R1GID SOLUTIONS

Review School for Civil Engineering

Unit 601, Don Lorenzo Building, 889 P. Paredes St., Sampaloc, Manila

HYDRAULICS – Module 5

HYDRODYNAMICS

- deals with the study of the motion of liquids and of the

interaction of liquids with its boundaries CD = drag coefficient
CL = lift coefficient
FORCE AGAINST FIXED FLAT PLATES ν = relative velocity

TERMINAL VELOCITY

- the constant velocity acquired by the body when the

total upward force equals the weight of the body

WATER HAMMER

- the resulting shock (pressure rise) in a pipeline caused

FORCE AGAINST FIXED CURVED VANES by the sudden decrease or stoppage of motion of the fluid

CELERITY, c

- velocity of wave resulting from pressure increase

along the pipe

For rigid pipes

For non-rigid pipes

FORCE AGAINST MOVING VANES

where: EB = bulk modulus of elasticity of fluid

E = modulus of elasticity of pipe
d = pipe diameter
t = pipe thickness

where: V’ = velocity of the vane Time for the pressure to travel

u = relative velocity of the jet T = 2L / c
V1 & V2 = absolute velocity of the jet before and
after striking the vane Types of closure:

Work done 1. Instantaneous closure ( tc = 0)

P=ρcv

2. Rapid / sudden closure ( tc T)

P=ρcv
DRAG
3. Slow closure (tc > T)
- the component of the resultant force exerted by a fluid P = 2Lvρ / T
on a body parallel to the relative motion of the fluid

Problems:

1. Water flows from a large tank through a 75mm-diameter

LIFT
- the component of the resultant force exerted by a fluid
on a body perpendicular to the relative motion of the fluid
orifice located at one side of the tank and is 0.3m from the
bottom. The water jet is against a 220N block and strikes
at the vena contracta. What is the minimum height to
which water must rise in the tank in order to start the block
moving? Assume C = 0.60, Cc = 0.62 and coefficient of
friction between the block and ;floor = 0.55.

2. Water issuing vertically from a nozzle having a diameter of

25mm, flows out under a head of 30m. If C=Cv=0.98,

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 determine at what constant height could the jet of water
support a 20-kg child standing on a platform vertically from
a nozzle tip. Neglect weight of the platform.
3. A jet having 50mm diameter with a velocity of 15 m/s is
deflected by a 60° curved vane.
a. Determine the horizontal force exerted if the vane is
fixed.
b. Determine the vertical force exerted if the vane is
fixed.
c. Determine the resultant force exerted if the vane is
moving 7 m/s in the same direction as the jet.

4. A jet issued at the rate of 155 L/s and a velocity of 35 m/s

strikes a blade moving in the same direction at 20 m/s.
The deflection angle of the blade is 150°. Neglecting
friction,
a. Determine the x-component of the force exerted by
the water on the vane.
b. Compute the y-component of the force exerted by the
water on the vane.
c. Compute the work done on the vane.

5. A 45° 300mm x 200mm reducing bend in a level pipeline

carries water at the rate of 280 L/s. The pressure at the
entrance is 345 kPa and the friction in the bend is
negligible. Determine the components of the force
necessary to hold the bend in position.

6. A submarine is running submerged in sea water (sp.gr. =

1.03) at a speed of 24 kph. The projected area normal to
the direction of motion being 6 square meters. If the drag
coefficient is 0.10, determine the drag force.

7. A torpedo is launched with a sufficient power so that after

it has reached a steady state of motion, its velocity in salt
water is 16 m/s.
a. What speed would it attain in fresh water if
resistance is the same?
b. What speed would the torpedo attain in fresh
water if the power is the same?

8. A steel ball (sp.gr. = 7.85) having a diameter of 100mm is

dropped into the ocean (sp.gr. = 1.03). What is the
terminal velocity assuming a drag coefficient of 0.20?

9. If the velocity of flow in a 600mm diameter cast iron pipe

(E = 8.29 GPa) be changed in 0.25 second from 0.6 m/s to
0 m/s by closing a valve 300m from a reservoir, what
probable increase in pressure due to water hammer will
be expected? The pipe wall is 20mm thick.

10. A 600mm diameter pipe of length 2.5 kilometers has a

thickness of 20 mm. The steel pipe is to carry a flow of
0.85 m3/s under a static head of 200m of water and an
additional water hammer pressure caused by a quick-
closing valve located at its end. Determine the maximum
stress acting on the walls of the tank. EB = 2.1GPa

“The pain that you’ve been feeling

can’t compare to the joy that’s
coming.”

- Romans 8:18 -
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