ENTHALPY

By: Group 1
The chemical and physical changes
that occur around us, such as
photosynthesis in the leaves of a
plant, the evaporation of water
from a lake, or a reaction in an
open beaker in a
laboratory...occur at essentially
constant atmospheric pressure.
The changes can result in the
release or absorption of heat or
can be companied by work that
is done by or on the system. The
heat flow is the easiest change to
measure, so we will begin to
focus on that aspect of
reactions. Nevertheless, we still
need to account for any work
that accompanies the process.
Enthalpy
• A very important concept in
thermodynamics.

H = U + PV ← PRESSURE-VOLUME WORK
↑ 
INTERNAL ENERGY

U – usually depends on temperature

PV – depends usually on other factors.
Enthalpy has actually no meaning, it’s an
abstract concept.

Enthalpy is used specially in open

systems.

Enthalpy is an energy.
HEAT energy, WORK energy, etc...

Enthalpy will be reported in many tables

and diagrams.
Enthalpy is an extensive value because it
depends on the amount of mass.

Enthalpy is a state function.

It does not depend on the path.

It is impossible to calculate absolute

enthalpy.

But we are unto the changes, ΔH.

When a process occurs at constant
pressure, the heat evolved (either
released or absorbed) is equal to the
change in enthalpy.
ΔH = ΔU + ΔPV

If temperature and pressure remain

constant through the process and the
work is limited to pressure-volume work,
then the enthalpy change is given by the
equation;
ΔH=ΔU+PΔV
 Sample Problems
Calculate the enthalpy (ΔH) for the
process in which 45.0 grams of
water is converted from liquid at
10° C to vapor at 25° C.
 Heating water from 10.0 to 25.0 °C.

ΔkJ = 45.0g H2O x (4.184J/gH2O °C) x (25.0 - 10.0)°C x 1kJ/1000J = 2.82 kJ

Vaporizing water at 25.0 °C

ΔkJ = 45.0 g H2O x 1 mol H2O/18.02 g H2O x 44.0 kJ/1 mol H2O = 110 kJ

Total Enthalpy Change

ΔH = 2.82 kJ + 110kJ
 Heating water from 10.0 to 25.0 °C.

ΔkJ = 45.0g H2O x (4.184J/gH2O °C) x (25.0 - 10.0)°C x 1kJ/1000J = 2.82 kJ

Vaporizing water at 25.0 °C

ΔkJ = 45.0 g H2O x 1 mol H2O/18.02 g H2O x 44.0 kJ/1 mol H2O = 110 kJ

Total Enthalpy Change

ΔH = 2.82 kJ + 110kJ
CALORIMETRY
CALORIMETRY

• The process of measuring the amount

of heat released or absorbed during a
chemical reaction. 

• By knowing the change in heat, it can

be determined whether or not a
reaction is exothermic (releases heat)
or endothermic (absorbs heat).
Using calorimetry, it is possible to
calculate the amount of heat
gained and lost by each part of
the system. The amount of heat
lost or gained by any part of the
reaction is related to the heat
capacity of the substance.
• Heat capacity is the amount of
energy, q , needed to raise the
temperature 1˚ C or 1 K. To
calculate the amount of heat
released or absorbed by a reaction
in terms of ΔT , the equation for
object's total heat capacity is…
 q = C × ΔT

Where:
q is the amount of heat gained or lost,
C is the object's total heat capacity and
ΔT is the final temperature – initial
temperature
•The
  total heat capacity of an object (or
sample) can be decomposed into one
of two subsequent relationships.
Either based on mass:
C=m×
or based number of moles of atoms or
molecule in the object:
C=n×
•With:
 
m is mass of the object in unites of g.
is the specific heat of the object in
unite of J/g °C.
n is number of moles of molecules in
the object in units of moles.
is the molar heat capacity in unites of
J/mole °C (specifically under
constant pressure; it would be
under constant volume).
 Sample Problems
A 1.55 g of CH4O sample is burnt in
a calorimeter. If the molar heat
of combustion of CH4O is -725
kJ/mole, and assuming that the
2.0 L of water absorbed all of the
heat of combustion, what is the
temperature change did the
water experience?
•   n = = 0.0484 moles
n = ΔH
0.0484 moles (-725 kJ/mole)= -35.1 kJ
Q = -ΔH
Q = 35.1 kJ = 35 100 J
Q = mc ΔT
35 100 = 2000g (4.19 J/[g C])ΔT
 ΔT ≈ 4.2 C