Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
DIVISION OF CITY SCHOOLS – MANILA
Manila Education Center Arroceros Forest Park
Antonio J. Villegas St. Ermita, Manila

Introduction to
World Religions &
Belief Systems
Buddhism: The Way to
Enlightenment

Quarter 2
Module 3
Most Essential Learning Competency:
Analyze brief history, core teachings,
fundamental beliefs, practices
and related issues of
Mahayana Buddhism.

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 HOW TO USE THIS MODULE
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb
you while enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully
enjoy the objectives of this kit. Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of
this module.
1. Write on your notebook the concepts about the lessons. Writing enhances
learning that is important to develop and keep in mind.
2. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
3. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key card.
4. Analyze conceptually the posttest and apply what you have learned.
5. Enjoy studying!

PARTS OF THE MODULE

 Expectations - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module.
 Pre-test - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.
 Looking Back to your Lesson - This section will measure what learnings
and skills did you understand from the previous lesson.
 Brief Introduction - This section will give you an overview of the lesson.
 Discussion - This section provides a short discussion of the lesson. This
aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.
 Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform with a partner.
 Remember - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the
lessons.
 Check your understanding - It will verify how you learned from the lesson.
 Post-test - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module.

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 EXPECTATIONS
This module expects us to draw insight from the act of generosity of Tzu Shi
Foundation that reflects the core teaching of Mahayana Buddhism.
Specifically, this module will help you to:
 Understand the elements of Mahayana Buddhism – its founder, sacred texts,
and doctrines.
 Valuing self-worth through the act of generosity, morality, patience,
perseverance, and insights in dealing with others.
 Reflect on the impact of uniqueness and similarities of Mahayana and
Theravada Buddhism to modern society.
Shall we start the journey in learning more about Buddhism:
The Way to Enlightenment? I am sure you are ready and
excited to answer the Pretest. Smile and cheer up!

PRETEST
Directions: Fill in the blank. Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on
the space provided.
1. It is a further development of Mahayana Buddhism, which is called as the
“vehicle of thunderbolts.”
a. Tantric Buddhism c. Theravada Buddhism
b. Taoism d. Zen Buddhism
2. Buddhism that started in China, which said to be a combination of
Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism, whose practice are compatible with other
religions like Christianism.
a. Tantric Buddhism c. Theravada Buddhism
b. Zen Buddhism d. Brahma Buddhism
3. A Hindu or Buddhist spiritual teacher and intellectual guide in all matters of
their fundamental concerns.
a. Guru c. Rabbi
b. Dalai Lama d. Boddhisattva
4. He is considered as the highest spiritual and political leader among the
Tibetans and considered as a living Boddhisattva.
a. Guru c. Rabbi
b. Dalai Lama d. Instructor
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 5. Also known as Buddhahood, who is either someone who almost achieved
enlightenment or has delayed enlightenment out of compassion and service
for humans.
a. Guru c. Rabbi
b. Dalai Lama d. Boddhisattva
Great, you finished answering the questions. You may request your
facilitator to check your work. Congratulations and keep on learning!

LOOKING BACK TO YOUR LESSON

JUMBLED LETTERS

Let us review what you have learned from our previous discussion about
Buddhism. Read carefully the statement in each number and write your answer on
the space provided. Use the jumbled letters as a clue to answer to each number.

Clue Answer

1. It means the “Enlightened One.” DUBHAD

2. Cycle of suffering, death, and rebirth MASARAS

3. It means existing in-between DIDLEM YAW

4. Buddhist canonical scriptures SATRUS

5. Oldest Buddhist text written originally on the ALIP NACON

“Three Basket” .
6. It is called a “perfect place of peacefulness,” VANRAIN
which is considered as the ultimate goal of both
Hinduism and Buddhism to achieve
7. They are the Buddhist religious teacher and ALAM
guidance counsellor
8. It refer to “ethical conduct” among the Eight- ALIS
fold Paths
9. It refers to “mental conduct” among the Eight- MASIDHA
fold Paths
10. It refers to “Achieving Wisdom” among the NAPA
Eight-fold Paths

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 BRIEF INTRODUCTION
Unlike in module 2 that focused on Theravada Buddhism, this module
focusses its discussion on Mahayana Buddhism.
Mahayana is made up of many schools and reinterpretations of Buddhist
teachings and their essential beliefs, values, and ideas. They evolved as one of
richest and most sophisticated forms of Buddhism, but their rejection to allow any
form of modernization made them an easy target for the Communist China to
conquer their country that leads hundreds of thousands of their people were forced
to be leave their country and lived-in exile.
Since then, their political and spiritual leaders re-established themselves in
India and became successful in establishing temples and centers in the west and
now, their conflict with China became a world-wide issue and concern.

DISCUSSIONS
T Rise of Mahayana Buddhism
The

As discussed in module 2, Buddhism itself started sometimes during the 5th

century BCE with Siddhartha Gautama, also known as the Buddha, which means
“the enlightened one” founded the religion.

Prior to death of Buddha, sometimes in 400 BCE, Buddhism developed and

spread outside India. Since then, numbers of different schools occurred and more
rationalized ways of thinking eventually developed. From the mainstream old
Buddhism, Theravada Buddhism was formed. These Theravadins as discussed in
module 2 focused more on the traditional teachings of Buddha. The Theravadins
main ideal is achieving freedom from sufferings and the cycle life, death, and
rebirth by attaining the nirvana through the Middle Path that can be done by moral
striving, meditation techniques and learning and applying the Dharma. But the
Mahayanist are more inspired and focused on by a greater compassion for other
people and aimed for a complete understanding of reality and greater wisdom; so,
they release themselves from sufferings and inspire and teaches others how to
liberate themselves and become Buddhas too.

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 As mentioned in Britannica.com, Mahayana Buddhism’s origin remains
unclear since the date and location of its tradition’s appearance are still
unidentified, and their movements were most likely shape over time in many
places. As stated in Columbia Encyclopedia, the Mahayana develops as a definable
movement in the 1st century BC, with the appearance of a class literature called
Mahayana sutra. Their main philosophical principle is that “all things are empty, or
devoid of ‘self-nature’ or sunyata and their chief ideals is the bodhisattva, which
supplanted the earlier ideal of the arahant, who is considered as “a person who
has gained insight into the true nature of existence and achieved nirvana.”
(www.britannica.com)

According to Buddha Dharma Educational Association and BuddhaNet, the

Sthaviravadins or Thevadins opposed any change from the original teachings of
Buddha as agreed at the first council. Later on, other group, which were in the
majority known as Masahanghikas, which means “followers of the great or major
group of clergy” differed in believing that Buddhas are “supramundane” or advance
on the path of spiritual perfection and as protectors of the Dharma. It was
accordingly that Mahayana evolved from the Mahasanghikas who believed that the
original nature of the mind is “pure” and can be contaminated when it is stained by
passions and desecrations because they have no spoiling element and their lives
and powers are unlimited. (http://www.buddhanet.net/e-
learning/buddhistworld/maha2.htm)

The father of Mahayana was considered to be Nagarjuna and

Maitreyanatha. Nagarjuna lived between the 1st and the 2nd century and the
founder of Madhyamika philosophy of the Middle Way while Maitreyanatha lived in
the 3rd century whose philosophy was developed as Yogacara or Vijnavada that
became known as the “Mind Only” school during the 4th century by two brothers
named Asangha and Vasabandhu. Yoga means “meditation” while Vijna means
“consciousness” or “mind.” This school emphasized subjective idealism believing
that “consciousness is the ultimate reality.”

Accordingly, it was Nagarjuna who taught that there is neither reality nor
non-reality but only “relativity” and the school he founded, the Madhyamika,
introduced the concept of Sunyata or “emptiness” and teaches about two truths
about relative and absolute. On the other hand, Yogacara divided truths by the two
brothers into three: first, the Illusory Truth, which is a false attribution to an

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object because of causes and conditions; second, the Empirical Truth, which is
knowledge produced by causes and conditions which is relative and practical; and
third, the Absolute Truth as the highest truth. As mentioned in Buddha.Net as an
example, this can be seen in a coil of rope lying on the board. At first glance, it can
be seen as a snake (illusionary truth), then on a closer examination, it is seen as a
coil of rope (empirical truth) but by examining it further, it can be seen as a
collection of chemical elements that can be classified as electrons, protons, and
neutrons in a certain combination and ultimately as mere energy appearing as form
(absolute truth). (http://www.buddhanet.net/e-
learning/buddhistworld/maha2.htm)

The Tibet Invasion: Engaged Activism

Among the Tibetan Buddhism, the Dalai lama, who is the highest spiritual
leader of Tibet is believed to an incarnation of Buddha of Compassion. He has both
spiritual and political influence among the Tibetan. At present, according to
Wikipedia.com, Dalai Lama the 14th is considered as a living Bodhisattva, an
emanation of Avalokite’svara. He was 24 years when his authority came to an end
in 1959 after People’s Republic of China claimed sovereignty over Tibet in January
1, 1950 and intrude over political and military affairs in Tibet. This invasion led to
years of disorder resulting self-imposed exile of Dalai Lama with other 100,000
Tibetans, which marks the wide-ranging overthrow of the Tibetan Government over
China.
Since then, over a million Tibetans have been killed as mentioned by
khanacadamy.org. Chinese resettled to Tibet and the Tibetans became minority on
its own land and follow Chinese policy which includes Chinese language as their
official means of communication. During this time, only 1/20 monks were allowed
to practice Buddhism under strict supervision of the Chinese government. Record
also shows that widespread famine was experienced by the Tibetans, their natural
resources were devastated, wildlife depleted to extinctions, and approximately
6,000 monasteries and shrines have been destroyed that makes Tibetan culture
almost close of being eradicated.
With this turn of events, Tibetan nuns, monks, and lay people conducted
peaceful demonstrations and protest which they expressed through speeches and
writings, which resulted deaths and thousands of arrests. Those had been arrested
were treated as political prisoners were tortured and held as a sub-standard
society, with a little to no hope of justice.

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Universality and Growth of Sects
History reveals that there are two main branches of Buddhism developed: first
is a transmission that traveled to Southeast Asia, the Theravada Buddhism and
second, a transmission that evolved in East Asia, the Mahayana. Then, a further
offshoot of the northern transmission was developed and moved across Asia, which
was called Tantric or Esoteric Buddhism and sometimes called Vajrayana.
Theravada Buddhism. As discussed in Module 2, is believed as the oldest
Buddhism, whose original texts were set down in the Pali language by the monks of
Sri Lanka. It was referred as the “traditions of the elders” and highly recognizes the
primacy and humanity of the historical Buddha as the enlightened one. It
emphasizes attaining self-liberation through one’s own efforts. Meditation are they
vital elements just like what Buddha did on the Bodhi tree. Their ideal road is to
dedicate oneself to full-time monastic life. (www.bbc.co.uk)
Mahayana Buddhism. This is considered as a philosophical movement that
proclaimed the possibility of universal salvation, offering assistance to in the form
of compassionate beings called Bodhisattvas or Buddhahood (becoming a Buddha).
They ended the idea of making Buddha as a historical figure by developing new
sutras that postpone his own salvation in order to help others that aspire to
liberate all creatures in the universe from sufferings. Khan Academy mentioned
that the most popular Bodhisattvas under Mahayana appeared in sculpture and
painting includes Avalokiteshvara (Mercy and Compassion), Maitreya (Future
Buddha), and Manjushri (Wisdom). These ideal human beings were inspired by the
life story of Buddha Sakyamuni, the historical Buddha, began to generate to attain
enlightenment for the all beings in a form of a vow, then by living on a religious life
through the cultivation of the Six Perfections also called as the Paramitas which
consists of (1.) Dana or Generosity, which cultivates the attitude of giving; (2.) Sila
or Morality, which refrrain them to do no harm; (3.) Kshanti or Patience, their
ability not to be perturbed by anything; (4.) Virya or patience or perseverance,
finding joy in positive, virtuous and wholesome manner; (5.) Jhana or Dhyana or
Meditation, finding focus and not to be distracted; and (6.) Prajna or Insights, the
perfect discrimination of phenomena.
Today, Mahayana Buddhism is predominant in North Asia and has been
strongly influenced culturally and by existing religious there as Taoism and
Confucianism. (https://www.ancient.eu/Mahayana_Buddhism/)
Tantric Buddhism. This is an added evolution of Mahayana Buddhism, which

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is called the “Vehicle of the Thunderbolt.” It was said to be developed in India about
500 – 600 C.E. and its origin are traced to Ancient Hindu and Vedic practices that
includes esoteric ritual texts, which designed to achieve physical, mental, and
spiritual breakthrough. Accordingly, they practice the destabilized conventional
Buddhism and Hinduism by engaging their acts secretly and initiates worked with
their spiritual guide called guru.

Paramitas: The Six Perfections of Mahayana Buddhism

Among the Buddhist, in order for them to achieved perfections, they must
fulfill the path of Bodhisattva by following the Paramitas to achieve perfection. The
word Paramita came from the word “parama,” which means “supreme” and “ita,”
which means “gone to the beyond.” In the context of the path of Bodhisattva strives
to perfect in order to purify Karma (cycle of cause and effect) and Kleshas or
“poison” (consisting of negative mental state that clouds the mind causing suffering
in order to develop Bodhicitta (the thought of awakening) to the highest degree
possible. (encyclopediaofbuddhism.org)
The paramitas are the guides for the Mahayana Buddhist practice to achieved
perfection by the way of
compassion and perfect
understanding. These are the
virtues that must be nurtured in
order to strengthen themselves
that lead them to enlightenment.
Therefore, the paramitas
describe the true nature of an
enlightened being, which in
Mahayana practice, is to say
that they are own “true buddha-

nature.” (O’Brien, 2019)

https://www.learnreligions.com/the-six-perfections-449611

Each perfection of the paramitas develops a particular aspect of Buddhist’s

character or understanding. According to bbc.co.uk, these paramitas can be done
by following listed act of compassion extended to all living:

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 1. Generosity (Dana Paramita) – Willingness to give toothers what they need,
whether that be time, possessions, or skills. Willingness to give without
regret and with joy, and to give expectation of any reward.

2. Morality (Sila Paramita) - Following the Dhamma or Dharma in all aspects,

but not without thinking. Working the Dhamma into one’s daily life with
intelligence and understanding.

3. Patience (Khsanti Paramita) – This can also be translated as “tolerance” or

“endurance.” Being patient with others, enduring hardship and accepting
the truth of life’s unsatisfactoriness or dukkha.

4. Energy (Virya Paramita) – It is measured by one’s dedication in attaining

Buddhahood.

5. Meditation (Dhyana Paramita) – It is the foundation of wisdom. Inner focus

and calm are essential for the deep understanding required for Buddhahood.

6. Wisdom (Prajna Paramita) – This consist of understanding that all

existence is emptiness (sunyata). This idea is the foundation of all the
paramitas. Wisdom, which means awareness of sunyata, is achieved through
the other five paramitas.

Development of Buddhism to Zen (Chan) Buddhism

Zen Buddhism started in China then later spread to Korea and Japan in mid-
20th century. According to bbc.co.uk, it is a mixture of Indian Mahayana ang
Taoism that attempts to understand the meaning of life directly without being
misled by logical thoughts or language. Their techniques are compatible with other
religions particularly Christians in seeking a mystical understanding of their faith.
They are frequently giving an impression of being ironic of their beliefs with their
practice for there are required an intense discipline while practicing proper result
in total spontaneity and ultimate freedom. Further mentioned in bbc.co.uk. Zen in
its own words can be described as “a special transmission outside the scriptures
without reliance on words or letters. Directly pointing to the heart of humanity.
Seeing into one’s nature.” In addition, Zen Buddhism was also described as
“something that a person does.” Meaning, it is not a concept that can be described
in words and does not depend on words. Therefore, Zen believers that experience is
the best practice to fully understand something.

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The Act of Generosity of Tzu Chi Foundation
Tzu Chi Foundation stands for the Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi
Foundation, Republic of China. It is an international humanitarian organization as
well as a non-governmental organization (NGO) with an international network of
volunteers, supporters, and employees. It was established by a Buddhist nun
named Master Cheng Yen on May 14, 1966 as a charity organization in Hualien,
Taiwan. According to ourhappyschool.com, Master Yen was inspired by her master
and mentor, the late Venerable Master Shin Shun (Yin Shun daoshi), a proponent
of Humanistic Buddhism. Their initial motto was “instructing the rich and saving
the poor” and begin with a group of thirty housewives who donated a small amount
of money every day and attend the needs of the needy families. Their four major
concerns are Charity, Medicine, Education, and Humanity that empathizes on their
present official motto, “For endeavors, eight footprints.” The eight footprints consist
of charity causes, medical contributions, education development, humanities,
international disaster assistance, bone-marrow donations, community
volunteerism, and environmental protection. As part of their service, they
organized, build, and operated many hospitals and schools, with outreach efforts to
guide students in ways of compassion and community service.
Today, Chu Chi Foundation has been awarded a special consultative status at
the United Nations Economic and Social Council. Its role grown significantly in civil
society with approximately 10 million members and 47 chapters in different
countries worldwide. Presently, it is not only the largest Buddhist organization in
Taiwan but also considered as Taiwan’s largest private land owner as mentioned on
January 8, 2017 issue of Our Happy School, an online academic and
entertainment Buddhist magazine.
https://ourhappyschool.com/religion/acts-generosity-tzu-chi-foundation#:~:text=
The%20eight%20footprints%20are%20charity,medical%2C%20educational%20
and%20disaster%20relief.

10
 ACTIVITY
Activity 1. Graphic Organizer

Objective: To identify and explain the six perfections (paramitas) of Mahayana

Buddhism.
Direction: By using a graphic organizer explain the six perfections of Mahayana,
its importance and give example for each. Write your answers on a separate sheet
of paper.

Critical Thinking Questions:

1. In your own understanding at present times, what does “enlightenment”

mean to us human?
2. How can you apply the values and teachings of Buddha in your own life?

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Critical Thinking Questions:

Direction: Read and analyze the statement and answer the questions beside it.

1. What does the quoted

statements mean?
2. How can you apply the
message of the statement when
you are:
a. angry,
b. in pain or sufferings, and
c. experiencing situations
like failures, disappointments,
and rejections?

https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/338825571967485552/

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 REMEMBER
 It was in 1949 when the peaceful Buddhist country of Tibet was invaded by
the Communists China and over 1.2 million out of 6 Tibetans have been
killed, over 6000 monasteries have been destroyed, and thousands of
Tibetans have been imprisoned.
 Dalai lama is considered as the highest spiritual leader of Tibet is believed to
an incarnation of Buddha of Compassion.
 Dalai Lama the 14th is the famous Tibet’s political and spiritual leader fled to
India in 1959 and still living with over 100,000 other Tibetans in exile.
 Mahayana Buddhism evolved in universality and developed into different
sects.
 Zen Buddhism is a school of Mahayana originated in China, which was
strongly influenced by a Taoist’s philosophy and developed as a distinct
school of Chinese Buddhism.

POST TEST
Directions: Matching type. Match specific deity in Column A from their description
in Column B. Write only the letter of your choice on the space provided before the
number.

Answers Column A Column B

1. He is believed as a living Boddhisattva who led A. Theravada Buddhism
over 100,000 Tibetans in Exile.
2. Oldest Buddhism that is also called as the “lesser B. Tantric Buddhism
vehicle.”
3. Type of Buddhism that is considered as both C. Dalai Lama the 14th
religious and philosophical movement in a form of
compassionate beings.
4. It is called “vehicle of thunderbolts” that uses D. Mahayana Buddhism
combined Hinduism and Buddhism beliefs and
practices under the supervision of their spiritual
guidance called “guru.”
5. She established the Tzu Chi Foundation in 1966, E. Master Cheng Yen
inspired by her master about Humanistic Buddhism
6. It describes the nature of enlightenment being, F. Absolute Truth

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 which develops a particular Buddhist’s character or
understanding.
7. A person who has a gained insight with the true G. Illusionary Truth
nature of existence and achieved nirvana.
8. He is considered as the Father of Mahayana and H. Nagarjuna
the founder of Madhyamika.
9. A False truth attribute to an object because of its I. Arahant
causes and conditions.
10. It is considered as the highest truth among the J. Paramita
three divisions of Yogacara.

REFERENCES
Online Sources

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Mahayana

Six Perfections – Mahayana Buddhism - The Dhamma in Buddhism - GCSE

Religious Studies Revision - Eduqas - BBC Bitesize

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zvw9dxs/revision/4

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zen

https://ourhappyschool.com/religion/acts-generosity-tzu-chi-
foundation#:~:text=The%20eight%20footprints%20are%20charity,medical%2C%20
educational%20and%20disaster%20relief.

https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/buddhism/subdivisions/zen_1.shtml#:~
:text=Zen%20Buddhism%20is%20a%20mixture,by%20logical%20thought%20or%2
0language.

http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/maha2.htm

13
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tibet_(1950%E2%80%93present)

Barbara O’Brien April 27, 2019 https://www.learnreligions.com/the-six-

perfections-449611

Books:

Campbell, J. with Moyers, B. 1988. The Power of Myth. New York, USA: Doubleday
Dell Publishing Group, Inc., New York. (1st Edition)

Cornejo, Nigel L., et al. 2019. Fundamentals of World Religions. Diliman, Quezon
City: MaxCor Publishing House, Inc.,

Serapio, Maria Perpetua Arcilla .2016. Introduction to World Religions for Senior
High School. Intramuros, Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.

Management and Development Team

Schools Division Superintendent: Maria Magdalena M. Lim, CESO V
Chief Education Supervisor: Aida H. Rondilla
CID Education Program Supervisor: Amalia C. Solis
CID LR Supervisor: Lucky S. Carpio
CID-LRMS Librarian II: Lady Hannah C Gillo
CID-LRMS PDO II: Albert James P. Macaraeg

Editor/s: Paciano B. Ferrer (Content)

Maybeth M. Ferrer (Language)

Writer: Dr. Erlinda Santos- MT I

14
 REFLECTIVE LEARNING SHEET
Name ____________________________________________ Grade and Section ___________
School: ______________________ Date: _____________ Subj. Teacher: _______________

Quarter: Module No.: 11 Week No.: 11

MELC: *Analyze brief history, core teachings, fundamental beliefs, practices

and related issues of Mahayana Buddhism.”

Objectives: The students can draw their personal insights about the core
teachings, fundamental beliefs, practices, and other related issues of Mahayana
Buddhism.

Introduction: The current situation under the New Normal really brought us into
an experience that anyone would not want to dream of. Still, to many, this
pandemic gave them a great opportunity not only in the on-line business and
tradership at well at patching things that has been taken for granted for a long at
home, for love ones, and for the spiritual growth of the self. Hence, the teachings of
Mahayana Buddhism are very timely to help people in current time of fear, anxiety,
and isolation.
Directions: Listed below are the five (5) teachings of Mahayana Buddhism. Explain
each statement based on your understanding.
1. Acknowledge your fear – “I am subject to aging, subject to illness,
and subject to death.”
2. Practice Mindfulness and Meditation – “Mindfulness practices aim
to curb impulsive behaviors with awareness of the body.”
3. Cultivating Compassion – “When emotions around fear or anxiety
become strong, Buddhist teachers say one should recall examples of
compassion, kindness, joy, and empathy these four attitudes replace
anxious and fear state of mind for it emphasizes immeasurable
feelings.”

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 4. Understanding our interconnection – “The dualistic thinking of
separateness between self ang other, self and the society, breaks
down when viewed from the perspective of interconnection.”
5. Use this time to reflect – “In times of uncertainty, Buddhist teachers
argue, can be good opportunities for putting these teachings into
practice.
https://theconversation.com/5-buddhist-teachings-that-can-help-you-deal-
with-coronavirus-anxiety-134320

ANSWER KEY

D 5. 10. F E 10.
B 4. 9. G B 9.
A 3. 8. H D 8.
B 2. 7. I A 7.
A 1. 6. J C 6.
Pre - test Post - test

10. Pana Pali Canon 15.

9. Masidha Sutras 14.
8. Sila Middle Way 13.
7. Lama Samsara 12.
6. Nirvana Buddha 11.

Looking back to Previous Lesson

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