SIMPLE PRESENT: ROUTINES --- ALWAYS – NEVER – SOMETIMES – ONCE A WEEK – TWICE A DAY

VERB TO BE
I AM/ AM NOT
HE SHE IT IS/ IS NOT
WE YOU THEY ARE/ARE NOT

HE /SHE/ IT + VERB +S
I/ WE/ YOU /THEY + VERB

-
HE /SHE/ IT + DOESN´T + VERB
I /WE/ YOU /THEY + DON´T + VERB

?
DO I/WE/THEY/YOU + VERB?
DOES HE/SHE/IT + VERB?

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY SUBJECT + ADV OF FREQ. + VERB

●●●●● ALWAYS
SUSY NEVER CLEANS THE HOUSE.

●●●● USUALLY EXCEPTION: AM- ARE IS

●●● OFTEN SUBJECT + AM/ARE/IS + ADV. OF FREQU
●● SOMETIMES SUSY IS NEVER SAD
● HARDLY EVER
X NEVER

TIME EXPRESSIONS – AT THE BEGINNING

TIME EXPRESSIONS
OR END OF THE SENTENCE
ONCE A WEEK / MONTH / YEAR
I STUDY ONCE A WEEK
TWICE A WEEK / MONTH / YEAR
ONCE A WEEK I STUDY
THREE TIMES A WEEK / MONTH / YEAR
EVERY DAY / WEEK / YEAR

MAKING QUESTIONS

SIMPLE PRESENT

YES/NO QUESTIONS

DO/DOES + SUBJECT + VERB?

HE – SHE – IT  DOES
WE- YOU- THEY- I  DO

CONTENT QUESTIONS

WH+ DO/DOES + SUBJECT + VERB?

WH-> WHEN- WHERE- WHO- WHY- HOW – HOW OFTEN- WHOSE – WHICH- WHAT
PRESENT CONTINUOUS: THINGS HAPPENING NOW: NOW- AT THE MOMENT – TODAY – LOOK!

+
I +AM + VERB+ING
YOU /WE /THEY +ARE + VERB+ ING
HE /SHE /IT + IS + VERB + ING

-
I +AM NOT + VERB+ING
YOU /WE/ THEY +AREN´T + VERB+ ING
HE/ SHE/ IT + ISN´T + VERB + ING

?
AM + I + VERB+ING ?
ARE + YOU /WE /THEY + VERB+ ING ?
IS + HE /SHE /IT + VERB + ING?

SIMPLE PAST: FINISHED ACTIONS AT A DEFINITE TIME: CUANDO?

MAGIC WORDS: YESTERDAY, LAST WEEK, LAST NIGHT, 1 DAY AGO, 2 HOURS AGO, when I was a child

VERB TO BE:
WAS – WERE

HE SHE IT I … WAS / WASN’T

WE YOU THEY ARE … WERE WERENT

+ (PARA TODOS POR IGUAL)

REGULAR VERBS: VERB+ED PLAY - PLAYED WATCH - WATCHED
IRREGULAR VERBS: 2ND COLUMN (P165) RUN – RAN BUY - BOUGHT

YESTERDAY I PLAYED BASKET. SHE WATCHED TV. HE WORKED A LOT

- (PARA TODOS POR IGUAL)

DIDN´T + INFINITIVE
I DIDN’T PLAY BASKET. I DIDN’T WATCH. I DIDN’T WORK

? PARA TODOS POR IGUAL)

DID + SUBJECT + INFINITIVE?

DID I STUDY? YES I DID. NO I DIDN’T

DID I RUN? YES I DID

PRESENT PERFECT
USE:
1- ACTIONS THAT STARTED IN THE PAST AND CONTINUES. EJ. I HAVE BEEN A TEACHER FOR 10 YEARS
I studied English two years ago. Finished action
I have studied English since 2019. Unfinished action. Started in 2019, and continues

2- EXPERIENCES (THAT CAN BE REPEATED). EJ. I HAVE TRAVELLED TO CHINA TWO TIMES (AND I CAN GO AGAIN)
Ricky Fort went to Miami 1000 times (no puede repetir la experiencia)
Cami has gone to Miami 100 times (can repeat the experience)

3- FINISHED ACTIONS WITH NO TIME REFERENCE . EJ. I HAVE TAKEN A SHOWER (WE DON’T KNOW WHEN)
I took a shower 10 minutes ago

I have taken a shower (hecha pero no se cuando) (indefinite)

I took a shower. ? when?xxxx

I have taken a shower. (indefinite)

MAGIC WORDS: JUST, YET (ONLY FOR – AND ?) ALREADY, FOR, SINCE, EVER
I have just finished// I have already finished// I haven’t finished yet. Have you finished yet?
Have you ever been to Thailand?

how long have you….?

I have …. For + period
I have ….. since + date it started

FOR + TIME THE ACTION LASTED I have studied for 10 years

SINCE+ DAY THE ACTION STARTED I have studied since 2011

he she it-> has

I we you they -> have

AFFIRMATIVE
HAVE/HAS + 3RD COLUMN (past participle)/VERB+ED

NEGATIVE
HAVEN´T+HASN´T + 3RD COLUMN (past participle)/VERB+ED (page 165)

INTERROGATIVE
HAS/HAVE + SUBJECT + 3RD COLUMN/ED?

Importante

Have been -> when a person went somewhere and returned

have gone –> when a person went there and haven’t returned

PAST CONTINUOUS
USE: TO DAY SOMETHING WAS HAPPENING AT A DEFINITE TIME IN THE PAST
MAGIC WORDS: WHEN /WHILE/ AS
AFFIRMATIVE
WAS/WERE + VERB + ING

NEGATIVE:
/WASN’T/WEREN´T + VERB + ING

INTERROGATIVE
WAS/WERE + SUBJECT + VERB+ ING?

PAST CONT + SIMPLE PAST

PAST CONTINUOUS: LONG ACTION

SIMPLE PAST: INTERRUPTION

WHILE + PAST CONTINUOUS + SIMPLE PAST

WHEN + SIMPLE PAST, + PAST CONTINUOUS

SIMULTANEOUS ACTIONS

WHILE + PAST CONTINUOUS + PAST CONTINUOUS

BE GOING TO:
FUTURE PLANS/ PREDICTIONS WITH EVIDENCE (WITH A CLUE)

I + AM
WE/YOU/THEY + ARE (NOT) + GOING TO + INFINITIVE
HE/ SHE / IT + IS

Is/are/am + subject + going to + infinitive?

OTHER GRAMMAR RULES

CAN/CAN´T + INFINITIVE . I CAN´T FLY. I CAN WALK

LOVE/HATE/ENJOY/LIKE/DON’T LIKE + VERB+ING. I LOVE STUDYING
WOULD LIKE/ NEED/LEARN/PROMISE/DECIDE/PLAN/HOPE + TO INFINITIVE I WOULD LIKE TO STUDY

THERE IS/ISN´T + SINGULAR NOUN there is a boy there isn’t a dog

THERE ARE/AREN´T + PLURAL NOUN there are boys there aren’t dogs

+
THERE IS A PEN A + NOUN STARTING WITH CONSONANT
THERE IS AN APPLE AN + NOUN STARTING WITH VOWEL - icecream apple air
-
THERE ISNT (ANY) FOOD ANY = NO
?
IS THERE (ANY) FOOD LEFT? ANY= ALGUNA ANY -> USED IN INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE SENTENCES

+
THERE ARE 2 PENS NUMBER + PLURAL NOUN

THERE ARE SOME APPLES SOME + PLURAL NOUN (ALGUNAS)

-
THERE ARENT (ANY) TABLES ANY = NO THERE ARENT ANY TABLES (0) /
THERE ARENT ANY 10 TABLES, THERE ARE 5
?
ARE THERE (ANY) TABLES AVAILABLE? ANY= ALGUNAS ANY -> USED IN INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE
SENTE

THERE WAS/WAS´N + SINGULAR NOUN there WAS a boy there WASNT a dog

THERE WERE/WERENT + PLURAL NOUN there WERE boys there WERENT dogs

+
THERE WAS A PEN A + NOUN STARTING WITH CONSONANT
THERE WAS AN APPLE AN + NOUN STARTING WITH VOWEL - icecream apple air
-
THERE WASNT (ANY) FOOD ANY = NO
?
WAS THERE (ANY) FOOD LEFT? ANY= ALGUNA ANY -> USED IN INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE SENTENCES

+
THERE WERE 2 PENS NUMBER + PLURAL NOUN

THERE WERE SOME APPLES SOME + PLURAL NOUN (ALGUNAS)

-
THERE WERENT (ANY) TABLES ANY = NO THERE WERENT ANY TABLES (0) /
THERE WERENT ANY 10 TABLES, THERE WERE 5
?
WERE THERE (ANY) TABLES AVAILABLE? ANY= ALGUNAS ANY -> USED IN INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE
SENTE

COMPARATIVES SUPERLATIVES

USE: COMPARE 2 THINGS OR PEOPLE (1 VS. 1) USE: TO SHOW THAT ONE IS SUPERIOR TO THE REST (1
VS ALL)
AS + ADJECTIVE + AS
EQUAL: CAMI IS AS TALL AS SUSY
(THEY ARE BOTH 1.6M)
NOT EQUAL:
MARY IS NOT AS TALL AS PETER
(MARY 1.6 // PETER 1.8)
ADELANTE VA EL QUE ES MENOS DE ESA
CARACTERISTICA
 - SHORT ADJECTIVES - SHORT ADJECTIVES
ADJ + ER + THAN THE + ADJ + EST
CAMI IS TALLER THAN LUCY CAMI IS THE TALLEST OF ALL THE FAMILY
MARK IS FATTER THAN TOM MARK IS THE FATTEST IN THE CLASS

- LONG ADJECTIVES - LONG ADJECTIVES

LESS/MORE + ADJECTIVE ER+ THAN THE MOST + ADJECTIVE
I AM MORE INTELLIGENT THAN LUCY I AM THE MOST INTELLIGENT IN MY FAMILY/ IN MY
SAM IS MORE BEAUTIFUL THAN TOM CLASS/ IN THE BUS
SAM IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL OF ALL THE CLASS

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

GOOD – BETTER I AM BETTER THAN HIM GOOD – THE BEST
BAD – WORSE HIS DRAWING IS WORSE THAN BAD – THE WORST
MINE FAR – THE FARTHEST
FAR- FARTHER THAT PLACE IS FARTHER THAN
MY HOUSE

TENSE WH AUX SUBJECT VERB? COMPLIMENT SHORT

(WHEN, (BLA BLA BLA) ANSWER
WHERE,
WHAT,
WHO,
WHY,
SIMPLE (ALL WHAT DOES/DO HE/SHE/IT/I/ VERB IN ….? ----------
PRESENT VBS) WE/YOU/THEY THE
INFINITIVE
(BE) WHAT IS/AM/ARE HE/SHE/IT/I/ -------- …..? --------------
WE/YOU/THEY --
(ALL DOES/DO HE/SHE/IT/I/ VERB IN ….? YES, HE
VBS) --------------- WE/YOU/THEY THE DOES NO
-- INFINITIVE HE
DOESN’T
YES, THEY
DO
NO, THEY
DONT
(BE) --------------- IS/AM/ARE HE/SHE/IT/I/ -------- …..? YES, I AM
----- WE/YOU/THEY NO, I AM
NOT

SIMPLE PAST (ALL WHAT DID HE/SHE/IT/I/ VERB IN …..? --------------

VBS) WE/YOU/THEY THE --
INFINITIVE
(BE) WHAT WAS/WERE HE/SHE/IT/I/ -------------- ……..? --------------
WE/YOU/THEY ------ -----
(ALL DID HE/SHE/IT/I/ VERB IN …..? YES, HE
VBS) --------------- WE/YOU/THEY THE DID
-- INFINITIVE NO, HE
DIDNT
(BE) --------------- WAS/WERE HE/SHE/IT/I/ -------- …..? YES, I
----- WE/YOU/THEY WAS
 NO, I
WASNT

PRESENT (ALL WHAT AM/ARE/IS HE/SHE/IT/I/ VERB + ING …..?

CONTINUOUS VBS) WE/YOU/THEY
(ALL --------------- AM/ARE/IS HE/SHE/IT/I/ VERB + ING …..? YES, I AM
VBS) -- WE/YOU/THEY NO I AM
NOT

PRESENT (ALL WHAT HAVE/HAS HE/SHE/IT/I/ 3RD

PERFECT VBS WE/YOU/THEY COLUMN
AND OF VERBS ?
BE)
(ALL HAVE/HAS HE/SHE/IT/I/ 3RD YES, I
VBS WE/YOU/THEY COLUMN HAVE
AND OF VERBS ? NO, I
BE) HAVENT

ARTICLES:
A/AN
-JOBS. HE IS A TEACHER
- EXPRESSIONS OF FREQUENCY. I STUDY ONCE A WEEK
- WHEN WE MENTION A NOUN FOR THE FIRST TIME. I HAVE A DOG. THE DOG IS CALLED “PEPE”
THE
- WHEN WE MENTION A NOUN FOR THE 2ND OR + TIME. I HAVE A DOG. THE DOG IS PEPE
- UNIQUE NOUNS. THE SUN IS SHINING
-SUPERLATIVES. HE IS THE TALLEST
-----
-NOUNS IN GENERAL. MEN ARE NOT SMARTER THAN WOMEN
- MEALS. I HAVE BREAKFAST AT 7
- BEFORE POSSESSIVES. SHE´S MY MOTHER
- PLACES. I GO TO SCHOOL
- BY TRANSPORT. I TRAVEL BY BUS

PREPOSITIONS
in
countries/cities
rooms
buildings
months
seasons
times of the day

on
means of transport
dates
at
places
time
at night/ at the weekend
holidays
ADVERBS
ADVERB -> DESCRIBES A VERB
HE WORKS SLOWLY

ADJECTIVE-> DESCRIBES A NOUN

THAT BOY IS TALL

IN GENERAL, YOU ADD “LY” TO ADJECTIVES TO FORM ADVERBS

SLOW->SLOWLY BEAUTIFUL->BEAUTIFULLY

IRREGULAR ADVERBS
GOOD -> WELL
FAST -> FAST
HARD-> HARD