve =0
dt
When t = 2, x = 1; 2 − 2t = 0
1 2 = 2t
when t = 3, x = .
3
t =1
The range of the parametric function
1 ∴ y =2(1) − 3 − (1) 2 =−2
for x is < x < 1,
3 or complete the square
1 y =− ( (t − 1) 2 − 1 + 3)
so the domain of C2 is < x < 1.
3
− ( (t − 1) 2 + 2 )
=
t =−(t − 1) 2 − 2
=y , 2<t <3
2t − 3

When t = 2, y = 2;
when t = 3, y = 1.
The range of the parametric function
for y is 1 < y < 2,
so the range of C2 is 1 < y < 2.
The endpoints of C2 have coordinates `
1 
 , 1 and (1, 2).
3 

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 3 1
6 b x= +2 b y
= , t > −2
t t +5
3
x−2= 1
t When t = −2, y =
3 3
t= 1
x−2 and as t increases, decreases
t +5
3 towards zero.
Substitute t = into y = 2t − 3 − t 2 : The range of the parametric function
x−2
1
for y is 0 < y <
2 3
 3   3 
=y 2  −3−  1
 x−2  x−2 so the range of f(x) is 0 < y <
3
6( x − 2) − 3( x − 2) 2 − 32 8 a x=3 t
=
( x − 2) 2
x
 −2( x − 2) + ( x − 2) 2 + 3  = t
= −3  3

 ( x − 2) 2  x2
=t
 −2 x + 4 + x − 4 x + 4 + 3 
2
9
= −3  
 ( x − 2) 2  x2
Substitute t = into y= t 3 − 2t :
−3( x 2 − 6 x + 11) 9
=
( x − 2) 2 3
 x2   x2  x6 2 x2
y=   − 2  = −
This is a Cartesian equation in the form  9   9  729 9
A( x 2 + bx + c) The Cartesian equation is
y= with
( x − 2) 2 x6 2 x2
=y −
A = −3, b = −6 and c = 11. 729 9

x ln (t + 3), t > −2
7 a= = x 3 t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2
e = t +3
x When t = 0, x = 0;
when t = 2, x = 3 2.
ex − 3 =t
The range of the parametric function
1
t e x − 3 into y =
Substitute = : for x is 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 2
t +5
1 1 so the domain of f(x) is 0 ≤ x ≤ 3 2.
=y =
e −3+5 e + 2
x x

dy
When t = −2,= x ln1= 0 b
= 3t 2 − 2
dt
and as t increases ln (t + 3) increases.
dy
The range of the parametric function = 0 when= 3t 2 − 2 0
dt
for x is x > 0,
3t 2 = 2
so the domain of f(x) is x > 0.
Therefore the Cartesian equation is 2
t2 =
1 3
y= x , x > k where k =0.
e +2 2
=t (as 0 ≤ t ≤ 2)
3

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 d2 y Challenge
8 c = 6t
dt 2
a Squaring the parametric functions gives
2 d2 y  2 2
When
= t =, 2 6   > 0 2 1− t2 
3 dt  3  x = 2 
(1)
 1+ t 
2
So t = gives a minimum point
3  2t 
2

of the parametric function for y. y2 =  2 

(2)
 1+ t 
The minimum value of y is
3
 2  2 Add (1) and (2):
  − 2  
 3  3 2 2
2  1 − t 2   2t 
2
2 2 6 2 4 2 4 6 x +
= y  2 
+ 2 
=− =
− =
−  1+ t   1+ t 
3 3 3 3 3 3 9
(1 − t 2 ) 2 + 4t 2
=
When t = 0, y = 0; (1 + t 2 ) 2
when t = 2, y = 4.
1 − 2t 2 + t 4 + 4t 2
The range of the parametric function =
(1 + t 2 ) 2
4 6
for y is − ≤ y ≤ 4. 1 + 2t 2 + t 4
9 =
Therefore the range of f(x) is (1 + t 2 ) 2
4 6 (1 + t 2 ) 2
− ≤ f ( x) ≤ 4. = = 1
9 (1 + t 2 ) 2
So a Cartesian equation for curve C is
9 a x = t 3 − t = t (t 2 − 1) x2 + y 2 =
1.
⇒ x 2 = t 2 (t 2 − 1) 2 (1)
b x2 + y 2 =
1
y =4 − t 2 ⇒ t 2 =4 − y (2) ⇒ ( x − 0) + ( y − 0) =
2
1
2

Curve C is the equation of a circle with

Substitute (2) into (1):
centre (0, 0) and radius 1.
x 2 = (4 − y )(4 − y − 1) 2
x2 =(4 − y )(3 − y ) 2
This is in the form x 2 =(a − y )(b − y ) 2
with a = 4 and b = 3.

b y =−4 t2, t ∈ 
This is a quadratic function of t, and (by
symmetry) the maximum value of y
occurs at t = 0, where y = 4.
So 4 is the maximum y-coordinate.

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