Math101 - MATHEMATICS FOR ENGINEERS

➢ PLANE AND SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY

➢ COLLEGE ALGEBRA
➢ SOLID MENSURATION

References:
Paul R. Rider, Plane & Spherical Trigonometry. The McMillan Co. New York
William L. Hart, College Algebra. Fourth Edition
Kern and Bland, Solid Mensuration, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York INSTRUCTOR: JEROME B. PATILLA, REE
FRACTIONS 2𝑥
Whenever we make a reference to factoring in a fraction, it will be assumed that 3−
5𝑥−2
the numerator and denominator are integral rational polynomials with integral 3.
𝑥
coefficient. 2x − 𝑥
1−
2+2𝑥

Reduction of a fraction to lowest term

1. Factor the numerator and denominator
2. Divide both numerator and denominator by all common factors

Examples
9𝑦2 −1
4. 𝑦2 −16
75
1.
125 6𝑦 − 2
𝑦 2 + 4𝑦

9𝑥 2 −16𝑦 2
2.
3𝑥 2 +2𝑥𝑦−8𝑦 2

𝑥 2 −9
3.
12+2𝑥−2𝑥 2

Mixed Expressions LINEAR EQUATION IN ONE UNKNOWN

A mixed expressions is one consisting of an integral rational
part and of one or more fractions. If a mixed expression appears
as a factor in a product, or as the numerator or denominator of a
fraction, it usually desirable to combine the mixed expression into
a single fraction before performing other operations.
1. x -3 = 5x + 7
An integral rational equation is one in which each member is an
integral rational polynomial in the unknowns. A linear equation in
an unknown x, or an equation of the first degree in x, is an integral
rational equation which can be written in the form ax+b = 0, where
a and b represent known numbers, and a is not equal to zero.

𝑎−𝑎 2 Solution of a linear equation in one unknown.

𝑎 2−1
1. If fraction appear, place parentheses around each numerator 3ℎ 3 ℎ
1. 2. −ℎ= −
𝑎 and clear of fractions by multiplying both members by the 10 2 5
− 𝑎
𝑎+1 LCD of the fraction ; then, remove parentheses and combine
terms.
2. Transpose all terms involving the unknown to one member
and all other terms to the other member. Combine terms in
1 the unknown, exhibiting it as a factor.
1−
2𝑥 3. Divide both sides by the coefficient of the unknown.
2.
1
4. To check, substitute the result in original equation. 3. 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 = 0
2x + 2𝑥−1
−4𝑥
2𝑥
ALGEBRAIC TRANSLATION
Problem 1
In applying equations in the solution of problems Problem 4
350 is to be divided between Jones and Smith so
stated in words, we translate word description in to One dimension of a rectangle is 4/5 of the other.
that Jones will receive 25 more than Smith. How
algebraic expressions. Find the dimensions if the perimeter of the
much does each receive?
rectangle becomes 62 feet when each dimension
is increased by 2 feet?
Solution of an applied problem by use of
equations

1. Introduce one or more letters to represent

the unknowns and give a description of
each one in words.
2. Translate the given facts into one or more
equations involving the unknowns, and
solve for their values.
3. Check the solution by substituting the
results in the written statement of the
problem

Problem 3 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATION

Problem 2
A rope 75 feet long is cut into two pieces where
Find two consecutive even integers such that the
one is 11 feet longer than the other Find their System of two equation
square of the larger is 44 greater than the square
lengths.. A solution of a system of two equations in two
of the smaller integer.
unknowns, x and y, is a pair of values (x, y) which
satisfy both equations. If a system has a solution, the
equations are called simultaneous

Algebraic solution of a system of two equations

In each of the following methods of solution, as the
first step we eliminate one unknown, to obtain an
equation in just one unknown.

Two Methods:
1. Elimination by addition or subtraction
2. Elimination by substitution
Systems in three unknowns
A system of three linear equations in three
unknowns usually has one and only one solution.
Sometimes, however, such a system may have no
solution, in which case the equations are called
inconsistent, or infinitely many solutions, in which
case the equations are called dependent.
Application Involving Distance, Rate, and Time
Problem 1 Problem 3
When we say that the body is moving in a path at a A rowing team rowing with the current traveled 18 miles in Flying with the wind, a plane traveled 450 miles in 3 hours.
constant speed, we mean that the body passes over equal 2 hours. Against the current, the team rowed 10 miles in 2 Flying against the wind, the plane traveled the same
distances in any two equal intervals of time. Such motion is hours. Find the rate of the boat in calm water and the rate distance in 5 hours. Find the rate of the plane in calm air
referred to as uniform motion in the path. The speed or rate of the current. and the rate of the wind
of the body in its path is defined as the distance traveled in
one unit of time. If r is the rate and d is the distance
traveled in t units of time, then

d = rt

Problem 2 Problem 4
A motorboat, operating at full throttle, made a trip 4 miles It takes a motorboat 1 1/3 hours to go 20miles downstream
upstream (against a constant current) in 15 minutes. The and 2 2/9 hours to return. Find the rate of the current and
return trip (with the same current and at full throttle) took the rate of the boat in still water
12 minutes. Find the speed of the current and the
equivalent speed of the boat in still water.