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Site Support Arrangements For Partial Rehabilitation Works F-1.1
Site Support Arrangements For Partial Rehabilitation Works F-1.1
For earth and gravel roads in a poor condition and which are not
2) maintainable, Partial Rehabilitation will be carried out to allow for the
establishment of effective routine maintenance. Partial rehabilitation means
clearing the road sides over the whole road length, opening up side drains
and culverts, reforming the camber, and replacing/establishing a minimum
of one culvert line per km if required. Labour-based rehabilitation
contractors will usually carry out these works. However, depending on the
local circumstances different work approaches are possible using a mix of
labour and equipment (see following paragraphs).
Roads that have been partially rehabilitated will be put under Routine
3) Maintenance using the same approach as under 1.
For roads where Spot Improvement is required, selected and limited spot
4) improvements on the network under maintenance will be carried out.
Depending on the funding situation, spot improvements may be carried out
in parallel with the partial rehabilitation activities or as a follow up
programme. These works are also usually contracted out to labour-based
contractors who have the technical and operational capacity to cope with a
wider range of construction and/or improvement activities.
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R2000 Operations Manual PARTIAL REHABILITATION F
• This approach is appropriate for roads with a low traffic level and where sufficient local
labour is available.
• The first labour gang establishes the centre line, sets out the road formation and reserve
width, and clears the road reserve area of bush and grass.
• The second labour gang excavates the side drains and forms the camber. Compaction
maybe achieved by traffic or pedestrian rollers.
• The third labour gang opens mitre drains, cross water drains and places/replaces culvert
lines.
• This approach is appropriate for roads with a higher traffic level and where sufficient local
labour is available.
• The first labour gang establishes the centre line, sets out the road formation and reserve
width, and clears the road reserve area of bush and grass.
• The second gang consists of motor or towed grader(s) and forms the camber. The grader
DOES NOT cut drains. Compaction is achieved using towed or self-propelled rollers.
• The third labour gang opens all drains, cross water drains and places/replaces culvert lines.
USING MAINLY EQUIPMENT
OTHER DRAINAGE WORKS DITCH AND CAMBER GRADING SETTING OUT + CLEARING
• labour • !grader and compactor with • equipment with labour
labour support support
• This approach is appropriate for roads where there is insufficient labour available, e.g. semi
arid and arid areas.
• The first working gang establishes the centre line, sets out the road formation and reserve
width, and clears the road reserve area of bush and grass. Most of the clearing work is
done using equipment, such as dozer and grader, and supported by labour for minor works.
• The second gang consists of motor or towed grader(s) to excavate/clean the side and mitre
drains and to form the camber.
• The last gang, mainly labour, deals with other drainage works. This includes scour-check
installation, cleaning of culverts and repair or installation of new culverts.
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R2000 Operations Manual PARTIAL REHABILITATION F
Infrastructure:
• The size of the camp depends on the kind of work to be undertaken and on
how many people need to be housed on site. Movable field huts provide the
best comfort and security. On average the following huts are required:
• 1 hut for the site supervisor for accommodation,
• huts for the plant operators (mainly for the gravelling activities),
• 1 hut as site office,
• 1 site store for tools, small equipment, spare parts and cement,
• 1 site store for fuel, oil and lubricants,
• Latrine(s) and bathroom hut.
• Fence around the camp for security.
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R2000 Operations Manual PARTIAL REHABILITATION F
required. The gate to the camp should be controlled as well as movements in and
out of the camp. It is also advisable to inform the local police of the camp location
and its purpose.
Table F.3 - Simple Measuring Aids And Instruments For Site Works
Pegs:
1+250
Pegs are used for survey purposes and
for setting out all the activities. On
chainage peg
marking peg
Tape Measure:
A great variety of tape measures exist.
The most common length of tape
measure used for setting out is 30
metres. The tapes are made of steel,
flexible plastic or linen. Although the 0 cm
former is stronger, the numbers/
marking on the tape often become
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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R2000 Operations Manual PARTIAL REHABILITATION F
Ranging Rods:
50 cm
Ranging rods are round poles usually 2
m long with a diameter of approximately Pointed Hard
2.5 cm. They are made of various Wood Lath
materials (metal, hard plastic, wood)
50 cm
and are usually provided with a pointed
200 cm
metal end. They are painted red and
white with black marking at the 1 meter
50 cm
point. The lengths of the red/white
sections are 50 cm.
50 cm
lath (must be straight), which is pointed
at one, end can also be used as a
Metal Point
ranging rod. At the same time it can be
used as vertical part of the profile board
(see below).
80 cm
Boning Rods (also called Travellers):
Boning rods are T-shaped and of a 10 cm
uniform height. They can easily be
manufactured by nailing a wooden plank
of 80 cm length and 10 cm height on
another plank of 130 cm length and 10
130 cm
cm width so that the end result looks
like a ¨T¨. The horizontal plank should
be painted in clearly visible colours. 10 cm
Boning rods have to be used in a set of
three.
Profile Board:
A profile board is designed in such a
way that it can be attached to a ranging
rod. It has a screw mechanism that
enables the profile board to slide up and Adjustable Adjustable
Profile Board
Profile Board
down on the ranging rod and be fixed at 40 x 10 cm 40 x 10 cm
any desired point simply by tightening
the screw. A long lasting profile board is
the one made from thin steel plate (40 Metal Clamp Wooden Clamp
cm x 10 cm) welded to a short length of with Wedge to Fix
Spirit Level:
Spirit levels are available in all different
sizes. For construction work robust and
long spirit levels are ideal. The longer
the spirit level the more exact the
measurement will be. Always ensure
that the spirit level is properly adjusted
/ adjustable before you buy it.
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R2000 Operations Manual PARTIAL REHABILITATION F
Line Level:
A line level is a small spirit level of about
80 - 120 mm length. It has a hook on
each end of the level which is used for
hooking the level onto a smooth line.
The level is used together with a line, Check accuracy of line level:
ranging rods (or profile boards) and a • Place two ranging rods 20 m apart,
tape measure. The line level requires • Fix a line on the 1m-mark on one rod and
two people to operate. transfer the level to the other rod = mark
this level. The line should be kept tight and
The line level can be used to:
the bubble on the line level should be in the
• transfer levels
middle,
• check existing gradients
• Keep line in place, unhook the line level and
• set out gradients
turn it around
Always check: • Adjust the line again and make sure the
• that the line is smooth or of nylon bubble on the line level is in the middle.
• keep the line tight, Mark the new level on the rod and measure
• level is exactly in the middle between the difference between the two levels.
the two ranging rods,
• check the accuracy of the level
regularly.
Plumb Bob:
The plumb bob is usually used by
masons to check the vertical alignment
of walls, abutments, etc. On road sites
this is the case for structure work. The
distance plate is slightly wider than the
plumb bob itself and can be freely
moved along the string line. In this way
the plate can be held against the top of
the wall while the plumb bob hangs on
the lower end. If the plumb bob nearly
touches the wall, then the top and
bottom point of the wall are in a vertical
line. The alignment of the wall can then
be checked by sighting the string line
with the wall line. If they are parallel to
each other then the wall is straight
(vertical).
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R2000 Operations Manual PARTIAL REHABILITATION F
Templates: are used to control certain shapes of the road. For example, to control the
correct shape for the slope and ditch, a template of the standard slope-ditch size can be
used by the labourers to continuously check whether the correct shape is being dug.
Templates are very useful control aids as any labourer can see the exact size and shape
of the work she/he is required to carry out. They are usually made of wood and tailor-
made for each particular project in accordance with the standard measurements (see
specifications).
Ditch/Slope h = height of ditch
h Template w = width of ditch
s s = slope
w
Camberboard
camber gradient 8%
The partial rehabilitation method using labour requires the use of an Adjustable
Camber-Slope-Ditch Template (ACSDT).This template represents the finished profile of
half of the road. The template can be adjusted to the different cross-sections (carriageway
width), but has a standard slope of 1.20m and ditch of 0.60m. The template can be locally
fabricated (see Figure E.4 below for details).
PIN FOR 10 CM ST ATIONS
! 100
MATERIAL: SQUARE OR
ROUND PROFILE STEEL
PIPES
480 Max
(ALL DIMENSIONS IN CENTIMETRES) INTECH ASSOCIA TES 1/94
The template is used to establish the camber levels at 10 metre intervals along the road.
The levels are set by slots extending across the whole cross-section (from back of ditch to
back of ditch). The slots are constructed to generally balance the amount of cut and fill at
each 10 metre cross section. The slots will then guide the labour gangs on how much
material has to be excavated from the ditch and used as fill between the slots. In this way
the need to excavate to level is avoided which reduces the workday requirements
significantly.
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R2000 Operations Manual PARTIAL REHABILITATION F
The partial rehabilitation method using grader for forming the camber requires the
use of an Adjustable Crossfall Template (ACT). This template allows the crossfall of any
width of carriageway from the crown to the edge to be measured. The ACT can be locally
manufactured. The Figure below shows the ACT details including a table of crossfall
percentage for easy use in the field.
10 cm Pin Pin
10cm
intervals
max. 5 cm
20cm intervals
2 (15)
acceptable
7.50 7.14 6.82 6.52 6.24 6.00 5.77 5.56 5.36 5.17 5.00
crossfall
3 (20) 10.00 9.52 9.09 8.70 8.33 8.00 7.69 7.41 7.14 6.90 6.63
4 (25) 12.50 11.90 11.36 10.87 10.42 10.00 9.62 9.26 8.93 8.62 8.33
5 (30) 15.00 14.29 13.64 13.04 12.50 12.00 11.54 11.11 10.71 10.34 10.00
ACCEPTABLE CROSSFALL:
• un-compacted crossfall minimum 10%
• compacted crossfall between 5% to 8% INTECH ASSOCIATES 1.94
The following Table E.4 is a guideline for the tools to be made available for a) a
labour only partial rehabilitation site, and b) for an equipment and labour partial
rehabilitation site. It is assumed that for labour only site about 80 labourers will be
employed and for the equipment and labour site about 50 labourers.
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The typical requirements for labour only partial rehabilitation works are:
• 1 Pick-up for tool and camp transport, supervision by the contractor
• 1 tractor with a towed 2t dead-weight roller, or 2 pedestrian vibrating rollers
• 1 or 2 bicycles for the Site Supervisors
The requirements for equipment with labour partial rehabilitation works are:
• 1 Pick-up for tool and camp transport, fuel transport and supervision by the
contractor
• 2 to 3 100HP tractors with 2 towed 5t graders, or 1 motor grader
• 1 towed 2t dead-weight roller, or 1 self propelled roller/compactor, or 2 to 3
pedestrian vibrating rollers
• 1 Water bowser
• 1 Fuel bowser or sufficient drums for diesel
• 1 or 2 bicycles for the Site Supervisors
Note: The graders are deployed for reforming the camber while the labour force
opens reinstates/opens the drainage system.
For the ‘Mainly Equipment’ option the contractor may use a bulldozer or hydraulic
excavator for clearing and drainage work. However arrangements must be made to
transport these items to and from site, with the contractor’s own or hired vehicles.
For spot improvement, haulage equipment is usually required, e.g. tractors with
trailers or tipper trucks for gravel hauling or material transport for structural works
or other road surface types.
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R2000 Operations Manual PARTIAL REHABILITATION F
kept and maintained for each piece of equipment (see sample forms and guidelines
for equipment control and maintenance in the Annex II to this Module).
Announcement:
The announcement of the Recruitment Baraza in the relevant sub-location / location
should be made if possible, about two weeks in advance of the event.
A standard Notice of Recruitment (see sample in the Annex III to this Module)
should be filled and handed to the following individuals:
• Chief and Assistant Chief,
• Local Political Leaders, e.g. Councillors, MPs, etc.
• Women's Group Leader,
• Other Group Leaders, e.g. Churches, etc.
The notices should be posted at churches, schools, markets and other places near
the site where they will be seen by a large number of people.
In addition barazas may be called at sub-location level to inform local households of
the proposed recruitment.
At all times it should be stressed that:
• both men and women are equally eligible for recruitment,
• employment opportunities are also provided to certain handicapped people,
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Recruitment:
At the Recruitment Baraza the Contractor will explain the following, with the
assistance of the local administration official for the translation into the vernacular
if necessary:
• function and organisation of the programme,
• type of work which the job seekers will be expected to carry out ,
• employment duration,
• numbers of labourers to be recruited,
• terms of employment (detailed on the recruitment form),
• pay rates, timing and arrangements for payment including first payment
date,
• need for Identity Card for recruitment and payment,
• women and men are equally eligible and welcome to seek employment,
• employment opportunities may also exist for handicapped people,
• if there are more job seekers than vacancies then a secret ballot will be
made to select the labour force.
After the above introduction the job seekers will be invited to step forward and
form an orderly queue. The number of applicants will be counted.
If more people than are required come forward for employment, then selection will
be carried out by a secret ballot system. This is important to avoid possible
accusations of corruption or favouritism.
The recruits will sign the completed Casual Labour Employment Form in
triplicate; original to Employee, one copy to the Contractor and one copy to DRE
(see form in Annex IV to this Module).
Enough people should be recruited to cover the requirements of labourers,
headpersons, store person, water carriers, watchmen and tool repairer. The recruits
should be advised on which days they will report for work as not all will be required
on the first day.
Where possible a register of reserve applicants should be made in case further
recruits are required due to absentees or desertions as site work progresses. It is
recommended that a further 25% more names are selected by the lottery system
and put on a Waiting List.
The Contractor will only be permitted to employ people with signed casual
employment forms or from the waiting list.
The Contractor will also maintain a Musterroll where all labourers and their
achieved work task are recorded on a daily basis. The labourers will be paid against
this record and it is therefore an accountable document. A copy of the Musterroll
may be required by the client to ensure the correctness of payments, as an
accounting evidence and as a standard report on labour statistics.
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The labourers assigned to each activity can be determined using the total quantities
to be hauled and the productivity ranges shown in the table above.
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