Module-5-The Contemporary World

University of La Salette
Santiago City
The Contemporary World

MODULE 5
“Our World, Our Choice”

Prepared by: KATHLEEN MAE T. GALESTRE
STEPHEN JAE G. FONTANILLA
Towards a
Sustainable
World
Introduction
We have come to the final module of the course, GEC 007 just as the earth
Learning Outcomes: is said to have approached its 11th hour. We have come to construe Globalization
as a multi-faceted phenomenon that inevitably confronts us all. The preceding
At the end of this module,
modules acquainted you with where Globalization intends to bring us. This
you should be able to:
explains the prime concern of every nation-state, that is, development.
1. analyze the essence of food
But while development is the goal of every nation-state, as argued by
security to the populace and the
Coronacion and Calilung (2018), many elements of our existence cannot be simply
repercussions entailed in its
absence vis-à-vis the Philippine
overlooked and set aside. For while we strive for economic development, the
context; same ardor and commitment must also be given to our home, our one, and only
2. appraise the nature of a global planet. We all live in one world and the fact remains that whatever we do within
citizen in reference to your the bounds of our respective sovereign territories will invariably impact other
possessed global characteristics; states especially from a sustainability perspective.
3. write a cogent response to
environmental dilemmas This module anchors itself on the concepts of sustainable development;
confronting the world; and Global Food Security; and Global Citizenship which shall then be the basis of your
4. propose a research topic that is research proposal- the last topic of this module. The burgeoning population faces
crucial in attaining sustainable the challenges associated with hunger and poverty evidently remains to be an
development. important global agenda. In the same manner, a commitment must be made
towards ensuring that the rights and exercise of civic responsibilities that come
with being a member of the world, with whole-world philosophy and sensibilities,
rather than a mere citizen of a particular nation or place.
Motivation: Into the future…

Processing Questions
Thinking about the future can
DIRECTIONS: After accomplishing the start-up activity, address the succeeding
be scary yet preparing for it is
questions substantially. Write your answers on the provided answer sheet.
imperative. If you are to bring
three (3) things (you currently 1. What factors have you considered in selecting the things you have listed?
have) to the future, what are 2. In what specific ways do you think each thing you have mentioned could help
those? you in the future? Elucidate your answer.
THIS MODULE IS FOR THE EXCLUSIVE USE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LA SALETTE, INC. ANY FORM OF REPRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, UPLOADING, OR
POSTING ONLINE IN ANY FORM OR BY ANY MEANS WITHOUT THE WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE UNIVERSITY IS STRICTLY PROHIBITED.
1
Santiago City

TOPIC 1 Prepared by: KATHLEEN MAE T. GALESTRE
Sustainable
Content
Development
The Environment and Sustainable Development
Various regions of the world have increasingly become vulnerable to typhoons

stronger thereby endangering the Philippine archipelago and its inhabitants. As
argued by American Museum of Natural History (n.d.), rainstorms help sustain life
on earth by bringing much needed water. However, there's a great difference
between a restorative shower and an intense downpour that causes floods and
landslides. As our planet continues to warm, intense and destructive storms are
likely to become more and more frequent over many land regions. (Ibid.)
Additionally, if you are living in a city or even in a town, the moment you step out of your home, you are already
exposed to humanity’s pressing issues. You often encounter the hustle and bustle of your surroundings, scattered
garbage, and smoke belching from . tricycles and/or cars. These are things that people live with everyday yet pay little
attention to as the latter treat the former as part of an everyday routine. In this routine, you encounter waste, health
hazards, increased carbon emissions-all of which are continuously deteriorating the environment. This deterioration has
destabilized populations and species, raising the specter of extinction for some-and a lesser quality of life for the survivors
and their offspring.
As the issue of climate change-among others such as poverty, and health, continues to be debated in the political
arena, the population suffers more as time goes by. The United Nations adopted the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) starting from the year 2000 until 2015. The Millennium Development Goals marked a historic and effective
method of global mobilization to achieve a set of important social priorities worldwide. They express widespread public
concern about poverty, hunger, disease, unmet schooling, gender inequality, and environmental degradation. By packing
these priorities into an easily understandable set of eight goals, and by establishing measurable and time-bound
objectives, the MDGs helped promote global awareness, political accountability, improved metrics, social feedback, and
public pressures.
The Millennium
Development Goals ran
from 2000-2015
2
Santiago City

TOPIC 1
Sustainable
For 15 years, the MDGs drove progress in the areas noted in the
image. Significant MDG achievements include:
Development
1. More than 1 Billion people have been lifted out of poverty;
2. Child Mortality dropped by more than half since 1990;
3. The number of out of school children has dropped by more than half since
1990;
4. HIV/AIDS infection fell almost by 40 percent since 2000. (UNDP, 2020)
The legacy and achievements of the MDGs provide us with valuable lessons and experience to begin work on
the new goals. But for millions of people around the world, the job remains unfinished. Hence, the new Sustainable
Development Goals were enacted and adopted. (Ibid)
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were born at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable
Development in Rio de Janeiro in 2012. The objective was to produce a set of universal goals that meet the urgent
environmental, political, and economic challenges facing our world. The SDGs are a bold commitment to finish what we
started and tackle some of the more pressing challenges facing the world today. All 17 Goals interconnect, meaning
success in one, affects success for others. Dealing with the threat of climate change impacts how we manage our fragile
natural resources, achieving gender equality or better health helps eradicate poverty, and fostering peace and inclusive
societies will reduce inequalities and help economies prosper. In short, this is the greatest chance we have to improve life
for future generations.
The SDGs coincided with another historic agreement reached in 2015 at the COP21 Paris Climate Conference.
Together with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, signed in Japan in March 2015, these agreements
provide a set of common standards and achievable targets to reduce carbon emissions, manage the risks of climate
change and natural disasters, and build back better after a crisis.
The SDGs are unique in that they cover issues that affect us all. They reaffirm our international commitment to
end poverty, permanently, everywhere. They are ambitious in making sure no one is left behind. More importantly, they
involve us all to build a more sustainable, safer, more prosperous planet for all humanity.
3
Santiago City

Sustainable
Development
Sustainable development is the overarching paradigm of the United Nations. The concept of sustainable
development was described by the 1987 Bruntland Commission Report as “development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (UNESCO, 2019)
Sustainable development is the overarching paradigm of the United Nations. The concept of sustainable
development was described by the 1987 Bruntland Commission Report as “development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
There are four dimensions to sustainable development – society, environment, culture, and economy – which
are intertwined, not separate. Sustainability is a paradigm for thinking about the future in which environmental, societal,
and economic considerations are balanced in the pursuit of improved quality of life. For example, a prosperous society
relies on a healthy environment to provide food and resources, safe drinking water, and clean air for its citizens.
4
Santiago City

Sustainable One might ask, what is the difference between sustainable
Development development and sustainability? Sustainability is often thought of as a

long-term goal (i.e. a more sustainable world), while sustainable
development refers to the many processes and pathways to achieve it
(e.g. sustainable agriculture and forestry, sustainable production and
consumption, good government, research, and technology transfer,
education and training, etc.).
To date, Education for Sustainable Development has been

Sustainable development integrated into many global frameworks and conventions related to key
is a kind of development that areas of sustainable development-including climate change, biodiversity,
meets the needs of the disaster risk reduction, and sustainable consumption and production.
present without (Ibid.)
compromising the ability of
future generations to meet Environment and Sustainable Development
their own needs. (United
Nations, n.d.) The Conserve Energy Future website lists the following environmental
challenges that the world faces today:
1. The depredation caused by industrial and transportation toxins and the plastic in the ground; the defiling of the
sea, rivers, and water beds by oil spills and acid rain; the dumping of urban waste
2. Changes in global weather patterns (flash floods, extreme snowstorms, and the spread of deserts) and the
surge in ocean and land temperatures leading to a rise in sea levels (as the polar ice caps melt because of the
weather, plus the flooding of many lowland areas across the world
3. Overpopulation
4. The exhaustion of the world’s natural non-renewable resources from oil reserves to minerals to potable water
Figure 1. Turtles are common victims of human waste being thrown in seas
Figure 2. Polar bears are now struggling as polar ice caps melt due to
and oceans. Source: WWF.org global warming. Source: WWF.org.uk
5
Santiago City

Sustainable
5. A Waste disposal catastrophe due to excessive amount of waste (from
Development plastic to food packages to electronic waste) unloaded by communities in
landfills as well as on the ocean; and the dumping of nuclear waste
6. The destruction of million-year-old ecosystems and the loss of

biodiversity (destruction of coral reefs and massive deforestation) have led
to the extinction of particular species and the decline in the number of
others.
Figure 3. The Giant

Panda is one of
7. The reduction of oxygen and the many species that
are victims of
increase in carbon dioxide in the habitat loss. Its
atmosphere because of deforestation, habitat has
resulting in the rise in ocean acidity by as degraded over time
but the species is
much as 150 percent in the last 250 now protected
years. under international
laws.
8. The depletion of the ozone layer

protecting the planet from the sun’s
deadly rays due to chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) in the atmosphere
9. Deadly acid rain as a result of fossil

fuel combustion, toxic chemicals from
Figure 4. The
erupting volcanoes, and the massive Philippine Tamaraw is
rotting vegetables filling up garbage not as fortunate as the
dumps or left on the streets Giant Panda. As of
2020, there are only
about 480 Philippine
10. Water pollution arising from Tamaraws. Numerous
Factors such as Habitat
industrial and community waste Loss, Climate Change,
residues seeping into underground and Poaching have
water tables, rivers, and seas (Claudio contributed to their
population decline.
and Abinales, 2018)
You can help Philippine
Tamaraws at the
World Wildlife Fund
Philippines Website
www.wwf.org.ph
6
Santiago City

Sustainable 11. Urban sprawls that continue to expand as a city turns into a megalopolis,
Development destroying farmlands, increasing traffic gridlock, and making smog cloud a
permanent urban fixture.
12. Pandemics and other threats to public health arising from wastes mixing
with drinking water, polluted environments that become breeding grounds
for mosquitoes and disease-carrying rodents, and pollution.
13. A radical alteration of food systems because of genetic modification in

food production.
Industrial Development and Sustainable Development
These massive environmental problems are difficult to

resolve because governments believe that for their countries to
become fully developed, they must be industrialized, urbanized, and
inhabited by a robust middle class with access to the best of modern
amenities. A developed society, accordingly, must also have
provisions for the poor-jobs in the industrial sector, public transport
system, and cheap food. Food depends on a country’s free trade
with other food producers. It also relies on a “modernized”
agricultural sector in which toxic technologies such as fertilizers and
pesticides and modified crops (high-yielding rice/ BT Corn) ensure maximized productivity. (Claudio and Abinales, 2018)
The model of this ideal modern society is the United States, which until the 1970s, was a global economic
power, with a middle class that was the envy of the world. The United States, however, did not reach this high point
without serious environmental consequences. To this very day, it is “the worst polluter in the history of the world,”
responsible for 27 percent of the world’s carbon dioxide emissions. Sixty percent of the carbon emissions come from cars
and other vehicles plying the American highways and roads, the rest from smoke and soot from coal factories, forest
fires, as well as methane released by farms and breakdown of organic matter, paint, aerosol, and dust. (Ibid)
These ecological consequences, however, are far from the mind of countries like China, India, and Indonesia,
which are now in the midst of a frenzied effort to achieve and sustain economic growth to catch up with the Western
countries. In its desire to develop and improve the standard of living of its citizens, these countries will opt for the goal of
economic growth and cheap energy-which in turn, would encourage energy over-consumption, waste, and inefficiency,
and also fuel environmental pollution.
These “extractive” economies however are “terminal” economies. Their resources, which will be eventually
depleted, are also sources of pollution. In Nigeria, Niger Delta oil companies have caused substantial land, water, and air
pollution. Nigeria is caught in a bind. If it wants to “maintain its current economic growth path and sustain its drive for
poverty reduction, the oil exploration and production will continue to be a dominant economic activity. If the United
States lets its environment suffer to achieve modernity and improve the lives of its people, developing countries see no
reason, therefore, why they could not sacrifice the environment in the name of progress. (Ibid)
7
Santiago City

Sustainable
Development Climate Change
Governments have their own environmental problems to deal

with, but these states’ ecological concerns become worldwide concerns
due to global warming, which transcends national boundaries. Global
warming is the result of billions of tons of carbon dioxide from coal
plants to transportation gases, various air pollutants, and other gases
accumulating in the atmosphere. These pollutants trap the sun’s
radiation, causing the warming of the Earth’s surface. With the current
amount of Carbon Dioxide and other gases, this “greenhouse effect”
has sped up the rise in the world temperature. There is now a consensus
that the global temperature has risen at a faster rate in the last 50 years
and it continues to go up despite efforts by climate change deniers that
the world had cooled off in and around 1998.
Figure 5 Greenhouse effect Source: NASA Climate Kids n.d.
The greenhouse effect is responsible for recurring heat waves and long droughts in certain places, as well as
for heavier rainfall and devastating hurricanes and typhoons in others. In India and Southeast Asia, global warming
altered the summer monsoon patterns, leading to intermittent flooding that seriously affected food production and
consumption as well as infrastructure networks.
Super Typhoon Yolanda (international code Haiyan) was one of the strongest typhoons to be recorded and it
only happened in 2013. In the United States, Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and Hurricane Sandy in 2012 devastated the
country and ended up being two of the worst storms in the States.
Glaciers are melting every year since Figure 6. Map

2002, with Antarctica losing 134 billion metric showing Super
Typhoon Haiyan
of ice. There is coastal flooding not only in the approaching the
United States eastern seaboard but also in the Philippine
Gulf of Mexico. Coral Reefs in the Australian Archipelago
Source:
Great Barrier Reef are dying, and the Earthsky.com,
production capacities of farms and fisheries 2013)
have been affected. Flooding has allowed
more breeding grounds for disease carriers
like Aedes aegypti mosquito and the cholera
bacteria
Since human-made climate change threatens the entire world, it is possibly the greatest present risk to humankind.
8
Santiago City

TOPIC 1
Sustainable Combating Global Warming

Development More countries are now recognizing the perils of global warming. In
1997, 192 countries signed the Kyoto Protocol to reduce greenhouse gases,
following the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit where a Framework
Convention for Climate Change was finalized. The protocol set targets but it
left to the individual country the determination of how best each country would
achieve these goals.
The follow-up treaty to the Kyoto Protocol is the Paris Accord-signed by 195 countries in December 2015. It
seeks to limit the increase in the global average temperature based on targeted goals as recommended by scientists. The
Paris Accord provides more leeway for countries to decide on their national targets. It emphasizes consensus-building,
but it is not clear whether this agreement will have any more success than the Kyoto Protocol.
Despite efforts of other countries to combat global warming, the

United States did not join the Kyoto Protocol. Developing countries lack the The Kyoto Protocol and Paris
necessary funds to implement the protocol’s guidelines as many of them need Agreement are Treaties.
international aid to get things moving. A 2010 World Bank report thus Treaties are international
concluded that the protocol only had a slight impact on reducing global agreements entered by
emissions-in part also because of the non-binding nature of the agreement, countries or states.
therefore, no agency is mandating countries to strictly follow the protocol.
On another note, Social movements had better

success working together, with some pressure on their
governments to regulate global warming. In South Africa,
communities engage in environmental activism to pressure
industries to reduce emissions and to lobby parliament for
the passage of pro-environment laws.
In El Salvador, local officials and grassroots
organizations from 1,000 communities push for crop
diversification, a reduction of industrial sugar cane
production, the protection of endangered sea species from
the devastating effects of commercial fishing, the
preservation of lowlands being eroded by deforestation up Figure 7 Environmental Movements in South Africa. Source: (Open Democracy,
2013)
in rivers, and inconsistent release of water from a nearby
dam.
Universities also partner with governments in producing attainable programs controlling pollution. The
University of Chicago’s Energy Policy Institute sent teams to India to work with government offices, businesses, and
communities in coming up with viable ground-level projects that “strike a balance between urgently needed economic
growth and improved air quality.” (Ibid)
9
Santiago City

TOPIC 2
Food will always be part of life. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Global Food even puts physiological needs as basic needs-where food is part of.
Security If you are able to eat three (3) meals a day, sometimes even more-
consider yourself lucky, if not very lucky. According to the United Nations, world
hunger has been on a rise since 2015. An estimate of 821 million suffered from
hunger in 2018 alone. If nothing changes, the immense challenge of achieving
the Zero Hunger Target by 2030 will not be met. At the same time, overweight
and obesity continue to increase in some regions of the world.
Food and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Food is at the core of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The second of the UN's 17 SDGs is to "End
hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture." Achieving this goal by the
target date of 2030 will require a profound change in the global food and agriculture system. Some of the components
of this goal according to United Nations are:
• Ending hunger, and ensuring access by all people to safe, nutritious food;
• Ending all forms of malnutrition;
• Doubling the agricultural productivity and incomes of small-scale food producers;
• Ensuring sustainable food production systems;
• Increasing investment in agriculture;
• Correcting and preventing trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets;
• Adopting measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity markets.
Food Security
According to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), food security means having, at
all times, both physical and economic access to sufficient food to meet dietary needs for productive and healthy life (2).
Put more simply, families are able to afford and obtain enough nutritious food. A family is food secure when its members
do not live in hunger or fear of hunger (2). Both in the United States and developing nations, food insecurity is often
linked to poverty. Shifts in the global economy, including rises in global food and oil prices, can affect food security
throughout the world, with especially severe effects in low-income countries. (Peace Corps, n.d.)
Over the coming decades, a changing climate, growing global population, rising food prices, and environmental
stressors will have significant yet uncertain impacts on food security. Adaptation strategies and policy responses to
global change, including options for handling water allocation, land use patterns, food trade, post-harvest food
processing, and food prices and safety are urgently needed. (IFRI, 2020)
10
Santiago City

The World Health Organization

(WHO) defines three main aspects of food
security. The first is food availability,
having a sufficient supply of food available
on a consistent basis. This food can be
either locally produced or imported from
other places. In some cases, communities
may be unable to produce their own food
locally because of inappropriate agricultural
technologies or practices; lack of natural
resources or productive land; climate
constraints; emergency situations like Figure 8. Farmers are primary producers of food. Source: Rappler.com
natural disasters; or health constraints,
such as HIV/AIDS, that prevent people from The second aspect of food security is food access,
engaging in labor. Communities may be
unable to import food from other places having sufficient resources to obtain appropriate foods for a nutritious
because of issues like lack of foreign diet. Even when a sufficient supply of food exists to feed everyone, food
exchange, political unrest, or lack of may not always be accessible to everyone. People need to have
transportation. (Peace Corps, n.d) sufficient incomes and resources in order to obtain food. There are a
number of factors that can affect a person's economic access to food,
including lack of job opportunities that can provide sufficient income,
or lack of training or business knowledge for success with income-
generating activities. (Ibid)
The final aspect of food security is known as food utilization or consuming a nutritious diet. This
means that people make appropriate use of food, based on knowledge of basic nutrition and care, and have access to
water and sanitation for preparing food and maintaining proper hygiene. Nutrition education can be an important part
of improving food utilization-making sure people are aware of the variety of foods their bodies need to maintain good
health. In many parts of the world experiencing food insecurity, people may consume sufficient quantities of starchy
staple foods like potatoes, rice, maize, and cassava, but insufficient quantities of protein, oils, dairy, fruits, and
vegetables that make up a balanced diet. Changing this may not only require nutrition education but also increasing
food availability through improved agricultural practices and resources.
11
Santiago City
3
TOPIC
The Global
Citizenship Content
In seeking an answer to the question “what is
global citizenship?”, it is imperative to approach the
concept by recalling the meaning of the word “citizen”.
Black’s Law Dictionary (2009: 278) defines a citizen as a person who, by either birth
or naturalization, is a member of a political community, owing allegiance to the
community and being entitled to enjoy all its civil rights and protections. This definition
denotes the existence of a legal relationship between the individual and the state. The
state is expected to provide citizens protection from physical harm within its national
borders and protection in the exercise of human rights, while the citizens owe allegiance
to the state and obey its laws. (Coronacion & Calilung, 2018, p. 253)
C learly, the relationship referred to here is limited to an individual and a national state. It does
not extend to a relationship with another entity like the global society. Can a relationship between
an individual and the global society emerge then in the same manner that we have learned that the
concept of a citizen speaks of a relationship between an individual and a state? In other words, is
there such a person as GLOBAL CITIZEN?
We often encounter this term whenever we chance upon the campaign activities of international activists who
exhort us to support their advocacies and read the studies of globalization scholars, but can we really identify a real-life
global citizen? At first glance, the term global citizen strikes us as an oxymoron because of the combination of two (2)
words with contradictory meanings. However, as a concept, the term global citizen possesses a clear and definite
meaning. Consider the various definitions of global citizen found below:
“Being a global citizen means thinking about more than yourself…realizing that we’re all connected to one another in
this emerging global community…protecting the environment, uplifting the vulnerable, and advocating for equality”.
– Joey McCarthy
“A global citizen is someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world community and whose actions
contribute to building this community’s values and practices.”
- Ronald Israel
“A global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world- and their place in it. They take an active
role in their community, and work with others to make our planet more equal, fair and sustainable.”
–Oxfam Education
12
Santiago City
3
TOPIC
The Global
Citizenship
All the given definitions convey the idea that an individual who considers
himself a global citizen has transcended the geographical limitations imposed by
being a citizen of a certain state and that he links himself to a larger community, that
is, the global community.
According to Israel (2012), the validity of the provided definitions is contingent on proving their basic
assumptions:
1. that there is such a thing as an emerging world community with which people can identify; and
2. that such community has a nascent set of values and practices (Ibid: 79).
Israel argued t that forces of globalization have instilled

in the minds and hearts of people an identity based on a
growing sense of belonging to a world community. The advent
of modern information and communication technology has
given them the power to see in an instant the miserable
conditions of their fellow individuals from across the world and
express, with the same speed, empathy for those people.
The new technology brought by globalization has
ushered in a new era in the history of political participation-that
it can be undertaken in a geographical space, either throughout Figure 9. Mohammad Bouazizi- the man who killed himself in public
a region or the entire world. Who would have thought that a through self-immolation. Source: researchgate.net
video posted on Facebook back in 2010 showing a man who
killed himself in public through self-immolation would spark what would be known as “Arab Spring”, which toppled
down some of the autocratic regimes across the Middle East and North Africa. This was made possible by modern
information and communication technology, particularly the internet, and the overflowing expressions of anger from
all over the world toward the repressive autocratic regimes in North Africa and the Middle East.
At around 11.30 a.m. on the 17 th

of December 2010, a street vendor called Mohammad Bouazizi stood outside the governor’s municipal
office in Sidi Bouzid, a small rural town in Tunisia, doused himself in paint thinner, and set himself on fire. With severe burns covering around
90% of his body, he survived, and was transferred to several hospitals, but eventually died from his injuries 18 days later. This started a chain of
events that is popularly referred to as ‘the Arab Spring’. If this narrative is followed, his actions indirectly led to the downfall of four Arab dictators
and sparked civil unrest in over a dozen countries in the wider Middle East. Bouazizi burned himself to death after a lifetime of economic
repression and exposure to political corruption taking away the meager earnings he was able to obtain to feed his family of seven, as the primary
breadwinner of the family for 14 years, until his death at 26 (De Soto, 2011, p.2). On the day that he killed himself, the entire capital of his
business was confiscated, and a female official slapped him in front of the busy market crowd. He went to the local governor’s municipal building
to complain but was, as expected, turned away. An hour after the original confrontation, he burned himself to death. This particular incident on
the 17th of December was part of a pattern where people like Bouazizi have been constantly denied political agency. (Uzzell, 2012)
13
Santiago City

As individuals who have turned global citizens, they feel responsible for their fellows living in another part of
the world who experience various forms of oppression. What values prompted the world community? Israel (2012)
explains they are the same values that world leaders have been advocating for the past 70 years that include human
rights, environmental protection, religious pluralism, gender equity, sustainable worldwide economic growth,
poverty alleviation, and prevention of conflicts between countries, elimination of weapons of mass destruction,
humanitarian assistance and preservation of cultural diversity.
What is Global Citizenship?

Global citizenship is a way of living that recognizes the
world as an increasingly complex web of connections and
TOPIC 3
interdependence. One in which our choices and actions may
have repercussions for people and communities locally,
nationally, or internationally. Global citizenship nurtures The Global
personal respect and respect for others, wherever they live.
Citizenship
A Global Citizen is someone who:

o is aware of the wider world;
o respects and values diversity;
o has an understanding of how the world works;
o is outraged by social injustice;
o participates in the community at a range of levels, from the local to the
global;
o is willing to act to make the world a more equitable and sustainable place; and
o takes responsibility for one’s actions.
14
Santiago City

TOPIC 4
Research Proposal
Writing
What is a Research proposal?

Writing a research proposal helps you focus and define “what it is” you want to do (your research plan). This is
needed for the indication of your research direction to be presented, and for the level of discipline needed in the
research task to be demonstrated (This is basically how you might perform as a researcher- whether or not you have
the requisite basic skills to start the process). (Coronacion & Calilung, 2018)
Your research proposal should demonstrate or suggest to the faculty assessors that:
o you are engaging in a genuine and worthwhile inquiry.
o that there is a need for the research, that it is significant and important, and that it contributes something
original to the field you are working in.
o you are aware of the breadth and depth of the major school of thought relevant to your proposed area of work.
o you are able to justify and establish a particular theoretical orientation and develop a methodological approach.
o the topic aligns with your interests and capabilities. (Ibid.p.226)
What are the main elements, or the typical structure of a research proposal?
A typical research proposal should contain most or all of the features given below. Which feature will, or should
be, included may vary from faculty to faculty, and your supervisor(s) may require you to include or omit some sections
(so make sure that you check with them). (Coronacion & Calilung, 2018)
A COVER PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS

This is essential as it identifies your:
A Table of contents should:
1. research area via a tentative or proposed title 1. list the research proposal sections in a hierarchical way,
2. your name using titles and subtitles
3. your institutional or university name 2. give accurate references for each section.
4. the specific department

5. the degree level being attempted
15
Santiago City

TOPIC 4
Research Proposal
Writing
INTRODUCTION
An Introduction should:
Follow a general-to-specific writing pattern.

1. start by providing background information that orientates the reader to the researcher’s general socio-
political, historical, scientific, and educational contexts (whichever is most relevant).
2. include a theoretical, personal, or policy-based motivation for the research as a starting point.
3. attempt to persuade, inform or indicate to the reader the need for the research. This is an attempt to
convince the reader that the research will be useful, interesting, or significant for the academic
community, and may be suggestive of the research gap which arises from the following literature.
PURPOSE AND AIMS:

This section should:
1. state unambiguously and concisely the purpose of the research (and situate it in a broader
context)
2. outline the aims and key research questions. (make sure that you relate the aims of the purpose
to the research questions)
(Ibid, p.227)
16
Santiago City

LITERATURE REVIEW
The purposes of this include the following:
1. to demonstrate to your readers that you have read enough and that you are aware of who the most
significant writers or researchers of your research;
2. to specify which issues or concepts you concentrate on in your review;
3. to show that you can exercise critical judgment in selecting which issues to focus on and which to ignore;
4. to show that you can take a critical approach to your area of research;
5. to argue for the validity of your area of research in terms of its need to address the “gap”
6. to establish the theoretical orientation you are planning to take.
RESEARCH DESIGN
(or methodological approach)
The purpose of this is to describe your research plans and approach by:
1. indicating the rationale and theoretical source for your choice of the research approach.
2. describing your rationale for the selection of participants, methods of data collection and analysis, and the
steps you will take to ensure that ethical practices are followed.
3. suggesting the limits, restrictions, or boundaries of your research.
4. providing a timetable or research action plan which explains each of the tasks to be carried out and the
anticipated times for the completion (the format of this should be clear and concise)
THESIS STRUCTURE
This section should provide: a description of each proposed chapter via small paragraph which shows how it
links to any previous chapters, and how links to any chapters which may follow a proposed table of contents.
SIGNIFICANCE/EXPECTED OUTCOMES
This section should provide: the anticipated outcomes, a series of paragraphs predicting the significance of
the research.
1. Glossary of terms. This section should provide: a list of specialized terms, words, or concepts, and their meanings.
2. Appendices. This section should provide: relevant documents which are best not seen in the main proposal text. These
may be source documents, pilot study data, interview questions, survey questionnaires instruments, etc.
3. References. Use the APA format for referencing and citation.
17
Santiago City

TOPIC 4 STEPHEN JAE G. FONTANILLA
Research Proposal
Writing Recommended Research Techniques for the Course on
Contemporary World
1. Action Research- An action
research is an interactive inquiry
process that balances problem
solving actions implemented in a
collaborative context with data-
driven collaborative analysis or
research to understand
underlying causes enabling future
predictions about personal and
organizational change (Reason &
Bradbury, 2001). Action Research
challenges traditional social
science by moving beyond
reflective knowledge created by
outside experts sampling
variables, to an active moment-
to-moment theorizing, data
collecting, and inquiry occurring
in the midst of emergent Figure 10. Process of Action Research. Source: researchgate.net
structure. (Coronacion &
Calilung, 2018)
Knowledge is always gained through action and for action. From this starting point, to question the validity of
social knowledge is to question, not how to develop a reflective science about action, but how to develop genuinely
well-informed action. (Ibid.pp.228-229)
2. Social Investigation Strategy- Another research technique that can be utilized in this course is Social
Investigation Strategy. Social Investigation strategy is an effective way of dealing with a topic guided by research
questions intended to develop critical thinking through a research process. On the next page is a diagram
showing a step-by-step procedure on how a Social Investigation strategy can be carried out. (Ibid, p.229)
18
Santiago City

(Coronacion & Calilung, 2018, p.230)
19
Santiago City

Are you situated in a sustainable state?

Task The Philippines faces a bleak situation on rice and other crop
productions. Numerous typhoons and droughts have caused local rice
production to be delayed, or in some cases even halted. This has not only
affected businesses but primarily the farmers themselves. Belonging to
a primary sector that produces food, it is ironic that farmers hardly earn
a decent income in the country.
DIRECTIONS: In reference to the abovementioned context,

respond coherently to the following questions on the provided
answer sheet.
1. Which of the three main aspects of food security presented by the
World Health Organization (WHO) is/are NOT met or often
neglected in the Philippine society? Expound your answer.
2. What do you think is/are the repercussion/s of the country’s failure
to realize or meet any of the aspects of food security? Provide
concrete examples.
DIRECTIONS: In this module, you have learned “who is

considered to be”; and “what it means to be” a Global Citizen.
Having the “characteristics of a global citizen” enumerated on
page 14 as your checklist, accomplish the following on the
REFLECTION provided answer sheet:

1) Identify the characteristic/s that:
AcTIVITY a) you have successfully attained;

b) you are still trying to attain; and
c) you admittedly failed to attain
[Explicate all your answers]
2.) Considering your answers in item one (1), respond lucidly
to the question: “What makes you a global citizen?”
20
Santiago City

Synthesis
While countries aim to have a strong economy, it has, in effect, sidelined the protection of the
environment. The usage of fossil fuels such as coal; clearing of forest lands for timber; and mining
practices are causing continuous environmental damage.
DIRECTIONS: Applying your major takeaways from this module, compose a speech concerning
the aforesaid dilemma from the perspective of a student. You may address it to your community,
to political leaders (local/national), or the world in general (Choose one). The speech should be
written in a short bond paper and should only comprise 300-500 words. Attach your output with the
answer sheets provided.
In structuring your speech, be guided with the following questions:

1. What is the current dilemma all about?
2. Who should be held accountable for the dilemma?
3. When does nation-states’ urge for economic growth become detrimental to the world?
4. What s plans do you propose to address the dilemma?
5. What specific research topic/s should be investigated to attain sustainable development?
21
Santiago City

Rubrics
Below is a Critical Thinking Rubric that will be used in evaluating your task.
Study the rubric below for you to be guided in accomplishing the said
task/activity.
COMPONENT Component Fully Met Component Met Component Slightly Component Not Met
4pts 3pts Met 1pt
2pts
Consistency of the All the provided Most of the provided Only a few of the All the provided
provided answers answers consistently answers consistently provided answers answers were
to the concepts portray the concepts portray the concepts; portray the concepts; inconsistent in
tackled [40%] with minimal entailing many portraying the
inconsistencies inconsistencies concepts
Logically justify Justifications are logical Justifications are logically Justifications are Justifications are
answers and and reflect student’s tied to a range of logically tied to minimal inconsistently tied to
thoroughly informed evaluation and information, including information and some some of the
discuss the ability to place evidence opposing viewpoints; related implications are information discussed;
implications [40%] and perspectives related implications are not identified clearly. related implications
discussed in priority identified clearly. are oversimplified.
order.
Engage in Extends a novel or Creates a novel or unique Experiments with Reformulates a
skepticism, unique idea/ product to idea/ product. creating a novel or collection of available
judgment, and create new knowledge unique idea/product. ideas.
free-thinking or knowledge that
[20%] crosses boundaries.
Modified Rubric derived from: [The University of New Orleans, 2020]
Below is the rubric which will be used in evaluating your reflection activity. Study the provided rubric for you to be
guided in accomplishing the said activity.
COMPONENT Above Expectations Meets Expectations Approaching Expectations Below Expectations

4pts 3pts 2pts 1pt
Reflective The reflection explains the The reflection explains The reflection does
Thinking student’s thinking and the student’s thinking The reflection attempts to not address the
(40%) learning processes, as well about his/her learning demonstrate thinking student’s thinking
as implications for future processes about learning but is vague and/or learning.
learning. and/or unclear about the
personal learning process.
Analysis The reflection is an in-depth The reflection is an The reflection attempts to The reflection does
(30%) analysis of the learning analysis of the learning analyze the learning not move beyond a
experience, the value of the experience and the value experience but the value of description of the
derived learning to self or of the derived learning to the learning to the student learning experience.
22
Santiago City

others, and the self or others. or others is vague and/or

enhancement of the unclear.
student’s appreciation for
the discipline.
Making The reflection articulates The reflection attempts to The reflection does
Connections The reflection articulates connections between this articulate connections not articulate any
(30%) multiple connections learning experience and between this learning connection to other
between this learning content from other experience and content learning or
experience and content courses, past learning from other courses, past experiences.
from other courses, past experiences, and/or learning experiences, or
learning, life experiences, future goals. personal goals, but the
and/or future goals. connection is vague and/or
unclear.
Rubric for Student Reflections. (2014). Retrieved from: http://earlycollegeconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Portfolio-Rubric-for-
Reflection.PRINT_.pdf)
Provided herein is a rubric that will be used in evaluating your synthesis. Review the rubric below for you to be
guided in accomplishing the said activity.
CATEGORY Exemplary (5) Proficient (3) Unsatisfactory (1)
Arrangement of The main concept is easily The main concept is easily identified; most The main concept is not clearly
Concepts identified; sub-concepts branch sub-concepts branch from the main idea. identified; sub-concepts don’t
appropriately from the main idea consistently branch from the
30% main idea.
Content Reflects essential information; is Reflects most of the essential information; Contains extraneous
logically arranged; concepts is generally logically arranged; concepts information; is not logically
succinctly presented presented without too many excess words arranged;
50%
Grammar and Virtually no spelling, Few spelling and punctuation errors, Numerous spelling,
Spelling punctuation, or grammatical minor grammatical errors punctuation, and
errors grammatical errors that it
interferes with the answer
20% the student wants to convey
Total Points
23
Santiago City

References:
Textbook:
Coronacion, D. & Calilung, F. (2018). Convergence: A College Textbook in

Contemporary World. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.
Claudio, L. & Abinales, P. (2018). The Contemporary World. C&E

Publishing Inc.
Website:
Daniel, M. and Deborah Byrd. (2013 November 8).Super Typhoon Haiyan pounds the Philippines. In EarthSky.org
https://earthsky.org/earth/super-typhoon-haiyan-a-big-threat-to-the-philippines
International Food Policy Research Institute (2020). Food Security https://www.ifpri.org/topic/food-security
Jodloman, C. (2017 July 9). What if our Farmers give up on us? In Rappler.com
https://www.rappler.com/voices/imho/what-if-filipino-farmers-give-up
Meyer, M. (2013 September 25). New Movements in South Africa? In openDemocracy.net

https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/civilresistance/new-movements-in-south-africa/
NASA Climate Kids. (n.d.) What is the Greenhouse Effect? https://climatekids.nasa.gov/greenhouse-effect/
Peace Corps. (n.d). Global Issues: Food Security https://www.peacecorps.gov/educators/resources/global-issues-food-

security/
The United Nations. (n.d). Food. https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/food/index.html
World Wildlife Fund. (n.d). What do Sea turtles eat? Unfortunately, Plastic Bags
https://www.worldwildlife.org/stories/what-do-sea-turtles-eat-unfortunately-plastic-bags
World Wildlife Fund UK (n.d.) Polar Bear: Icon on Ice https://www.wwf.org.uk/learn/wildlife/polar-bears
University of New Orleans. (n.d.). Critical Thinking Rubric. https://www.uno.edu/general-education/evaluation-

rubrics/critical-thinking-rubric
Rubric for Student Reflections. (2014). Retrieved July 1, 2020, from http://earlycollegeconference.org/wp-
content/uploads/2014/12/Portfolio-Rubric-for-Reflection.PRINT_.pdf)
24

Module-5-The Contemporary World

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module-5-The Contemporary World

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

University of La Salette

The Contemporary World

“Our World, Our Choice”

Motivation: Into the future…

The Contemporary World

The Environment and Sustainable Development

Various regions of the world have increasingly become vulnerable to typhoons

The Contemporary World

The Contemporary World

The Contemporary World

Sustainable One might ask, what is the difference between sustainable

Development development and sustainability? Sustainability is often thought of as a

To date, Education for Sustainable Development has been

The Contemporary World

6. The destruction of million-year-old ecosystems and the loss of

Figure 3. The Giant

8. The depletion of the ozone layer

9. Deadly acid rain as a result of fossil

The Contemporary World

13. A radical alteration of food systems because of genetic modification in

Industrial Development and Sustainable Development

These massive environmental problems are difficult to

The Contemporary World

Governments have their own environmental problems to deal

Glaciers are melting every year since Figure 6. Map

The Contemporary World

Sustainable Combating Global Warming

Despite efforts of other countries to combat global warming, the

On another note, Social movements had better

The Contemporary World

Food will always be part of life. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Food and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The Contemporary World

The World Health Organization

The Contemporary World

The Contemporary World

Israel argued t that forces of globalization have instilled

At around 11.30 a.m. on the 17 th

The Contemporary World

What is Global Citizenship?

A Global Citizen is someone who:

The Contemporary World

What is a Research proposal?

A COVER PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS

4. the specific department

The Contemporary World

Follow a general-to-specific writing pattern.

PURPOSE AND AIMS:

The Contemporary World

The Contemporary World

TOPIC 4 STEPHEN JAE G. FONTANILLA

The Contemporary World

(Coronacion & Calilung, 2018, p.230)

The Contemporary World

Are you situated in a sustainable state?

DIRECTIONS: In reference to the abovementioned context,

DIRECTIONS: In this module, you have learned “who is

REFLECTION provided answer sheet:

AcTIVITY a) you have successfully attained;

The Contemporary World

In structuring your speech, be guided with the following questions:

The Contemporary World