Lab Manual Course Title: Fluid Mechanics Lab

FLUID MECHANICS LAB

Experiment No.11

Submitted By: Uzair Akram

Reg. No.: 20-ME-9

Date: 20-12-2021

Section: A1

Submitted To: Engr Abdul Rehman

Mechanical Engineering Department

Faculty of Mechanical & Aeronautical Engineering

University of Engineering & Technology Taxila

Lab Title: Fluid Mechanics 1

Lab Manual Course Title: Fluid Mechanics Lab

EXPERIMENT NO.11
TITLE: -
To study and draw characteristic curves of Francis Turbine
THEORY: -
Turbines:
Turbine is a device that convert the energy in a stream of fluid into mechanical energy.
The conversion is generally accomplished by passing the fluid through a system of stationary
passages or vanes that alternate with passages consisting of finlike blades attached to a rotor.
By arranging the flow so that a tangential force, or torque, is exerted on the rotor blades, the
rotor turns, and work is extracted.
There are two types of turbines.
 Impulse Turbine
 Reaction Turbine

But here we would just talk about reaction turbine because Francis Turbine is a reaction
turbine,
Reaction Turbine:
If the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy of water which are due to the pressure and
velocity, respectively cause the turbine blades to rotate, the turbine is classified as a reaction
turbine. In these types of turbines, the entire turbine is immersed in water and changes in
water pressure along with the kinetic energy of the water cause power exchange.
Major parts of reaction turbine are as follows:
 Spiral Casing
 Guide Mechanism
 Turbine Runner
 Draft Tube

Summary:
Reaction turbines exploit the oncoming flow of water to generate hydrodynamic lift forces to
propel the runner blades. They are distinguished from the impulse type by having a runner
that always functions within a completely water-filled casing. All reaction turbines have a
diffuser known as a ‘draft tube’ below the runner through which the water discharges. The
draft tube slows the discharged water and so creates suction below the runner which
increases the effective head. Propeller-type turbines are similar in principle to the propeller
of a ship, but operating in reversed mode. A set of inlet guide vanes admits the flow to the
propeller and these are often adjustable so as to allow the flow passing through the machine
to be varied. In some cases the blades of the runner can also be adjusted, in which case the
turbine is called a Kaplan. The mechanics for adjusting turbine blades and guide vanes can
be costly and tend to be more affordable for large systems, but can greatly improve
efficiency over a wide range of flows. The Francis turbine is essentially a modified form of
propeller turbine in which water flows radially inwards into the runner and is turned to
emerge axially. For medium-head schemes, the runner is most commonly mounted in a spiral

Lab Title: Fluid Mechanics 2

Lab Manual Course Title: Fluid Mechanics Lab

casing with internal adjustable guide vanes. Since the cross-flow turbine is now a less costly
(though less efficient) alternative to the spiral-case Francis, it is rare for these turbines to be
used on sites of less than 100 kW output.

APPARATUS: -
1. Electric Supply
2. Supply Tank
3. Submersible Tank
4. Supply Line of water
5. Francis Turbine Model (HM-150.20)
6. Stopwatch
7. Measuring Tank

PROCEDURE: -
1. First, take the Francis Turbine Model (HM-150.20) and place it on basic
Hydraulic Bench.
2. The water supply and flow rate measurements are produced via HM-150.
3. Turbine torque is measured using band brake and is read on spring balance.
4. A non-contact speed sensor(tachometer) is used to measure the rotational speed
of turbine.
5. A manometer shows the water pressure at the turbine inlet.

Lab Title: Fluid Mechanics 3

Lab Manual Course Title: Fluid Mechanics Lab

6. Measure the breaking force with help of the scale on the band.
7. Take coordinate reading and plot the graph.

TABLE: -

Sr. Speed Net Force Head Torque Output Power Input Power Efficiency=
No. RPM = F1-F2 Pressur T =FxD 2 πNT =VxPx105 input/Output
=M ×
“N” “Newton” e “Nm” 60 1000x60 “”
P “Bar” “Watt” “Watt”
01 2270 0 0.5 0 0 48.33 0
02 1815 0.5 0.47 0.0125 2.37 45.43 5.22%
03 1435 1 0.42 0.025 3.75 40.6 9.23%
04 1125 1.5 0.40 0.0375 4.41 38.66 11.40%
05 855 2.0 0.38 0.05 4.47 36.73 12.16%
06 551 2.4 0.38 0.06 3.46 36.73 9.42%
07 255 2.7 0.4 0.0675 1.80 38.66 4.65%

Volume V = 58 liters
Time T = 1 min
P ×V ×10 5
P¿ = Watt
1000 ×60

2π × N×T
Pout = Watt
60

For 1:
5
0.5× 58× 10
P¿ = Watt
1000 ×60

P¿ =48.33 Watt

2 π × 2270× 0
Pout = Watt
60

Pout =0 Watt

For 2:
0.47× 58 ×105
P¿ = Watt
1000 ×60

Lab Title: Fluid Mechanics 4

Lab Manual Course Title: Fluid Mechanics Lab

P¿ =45.43 Watt

2 π × 1815× 0.0125
Pout = Watt
60

Pout =2.37 Watt

For 3:
0.42×58 × 105
P¿ = Watt
1000 ×60

P¿ =40.6 Watt

2 π × 1435× 0.025
Pout = Watt
60

Pout =3.75Watt

For 4:
5
0.40× 58× 10
P¿ = Watt
1000 ×60

P¿ =38.66 Watt

2 π × 1125× 0.0375
Pout = Watt
60

Pout =4.41 Watt

For 5:
0.38× 58× 105
P¿ = Watt
1000 ×60

P¿ =36.73 Watt

2 π × 855 ×0.5
Pout = Watt
60

Lab Title: Fluid Mechanics 5

Lab Manual Course Title: Fluid Mechanics Lab

Pout =4.47 Watt

For 6:
5
0.38× 58× 10
P¿ = Watt
1000 ×60

P¿ =36.73 Watt

2 π × 551× 0.06
Pout = Watt
60

Pout =3.46Watt

For 7:
5
0.4 ×58 ×10
P¿ = Watt
1000 ×60

P¿ =38.66 Watt

2 π × 255× 0.0675
Pout = Watt
60

Pout =1.80Watt

GRAPHS: -
Speed VS Output power

Lab Title: Fluid Mechanics 6

Lab Manual Course Title: Fluid Mechanics Lab

Speed VS Output Power

5

4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Speed VS Torque

Speed VS Torque
0.08

0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Speed VS Efficiency

Lab Title: Fluid Mechanics 7

Lab Manual Course Title: Fluid Mechanics Lab

Speed VS Effi ciency

14

12

10

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

CONCLUSION: -
In this lab, we learned how to find the efficiency of the Francis Turbine. We learned how the
Francis turbine works. We also learned to calculate the input and output powers of the
Francis turbine, From the calculations and the graphical analysis, we come to know that at a
certain speed, the output power is maximum and hence the efficiency of the turbine is
maximum which is given as a hump on the graph. Before this point, efficiency increases and
after this point efficiency decreases.

Taxonomy Contributio Max. Obtained

Knowledge components Domain
level n marks marks
1. Student has conducted the Psychomoto
Precision (P3) 60% 15
experiment by practicing the r

Lab Title: Fluid Mechanics 8

Lab Manual Course Title: Fluid Mechanics Lab

hands on skills.
2. Student has achieved
required accuracy in
performance.
3. Student has contributed or
responded affectively in form Affective Respond (A2) 20% 5
of group or team.
4. Student has knowledge
regarding the experiment and
successfully applied the input Cognitive Apply (C3) 20% 5
values for required
calculations.

Total 25

Experiment Title: To study and draw characteristic curves of Francis Turbine

Course title: Fluid Mechanics Lab Total Marks: ___________

Practical No. 11 Date of experiment performed: 13-12-2021
Course teacher/Lab Instructor: Engr. Abdul Rehman Date of marking: ____________
Student Name: Uzair Akram
Registration no:20-ME-9

Marking Evaluation Sheet

Signed by Course teacher/ Lab Instructor

Lab Title: Fluid Mechanics 9