CHILDREN OF LOURDES ACADEMY – CAUAYAN INC.

# 71 Maharlika Highway, Cauayan City, Isabela

School Year 2021 – 2022

EARTH
AND
LIFE
SCIENCE
(GRADE 11 – STEM & ABM)
(GRADE 12 – HUMSS & GAS)
 EARTH’S HISTORY
KEY QUESTIONS:
• ARE THE CURRENT FEATURES OF EARTH THE SAME AS IT'S FEATURES 4.6 GYA?
• HOW ARE SCIENTISTS ABLE TO DESCRIBE EARTH'S HISTORY?
GEOLOGISTS STUDIED …
PETROLOGY
- It is a branch of geology that deals with the origin, composition, structure, and classification of rocks.

STRATIGRAPHY
- It is the study of rock layers (Strata) and layering (stratification)
PALEONTOLOGY
- Studies the life that existed prior to, or sometimes At the Start of the Holocene epoch.

RELATIVE DATING & ABSOLUTE DATING

RELATIVE DATING
- it refers to the order in which events occurred
- Geologist used field observations to determine relative ages.
PRINCIPLES USED IN DETERMINING RELATIVE AGE
Principle of Original Horizontality
- Sedimentary rocks are deposited as horizontal or nearly horizontal layers

Principle of Superposition
- In the sequence of sedimentary rocks, the layer at the bottom of the sequence is the oldest, and the
successively higher levels are successively younger.

Principle of cross cutting

- Geologic features like faults or igneous intrusions are younger than the rocks they cut across.
Principle of inclusion
- If rocks or rock fragments are included within another rock layer, the rock fragments must be older than the
rock layer where they were embedded.

Principle of Lateral Continuity

- States that layers of sediment initially extend laterally in all directions in other words, they are laterally
continuous.

ABSOLUTE DATING
- places actual ages of rocks and events.
- Radioactive decay happens when unstable isotopes Decompose spontaneously.
ISOTOPES
- Atoms Of the same elements, same number of protons but with different number of neutrons.
3 TYPES OF ISOTOPES: HYDROGEN
PROTIUM
- This is stable, which means it will not emit radioactive particle or it will not decay spontaneously.
DEUTERIUM AND TRITIUM
- They are not stable so they will release radioactive particles or radiation for them to become stable.
FOSSILS: EVIDENCE OF PAST LIFE
FOSSILS
- It is a remnant or trace of organisms of a past geologic age.

TYPES OF FOSSILS
TRUE FORM FOSSILS
- Are the entire animals or plants trapped and preserved in ice, tar or other material, such as remains of
prehistoric elephants or mammoths that were frozen in the Arctic tundra of Siberia and Alaska.
MOLD FOSSILS
- Are impressions of a living thing in a rock.
- Has a relation on the cast fossils.

CAST FOSSILS
- Are created when mold fossils get filled with minerals.

TRACE FOSSILS
- Are geological records of the activities and behaviors of past life. such as footprints, eggs, bones and etc.

GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE

- It is a system of chronological dating that classifies geological strata (Stratigraphy) in time.
EON
PHANEROZOIC
- Means visible life
PALEOZOIC
- Beginning of the early life
- Pangaea
- Terrestrial plants
PERIOD OF PALEOZOIC ERA
SILURIAN AND ORDOVICIAN
- Age of invertebrates like trilobites and cephalopods.
DEVONIAN
- Age of fishes
PENNSYLVANIAN AND MISSISSIPPIAN
- Carboniferous period. Atmospheric oxygen.
PERMIAN
- Amphibians, reptiles and conifers plants.
PRECAMBRIAN
- An account for 80% of earth's history. It says that Precambrian eon is also known as the " chaotic eon".
HADEAN
- This is the beginning of the earth. HADEAN comes from hades "hell". Earth's surface was continually
bombarded by meteorites and the very hot mantle caused severe volcanism.
- Ocean and atmosphere were formed and the core as well as the crust were established.
ARCHEAN
- Earth was probably warm. The atmosphere contained mostly methane and little to no oxygen. Most of Earth
was covered with ocean. Continent formation began during the Archean period.
- Continents began to form.
PROTEROZOIC
- It is the geological eon spanning the time interval from 2500 to 541 million years ago. It is the most recent part
of the Precambrian “supereon".
- Fossil remains of bacteria and blue-Green algae.
MESOZOIC
- Age of dinosaurs
- Laurasia and Gondwanaland
PERIOD OF MESOZOIC ERA
CRETACEOUS, JURASSIC, TRIASSIC
- Flowers, age of reptiles, birds, mammals, dinosaurs and dinosaur’s extinction.
CENOZOIC
- Age of recent life. Age of mammals.
- Rocks are accessible

PERIODS OF CENOZOIC ERA

TERTIARY
- New periods
QUATERNARY
- Evolution of humans
 THE EARTH’S INTERIOR
An apple constitutes the skin, the pulp and the core. In the middle. Similarly, the Earth is made up of the
Outermost layer called the crust, the innermost part is the Core, and the part between Them is the mantle.

THE EARTH’S STRUCTURE

THE CORE
- The inner part of the earth is the core. This part of the earth is about 2,900km below the earth’s
Surface. The core is a dense ball of the elements iron and nickel. It is divided into two layers, the inner and the
outer core.
The inner core – is in solid state and about 1,200km thick.
The outer core – is in liquid state and is 2,300km thick.

THE MANTLE:
- The layer above the core is the mantle. It begins about 10km below the oceanic crust and about 30km below
the continental crust. It is about 2,900 km thick and makes up nearly 80% of the Earth’s total volume.
THE CRUST
- Covers the mantle and is the earth’s hard outer shell, on the surface where we are living.
EARTH’S SPHERES
LITHOSPHERE
- is the solid, outer part of the Earth. The lithosphere includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the
crust, the outermost layers of Earth's structure.
HYDROSPHERE
- is simply the total of all the water in Earth's atmosphere. A hydrosphere is the total amount of water on a
planet.
BIOSPHERE
- is made up of the parts of Earth where life exists—all ecosystems.
ATMOSPHERE
- is a mixture of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), and other gases (1%) that surrounds Earth. High above the
planet, the atmosphere becomes thinner until it gradually reaches space. ... And the oxygen within our
atmosphere is essential for life.