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Optimal Siting and Sizing of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
Optimal Siting and Sizing of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
Optimal Siting and Sizing of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
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Abstract—The development of electric vehicles cannot be BN mn Matrix of road network structure.
separated from charging infrastructures. At present, the
construction of electric vehicle charging stations faces the BI mq Matrix of road network information.
problems on siting and sizing. This paper introduces the
optimization process of the sizing and siting of electric vehicle n Number of nodes in the area.
charging stations, defines variables to represent the charging m Number of main roads in the area
demand; abstracts the structure of road network to model and ch
c Cost of one charger
simulate with graph theory; solves the problem with Cplex. The tf
objective of the model is to minimize the integrated cost of c Cost of one transformer with unit capacity.
charging stations and consumers. The calculation results, using ch
P0 Power rating of one charger.
the data of Stockholm, Sweden, show that the method can
cs
effectively reduce the construction and operation costs, and cf i Fixed cost of charging station i.
facilitate user charging.
tp
c Cost of consumers with unit distance and unit
Keywords-electric vehicle (EV); charging station; optimal vehicle-hour.
planning; siting and sizing; integrated cost M One enough high real number.
ch
N min Minimum of chargers within one charging station.
NOMENCLATURE
ch
cs N max Maximum of chargers within one charging station
yi 0-1 variables, when a station is built on site i,
cs
cs cs
yi =1 , otherwise, yi =0 . N min Minimum number of charging stations allowed.
cs
y
cs
Column vector of decision variables: build a station N max Maximum number of charging stations allowed.
or not. ch
Operating factor of chargers.
ch
k
Ni The number of chargers in station i. t
k Proportion of charging time within one day.
ch
N Column vector of decision variables: number of ev
chargers. Average daily charging probability.
N
cs
Number of charging stations. Capital recovery factor.
i Lending rates.
Dj Vehicle-hour at node j. s Plan operational life of charging stations.
tp
Dij Vehicle-hour transported from node j to charging I. INTRODUCTION
station i.
D
tp
Matrix of vehicle-hour transported from node to
charging stations.
I n the 21st century, we are facing with the dual challenge of
energy and environmental issues in the frame of sustainable
transport development [1]. Electric vehicle (EV), as a clean and
tp
lij Length of the shortest path from node j to charging efficient eco-friendly new energy vehicle, has become the
station i.
focus of attention [2]. The improvement of electric vehicle
li Distance from charging station i to the head end of charging facilities’ network construction, convenience for users,
the road. the cost of user charging and EV station construction, will
tp
l Matrix of the shortest path from node to charging directly affect the adoption of EVs, which will determine the
stations. scale of electric vehicle development and application.
l Column vector of decision variables: distance from Therefore, the study on optimal planning of EV charging
charging stations to the head end of the road. stations is of great importance.
D, D j Set of vehicle-hours at different nodes, vehicle-hour In recent years, some papers have been published in the
at node j. field of electric vehicle charging facilities, but many of them
r , ri Set of length of different roads, length of road i. remain on the level of principles proposal or theoretical
analysis. Reference [3] suggested a few key issues to be
resolved in the large-scale operation, and proposed a Study on the optimal planning of EV charging stations is
preliminary solution based on the status quo of charging station intended to obtain an effective construction plan to solve the
planning. Reference [4] established an optimal cost model for siting and sizing problem of charging stations within a region.
the set of EVs charging stations. The model simulated the This proposed process is illustrated in Fig 1.
number of EVs using the distribution of residents load, gave
the weight coefficients of the candidate sites with the analytic B. Charging Demand
hierarchy process. Under constraints of the distance from Quantitative expression of the EV charging demand is the
candidate station site and substation, installation costs of EV key problem to study the optimal planning of the charging
charging stations and the number of EVs, the model added in stations. A variable “Vehicle-hour” is defined to represent the
the objective function the operation costs of the charging charging demand. Vehicle-hour is the product of the number of
stations, network losses and investment of distribution vehicles and the corresponding stay time at one place, with unit
transformers, and used particle swarm optimization algorithm " v h " (abbreviation of Vehicle-hour). The basic assumption is
to optimize a hypothetical example. However, this method was that the larger the Vehicle-hour is, the greater the charging
over-qualitative in calculating the weight coefficients of the demand is. Charging electric vehicles can be equivalently
candidate sites, and did not take into account the effect of understood as the "transportation" of Vehicle-hour to the
actual traffic factors on the behavior of user charging. charging station. This balance of "transportation" forms the
Reference [5] introduced a multi-objective extendable model balance of capacity of charging stations. The computing
on EVs charging stations distribution, taking into account the formula is shown as (1).
sustainable development of electric vehicles, charging station’s
features, the user's behavior, the distribution of charging D N t , unit : v h (1)
demand, municipal planning and other factors, and designed
Vehicle-hour can be calculated statistically. The Vehicle-
algorithm process based on the principle of priority needs and
hour at a certain location and within a certain period means the
re-use of existing gas stations.
cumulative Vehicle-hour at this location within this period. For
This paper takes many factors into consideration including a certain Vehicle-hour value, it’s possible that vehicle flow in
charging demand, user behavior patterns, road network traffic is large with short average stop time, or less vehicle flow
structure, costs of charging station construction and operation, with long stop time. These two situations should be considered
charging costs of users and other factors; defines mathematical simultaneously. In addition, vehicle-hour doesn’t mean one
expressing method of charging demand; builds model to specific vehicle must be able to charge or charging at the
optimize the number, location and capacity of EV charging moment and it’s a statistical variable for a large number of
stations to minimize the overall investment cost . The proposed electric vehicles.
formulation is solved by Cplex. Simulations are carried out
using the data of Stockholm, Sweden. Results are analyzed C. Building transportation network model
discussed. For the road network within a region, road network nodes
are the vertices in the graph; roads are the sides in the graph,
II. RESEARCH METHODS OF LAYOUT OPTIMIZATION OF EV weighted by road length, road capacity and other parameters.
CHARGING STATIONS The charging demand for electric vehicle at each node is the
vertex parameters.
A. Process Design
Define branch-node matrix BN mn to indicate the
connections of road network, in which the row shows the
branch number and the column shows the node number.
Elements of the matrix BN mn are assigned according to
equation (2). Other elements are assigned zero.