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De La Salle University - Dasmarinas Dasmariñas, Cavite College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology
De La Salle University - Dasmarinas Dasmariñas, Cavite College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology
Dasmariñas, Cavite
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND TECHNOLOGY
ARCHITECTURE PROGRAM
Name : __Regine Gail O. San Jose Date Started :_02/05/2020 (2:30 PM)___
No. of Hours Required : __3 hours______________ Date Due :_02/11/2020 (12:00 NN)
Rating : __________
Activity No. 2
DIRECT DISTANCE MEASUREMENT BY RANGING
I. INTRODUCTION
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of the tape, some form of alignment is necessary to ensure
that the tape is positioned along the straight line required.
This is known as ranging and is achieved using ranging
rods and marking arrows.
There are different methods to measure horizontal
distances such as:
a) Direct and Indirect Measurement
The direct method involves the use of tapes and
chains which are generally laid along the straight line
joining the two points. Indirect methods employ either optical systems or electronically operated devices.
Indirect measurement of a distance is a computed value of the
distance from other data. This method is used when two ends of
survey stations or survey line are not inter-visible.
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employed over the range of distances measurable by ODM methods. Hence taping, ODM and EDM
methods should be considered to be complementary.
d) Electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM)
Electromagnetic distance measurement (EDM) methods, however, enable accuracies of up to 1
in 105 to be achieved without difficulty over ranges up to100km.
EDM is a general term embracing the measurement of distance using electronic methods. There
are, at present, in excess of fifty
different EDM systems
available.Consequently, any detailed
operating instructions for any
particular instrument have been
excluded. Such data are available in
the handbooks supplied by
manufacturers for their respective
instruments.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. Ranging- Method of locating or establishing intermediate points on a straight line between two fixed
point or two survey stations
2. Ranging rods- Ranging rods or range poles or lining rods made of wood, steel, or aluminium are
about 1 in. thick and 6 to 10 ft long. The are round or hexagonal in cross section and marked with
alternate 1-ft long red and white (or black and white) bands that can be used for rough
measurements. The main utility of range poles is to mark the line being measured so that the tape’s
alignment can be maintained.
3. Taping pins- Taping pins or Chaining pins are used to mark tape lengths. Most taping pins are made
of steel wire, sharply pointed at one end, have a round loop at the other end, and are painted with
alternate red and white bands.
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IV. INSTRUMENTS / MATERIALS NEEDED
Range poles
Steel tape
Pins
V. PROCEDURE
1. Distance measured in ranging by eye
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VI. DATA AND RESULTS
0.55
x100
Relative Precision 178.475
0.3081
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VIII. REMARKS, OBSERVATIONS
The first step in range survey by eye is to decide and locate stations so that they are distinctly
visible and are quasi-permanently fixed during the surveying process. The position of stations are located
on map such that the base survey line and other main survey lines are so aligned that the positions of all
salient ground features, either natural or man made, can be located and measured. The position of
stations is fixed with reference to some permanent ground features so that they can be unambiguously
and accurately located on ground at any time in future also, if the station pegs are removed/misplaced.
The survey stations are marked temporarily on ground by fixing the ranging rod at their location
which marked as point A. A pin is driven in the ground such that it is projecting at least 40 mm above the
ground to provide some permanency. A mark can be painted or etched on ground if some hard surface
like road, pavement or rock is encountered at station location. For permanent marking, a stone or
concrete block can be embedded in ground.
Direct ranging by vision alone is done by stretching the tape approximately along the survey line
AB. At least two persons are involved in chaining and ranging. One surveyor called follower is stationed
behind starting station A at the end of chain, while the other one called leader is situated at the distance of
equal to or less than the tape length from A, holding the other ranging rod at an arm’s length from the
body . Follower, situated behind A directs leader to align ranging rod L along line AB.
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To avoid such incidents, make sure the instruments are in proper shape in order to have a good
assessment of the measurements. Try to use hand signals or sign languages to avoid
miscommunications especially in handling the activity in a wild field that takes a lot of distances. Assign
roles such as the leader, the follower, the surveyor and the one who will note down the data gathered to
make sure the data are recorded.
X. REFERENCES
Uren J., Price W.F. (1978) Direct Distance Measurement. In: Surveying for Engineers. Palgrave, London
Uren J., Price W.F. (1978) Optical Distance Measurement. In: Surveying for Engineers. Palgrave, London
S.K. DUGGAL, Surveying Volume 1, Fourth Edition
Verma, R. (2016, September 3). 1.1 Linear measurement original: Chaining & Ranging. Retrieved from
https://www.slideshare.net/rakeshverma60/11-linear-measurement-original-chaining-ranging