Flaming (Internet)

Flaming is a hostile and insulting interaction between persons over the Internet, often involving the use of profanity. It can also be
the swapping of insults back and forth or with many people teaming up on a single victim. Flaming usually occurs in the social
context of Internet forums, Internet Relay Chats (IRC), Usenet, e-mail, game servers such as Xbox Live or PlayStation Network,
social media services, and video-sharing websites such as YouTube. It is frequently the result of the discussion of heated real-world
issues such as politics, religion, and philosophy, or of issues that polarize sub-populations, but can also be provoked by seemingly
trivial differences.

Deliberate flaming, as opposed to flaming as a result of emotional discussions, is carried out by individuals known as flamers, who
are specifically motivated to incite flaming. These users specialize in flaming and target specific aspects of a controversial
conversation. In modern Internet parlance, this term has been almost entirely superseded by the termtrolling.”
“

Contents
Purpose
History
Typical
Flame trolling
Flame war
Examples
Legal implications
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Purpose
ferent theories about the phenomenon.[1] These include
Many social researchers have investigated flaming, coming up with several dif
deindividuation and reduced awareness of other people's feelings (online disinhibition effect),[2][3][4] conformance to perceived
norms,[5][6] miscommunication caused by the lack of social cues available in face-to-face communication,
[7][8][9] and antiprocess.

Jacob Borders, in discussing participants' internal modeling of a discussion, says:

Mental models are fuzzy, incomplete, and imprecisely stated. Furthermore, within a single individual, mental models
change with time, even during the flow of a single conversation. The human mind assembles a few relationships to fit
the context of a discussion. As debate shifts, so do the mental models. Even when only a single topic is being
discussed, each participant in a conversation employs a different mental model to interpret the subject. Fundamental
assumptions differ but are never brought into the open. Goals are different but left unstated. It is little wonder that
compromise takes so long. And even when consensus is reached, the underlying assumptions may be fallacies that
lead to laws and programs that fail. The human mind is not adapted to understanding correctly the consequences
implied by a mental model. A mental model may be correct in structure and assumptions but, even so, the human
[10]
mind—either individually or as a group consensus—is apt to draw the wrong implications for the future.
Thus, online conversations often involve a variety of assumptions and motives unique to each individual user. Without social context,
users are often helpless to know the intentions of their counterparts. In addition to the problems of conflicting mental models often
present in online discussions, the inherent lack of face-to-face communication online can encourage hostility. Professor Norman
Johnson, commenting on the propensity of Internet posters to flame one another
, states:

The literature suggests that, compared to face-to-face, the increased incidence of flaming when using computer-
mediated communication is due to reductions in the transfer of social cues, which decrease individuals' concern for
social evaluation and fear of social sanctions or reprisals. When social identity and ingroup status are salient,
computer mediation can decrease flaming because individuals focus their attention on the social context (and
associated norms) rather than themselves.[11]

Generally, a lack of social context creates an element of anonymity, which allows users to feel insulated from the forms of
punishment they might receive in a more conventional setting. Johnson identifies several precursors to flaming between users, whom
he refers to as "negotiation partners," since Internet communication typically involves back-and-forth interactions similar to a
negotiation. Flaming incidents usually arise in response to a perception of one or more negotiation partners being unfair. Perceived
unfairness can include a lack of consideration for an individual's vested interests, unfavorable treatment (especially when the flamer
has been considerate of other users), and misunderstandings aggravated by the inability to convey subtle indicators like non-verbal
cues and facial expressions.[11]

History
Evidence of debates which resulted in insults being exchanged quickly back and forth between two parties can be found throughout
history. Arguments over the ratification of the United States Constitution were often socially and emotionally heated and intense,
with many attacking one another through local newspapers. Such interactions have always been part of literary criticism. For
example, Ralph Waldo Emerson's contempt for Jane Austen's works often extended to the author herself, with Emerson describing
her as "without genius, wit, or knowledge of the world". In turn, Thomas Carlyle called Emerson a "hoary-headed toothless
baboon".[12]

In the modern era, "flaming" was used at East Coast engineering schools in the United States as a present participle in a crude
expression to describe an irascible individual and by extension to such individuals on the earliest Internet chat rooms and message
boards. Internet flaming was mostly observed in Usenet newsgroups although it was known to occur in the WWIVnet and FidoNet
computer networks as well. It was subsequently used in other parts of speech with much the same meaning.

The term "flaming" may originate from The Hacker's Dictionary,[13] which in 1983 defined it as "to speak rabidly or incessantly on
an uninteresting topic or with a patently ridiculous attitude". The meaning of the word has diverged from this definition since then.

Jerry Pournelle in 1986 explained why he wanted akill file for BIX:[14]

whereas an open computer conference begins with a small number of well-informed and highly interested
participants, it soon attracts others. That's all right; it's supposed to attract others. Where else would you get new
ideas? But soon it attracts too many, far too many, and some of them are not only ignorant but aggressively
misinformed. Dilution takes place. Arguments replace discussions. Tempers are frayed.

The result is that while computer conferencing began by saving time, it starts to eat up all the time it saved and more.
Communications come from dozens of sources. Much of it is redundant. Some of it is stupid. The user spends more
and more time dealing with irrelevancies. One day the user wakes up, decides the initial euphoria was spurious, and
logs off, never to return. This is known as burnout, and it's apparently quite common.

He added, "I noticed something: most of the irritation came from a handful of people, sometimes only one or two. If I could only
[14]
ignore them, the computer conferences were still valuable. Alas, it's not always easy to do".
Computer-mediated communication (CMC) research has spent a significant amount of time and effort describing and predicting
engagement in uncivil, aggressive online communication. Specifically, the literature has described aggressive, insulting behavior as
"flaming", which has been defined as hostile verbal behaviors (Thompsen and Foulger, 1996), the uninhibited expression of hostility,
insults, and ridicule (Kayany, 1998), and hostile comments directed towards a person or or
ganization (Aiken and Waller, 2000) within
the context of CMC.[15]

Typical

Flame trolling
Flame trolling is the posting of a provocative or offensive message, known as "flamebait",[16] to a public Internet discussion group,
such as a forum, newsgroup or mailing list, with the intent of provoking an angry response (a "flame") or ar
gument.

Posted flamebait can provide the poster with a controlled trigger-and-response setting in which to anonymously engage in conflicts
and indulge in aggressive behavior without facing the consequences that such behavior might bring in a face-to-face encounter, a fact
parodied in a YouTube video by Isabel Fay.[17] In other instances, flamebait may be used to reduce a forum's use by angering the
forum users. In 2012, it was announced that the US State Department would start flame trolling jihadists as part of Operation Viral
Peace.[18]

Flame war
A flame war results when multiple users engage in provocative responses to an original post—while the original post is sometimes
flamebait, this is not always the case. Flame wars often draw in many users (including those trying to defuse the flame war) and can
overshadow regular forum discussion if left unchecked.

Resolving a flame war can be difficult, as it is often hard to determine who is really responsible for the degradation of a reasonable
discussion into flame war. Someone who posts a contrary opinion in a strongly focused discussion forum may be easily labeled a
"baiter", "flamer", or "troll".

An approach to resolving a flame war or responding to flaming is to communicate openly with the offending users. Acknowledging
mistakes, offering to help resolve the disagreement, making clear, reasoned arguments, and even self-deprecation have all been noted
as worthwhile strategies to end such disputes. However, others prefer to simply ignore flaming, noting that, in many cases, if the
flamebait receives no attention, it will quickly be forgotten as forum discussions carry on.[12] Unfortunately, this can motivate trolls
to intensify their activities, creating additional distractions.

"Taking the bait" or "feeding the troll" refers to someone who responds to the original message regardless of whether they are aware
the original message was intended to provoke a response. Often when someone takes the bait, others will point this out to them with
the acronym "YHBT", which is short for "You have been trolled", or reply with "don't feed the trolls". Forum users will usually not
give the troll acknowledgement; that just "feeds the troll".

Examples
Any subject of a polarizing nature can feasibly cause flaming. As one would expect in the medium of the Internet, technology is a
common topic. The Holy war perennial debates between users of competing operating systems, such as Windows, Classic Mac OS
and macOS, or the GNU/Linux operating system andiOS or Android operating system, users ofIntel and AMD processors, and users
of the Wii U, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One video game systems, often escalate into seemingly unending "flamewars", also called
software wars. As each successive technology is released, it develops its own outspoken fan base, allowing guments
ar to begin anew.

Popular culture continues to generate large amounts of flaming and countless flamewars across the Internet, such as the constant
debates between fans ofStar Trek and Star Wars. Ongoing discussion of current celebrities and television personalities within popular
culture also frequently sparks debate.
In 2005, author Anne Rice became involved in a flamewar of sorts on the review boards of online retailer Amazon.com after several
reviewers posted scathing comments about her latest novel. Rice responded to the comments with her own lengthy response, which
was quickly met with more feedback from users.[12]

In November 2007, the popular audio-visual discussion site AVS Forum temporarily closed its HD DVD and Blu-ray discussion
forums because of, as the site reported, "physical threats that have involved police and possible legal action" between advocates of
the rival formats.[19]

Legal implications
Flaming varies in severity and as such so too does the reaction of states in imposing any sort of sanction.[20] Laws vary from country
to country, but in most cases, constant flaming can be considered cyber harassment,[21] which can result in Internet Service Provider
action to prevent access to the site being flamed. However, as social networks become more and more closely connected to people
[22]
and their real life, the more harsh words may be considered defamation of the person.

See also
Cyberbullying
Eristic
Fisking
Forumwarz
Godwin's law
Internet troll
Meow Wars
Smack talk
Social software
Spiral of silence on the Internet

References
1. P.J. Moor; A. Heuvelman; R. Verleur (2010). "Flaming on YouTube". Computers in Human Behavior. 26: 1536–1546.
doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.023(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.05.023).
2. S. Kiesler; J. Siegel; T.W. McGuire (1984). "Social psychological aspects of computer-med
iated communication".
American Psychologist. 39: 1123–1134. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.39.10.1123(https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.39.1
0.1123).
3. S. Kiesler; D. Zubrow; A.M. Moses; V. Geller (1985). "Affect in computer-mediated communication: an experiment in
synchronous terminal-to-terminal discussion".Human-Computer Interaction. 1: 77–104.
doi:10.1207/s15327051hci0101_3(https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327051hci0101_3) .
4. S. Kiesler; L. Sproull (1992). "Group decision making and communication technology".
Organization Behavior and
Human Decision Processes. 52: 96–123. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(92)90047-b(https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978%2
892%2990047-b).
5. M. Lea; T. O'Shea; P. Fung; R. Spears. "'Flaming' in Computer-Mediated Communication: observation, explanations,
implications". Contexts of Computer-Mediated Communicat2.
6. P.J. Moor (2007). "Conforming to the Flaming Norm in the Online Commenting Situation".
7. Thompsen, P.A. (1994). "An Episode of Flaming: a Creative Narrative".ETC: A Review of General Semantics. 51:
51–72.
8. H. McKee (2002). ""YOUR VIEWS SHOWED TRUE IGNORANCE!!!": (mis)communication in an online interracial
discussion forum". Computers and Composition. 19: 411–434. doi:10.1016/s8755-4615(02)00143-3(https://doi.org/1
0.1016/s8755-4615%2802%2900143-3).
9. J. Kruger; J. Parker; Z. Ng; N. Epley (2005). "Egocentrism over e-mail: can we communicate as well as we think?".
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 89: 925–936. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.89.6.925(https://doi.org/10.103
7/0022-3514.89.6.925). PMID 16393025 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16393025).
10. Jay W. Forrester (1971). "Counterintuitive Behavior of Social Systems"(https://web.archive.org/web/2009082321001
0/http://sysdyn.clexchange.org/sdep/Roadmaps/RM1/D-4468-2.pdf)(PDF). MIT System Dynamics in Education
Project. p. 4. Archived fromthe original (http://sysdyn.clexchange.org/sdep/Roadmaps/RM1/D-4468-2.pdf)(PDF) on
23 August 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-03.
11. Johnson, Norman A. (2009). "Anger and flaming in computer-mediated negotiations among strangers". Decision
Support Systems. 46 (3): 660–672. doi:10.1016/j.dss.2008.10.008(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2008.10.008).
12. Goldsborough, Reid. "How to Respond to Flames (Without Getting Singed)."
Information Today, February 2005.
13. Steele, G., Woods, D., Finkel, R., Crispin, M., Stallman, R., and Goodfellow, G. (1983). The Hacker's Dictionary,
1983.
14. Pournelle, Jerry (March 1986)."All Sorts of Software" (https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1986-03/1986_03_
BYTE_11-03_Homebound_Computing#page/n281/mode/2up) . BYTE. p. 269. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
15. Hutchens, M. J., Cicchirillo, V. J., & Hmielowski, J. D. (2015). How could you think that?!?!: Understanding intentions
to engage in political flaming. New Media & Society , 17(8), 1201-1219. doi:10.1177/1461444814522947
16. "SearchSOA Definitions: Flamebait"(http://searchsoa.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid26_gci212128,00.html)
,
Retrieved 6 April 2010.
17. "Video: 'Thank You Hater' video by Isabel Fay trumps trolls with tribute track - elegraph"
T (https://www.telegraph.co.u
k/technology/internet/9320896/Thank-Y ou-Hater-video-by-Isabel-Fay-trumps-trolls-with-tribute-track.html) .
Telegraph.co.uk. 8 June 2012.
18. New Strategy in the War on Terror (http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2012/07/19/viral_peace_plans_to_comb
at_terrorism_by_trolling_jihadi_forums_.html).
19. Moskovciak, Matthew (2007-11-07)."Format war fanboys shut down AVS Forum" (http://www.cnet.com/news/format-
war-fanboys-shut-down-avs-forum/). CNet. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
20. P. Wallace (2001). The psychology of the Internet. Cambridge University Press.
21. Patchin, Justin (2012).Cyberbullying Prevention and Response:Expert perspectives
. NY: Routledge. ISBN 978-
1412997836.
22. D. Porter (2013). Internet culture. Routledge.

Further reading
Elly Konijn, ed. (2008).Mediated interpersonal communication. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8058-6303-1.
Sally Sieloff Magnan, ed. (2008). Mediating discourse online. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-
272-0519-3.
Kirschner, Paul A.; et al. (2003). Visualizing Argumentation: Software Tools for Collaborative and Educational Sense-
making. London: Springer. ISBN 1-85233-664-1.

External links
A free forum for flaming without limits
An Interactional Reconceptualization of "Flaming" and Other Problematic Messages
, by Patrick B. O'Sullivan and
Andrew J. Flanagin
FlameWarriors.net
Older flamebait reference on USENET , 1985 (via Google Groups)

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