Complex Numbers Introduction and Algebra - Introduction To Complex Numbers

MTH 101 (Elementary Mathematics I),
2019/2020 Session:
Module 3.2- Introduction to Complex

Numbers
Lecture II, Module 3
Olawanle LAYENI
Department of Mathematics,
Obafemi Awolowo University,
220005 ILE-IFE, NIGERIA
16th February, 2021
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Table of Contents
Commutativity and
Introduction Associativity of Addition
Definition of Complex Commutativity and

Numbers Associativity of
Multiplication
Real and Imaginary Parts
Distributivity
Examples
Multiplication of Complex
Algebra of Complex Numbers Numbers
Addition of Complex The Absolute Value of a

Numbers Complex Number
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Introduction
The contents of this sub-module are
Rules for manipulating complex numbers.
Geometric representation of complex numbers.
Modulus and arguments of complex numbers.
Polar form of complex numbers.
In the following, we shall systematically introduce you to the

algebra and geometric representation of complex numbers.
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Introduction, Continued
What are complex numbers?
A complex number is any number of the form
z = x + iy
√
x, y ∈ R and i = −1.
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z = x + iy
√
x, y ∈ R and i = −1. The set of complex numbers is strictly
constituted of humbers of the form z = x + i y, x, y ∈ R
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z = x + iy
√
x, y ∈ R and i = −1.
One can therefore deduce that
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z = x + iy
√
x, y ∈ R and i = −1.

n o
The set z z = x + i y ; x, y ∈ R is the set of complex

numbers, and is denoted by C.
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z = x + iy
√
x, y ∈ R and i = −1.
n o
C = z z = x + i y ; x, y ∈ R .

4 / 22
z = x + iy
√
x, y ∈ R and i = −1.
x is called the real part of the complex number z, which is

notationally Re z. That is, x = Re z.
y is called the imaginary part of the complex number z,

which is notationally Imz. That is, y = Im z.
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One observes that every real number has no imaginary

part. Let x be a real number, then one can write
x = x + i 0.
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Numbers with no real parts likewise exist: Such numbers,

w say, are of the form
w = 0+ib
where b is a real number. These are often called purely

imaginary numbers.
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It is clear, therefore, from the aforegone that all real numbers are
complex numbers and not all complex numbers are real
numbers: The set of complex numbers is a proper superset of
the set of real numbers.
R @ C
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Introduction, Continued, Examples
Example 1
Question: Find the z values for which (z + 3)2 = −1.
Answer:
(z + 3)2 = −1 ;
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Example 1
Answer:
(z + 3)2 = −1 ;
√
z + 3 = ± −1 ;
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Example 1
Answer:
(z + 3)2 = −1 ;
√
z + 3 = ± −1 ;
z+3 = ±i ;
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Example 1
Answer:
(z + 3)2 = −1 ;
√
z + 3 = ± −1 ;
z+3 = ±i ;
z = −3 ± i .
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Example 1
Answer:
(z + 3)2 = −1 ;
√
z + 3 = ± −1 ;
z+3 = ±i ;
z = −3 ± i .
The real part, Re z, of z is −3 .
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Example 1
Answer:
(z + 3)2 = −1 ;
√
z + 3 = ± −1 ;
z+3 = ±i ;
z = −3 ± i .
The imaginary parts, Im z, of z is ±1 .

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Example 1
Answer:
(z + 3)2 = −1 ;
√
z + 3 = ± −1 ;
z+3 = ±i ;
z = −3 ± i .
The real part, Re z, of z is −3 .
The imaginary parts, Im z, of z is ±1 .

8 / 22
Table of Contents
Commutativity and
Introduction Associativity of Addition
Definition of Complex Commutativity and

Numbers Associativity of
Multiplication
Real and Imaginary Parts
Distributivity
Examples
Multiplication of Complex
Algebra of Complex Numbers Numbers
Addition of Complex The Absolute Value of a

Numbers Complex Number
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Some Properties of Complex Numbers
Let a and b be real numbers.
If a complex number vanishes, then both its real and

imaginary parts vanish:
a + ib = 0 =⇒ a = 0 and b = 0
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If two complex numbers a + ib and c + id are equal, then

their real parts are equal and their imaginary parts are also
equal:
a + ib = c + id =⇒ a = c and b = d
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If a complex number vanishes, then both its real and

imaginary parts vanish:
a + ib = 0 =⇒ a = 0 and b = 0
If two complex numbers a + ib and c + id are equal, then

their real parts are equal and their imaginary parts are also
equal:
a + ib = c + id =⇒ a = c and b = d
10 / 22
How Do We Add Complex Numbers?
The first query should not even be, “How do we add complex
numbers?,” ,
1 https://www.etymonline.com/word/sophistication
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numbers?,” but rather the more sophisticated1 question,
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numbers?,” but rather the more sophisticated1 question, ‘can
complex numbers be added?’,
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complex numbers be added?’, or subtracted?, one from another?
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The answer to this pure latter question is
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numbers?,” , ‘can
complex numbers be added?’,
The sum of any two complex numbers is possible,

exists, and is also a complex number
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The answer to this pure latter question is
The sum of any two complex numbers is possible,

exists, and is also a complex number
11 / 22
This is How We Do It: Addition of Complex Numbers
Riding on the Grammy Award winning This is How we Do It 2
song, we say,“This is how we do it.” This is how we add
complex numbers: Let a, b, c, d be real numbers.
2 Link
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Riding on the Grammy Award winning This is How we Do It 2
song, we say,“This is how we do it.” This is how we add
complex numbers: Let a, b, c, d be real numbers.
Then
2 Link
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Then
(a + bi) ± (c + di) = (a ± c) + (b ± d)i
2 Link
12 / 22
(a + bi) ± (c + di) = (a ± c) + (b ± d)i
The above sum and difference of complex numbers are

clearly done distinctly along real parts and imaginary parts.
2 Link
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(a + bi) ± (c + di) = (a ± c) + (b ± d)i
(2 + 3i) + (5 − 6i) = (2 + 5) + (3 + (−6))i = 7 − 3i
2 Link
12 / 22
(a + bi) ± (c + di) = (a ± c) + (b ± d)i
(2 + 3i) − (5 − 6i) = (2 − 5) + (3 − (−6))i = −3 + 9i

2 Link
12 / 22
(a + bi) ± (c + di) = (a ± c) + (b ± d)i
2 Link
12 / 22
Some Properties of Complex Numbers, On Addition
Let z1 , z2 , z3 ∈ C. Then each of the following holds for the +
operation on C.
z1 + z2 ∈ C. This means that the sum of every complex

number is a complex number. For instance
(2 + 3i) + (5 − 6i) = (2 + 5) + (3 + (−6))i = 7 − 3i which
is still a complex number.
13 / 22
operation on C.

(2 + 3i) + (5 − 6i) = (2 + 5) + (3 + (−6))i = 7 − 3i which
z1 + z2 = z2 + z1 . This means that the sum of complex

numbers is commutative. The order of the summands is
immaterial; e.g. (2 + 3i) + (5 − 6i) = (5 − 6i) + (2 + 3i).
13 / 22
operation on C.

(2 + 3i) + (5 − 6i) = (2 + 5) + (3 + (−6))i = 7 − 3i which
z1 + z2 = z2 + z1 . This means that the sum of complex

numbers is commutative. The order of the summands is
immaterial; e.g. (2 + 3i) + (5 − 6i) = (5 − 6i) + (2 + 3i).
z1 + (z2 + z3 ) = (z1 + z2 ) + z3 . This implies the associativity

property
ofcomplex numbers; e.g. (2 + 3i)+
of addition
(5 − 6i) + (1 + i) = (2 + 3i) + (5 − 6i) + (1 + i)
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Some Properties of Complex Numbers, On
Multiplication
Let z1 , z2 , z3 be any three complex numbers. Then each of the
following holds for the × operation on C.
z1 × z2 ∈ C, implying that the product of complex

numbers yields a complex number.
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Multiplication

z1 × z2 = z2 × z1 , implying the commutative property of

multiplication of complex numbers; e.g.
(2 + 3i) × (5 − 6i) = (5 − 6i) × (2 + 3i).
14 / 22
Multiplication

z1 × z2 = z2 × z1 , implying the commutative property of

multiplication of complex numbers; e.g.
(2 + 3i) × (5 − 6i) = (5 − 6i) × (2 + 3i).
z1 × (z2 × z3 ) = (z1 × z2 ) × z3 . This implies the associative

property of multiplication of complex numbers; e.g.

(2 + 3i) × (5 − 6i) × (1 + i) = (2 + 3i) × (5 − 6i) × (1 + i)
14 / 22
Some Properties of Complex Numbers,
Distributivity
Let z1 , z2 , z3 be any complex numbers. Then
Distributivity of multiplication over addition holds:
z1 × (z2 + z3 )
=⇒
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Distributivity
z1 × (z2 + z3 )
=⇒
= z1 × z2 + z1 × z3
| {z }
Left distributivity of × over +
15 / 22
Distributivity
( z2 + z3 ) × z1
⇐=
15 / 22
Distributivity
= z2 × z1 + z3 × z1 =
| {z }
Right distributivity of × over +
( z2 + z3 ) × z1
⇐=
15 / 22
Distributivity
z1 × (z2 + z3 )
=⇒
( z2 + z3 ) × z1
⇐=
15 / 22
Distributivity
z1 × (z2 + z3 )
=⇒
= z1 × z2 + z1 × z3
| {z }
Left distributivity of × over +
= z2 × z1 + z3 × z1 =
| {z }
Right distributivity of × over +
( z2 + z3 ) × z1
⇐=
15 / 22
How Do We Multiply Complex Numbers?
In the same fashion as we dealt with the case of addition of

complex numbers, we state categorically that
A multiplication of any two complex numbers

exists such that the result is also a complex
number
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This is How We Do It: Multiplication of Complex
Numbers
This is how we add complex numbers: Let a, b, c, d be real

numbers. The usual multiplication of complex numbers a + bi
and c + di is given as
(a + bi)(c + di) =
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Numbers

(a + bi)(c + di) =
= a × (c + di) + (bi) × (c + di)
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Numbers

(a + bi)(c + di) =
= a × (c + di) + (bi) × (c + di)
= (a × c) + (a × di) + ((bi) × c) + ((bi) × (di))
17 / 22
Numbers

(a + bi)(c + di) =
= a × (c + di) + (bi) × (c + di)
= (a × c) + (a × di) + ((bi) × c) + ((bi) × (di))
= (ac + ad i) + bc i + bd i2

17 / 22
Numbers

(a + bi)(c + di) =
= a × (c + di) + (bi) × (c + di)
= (a × c) + (a × di) + ((bi) × c) + ((bi) × (di))
= (ac + ad i) + bc i + bd i2

= ac + ad i + bc i − bd
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Numbers

(a + bi)(c + di) =
= a × (c + di) + (bi) × (c + di)
= (a × c) + (a × di) + ((bi) × c) + ((bi) × (di))
= (ac + ad i) + bc i + bd i2

= ac + ad i + bc i − bd
= (ac − bd) + (ad + bc) i
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Numbers

(a + bi)(c + di) =
= (ac − bd) + (ad + bc) i
17 / 22
Numbers, Examples
Example 2:
Question: Simplify (−1 − i)(2 + 8i) .
Answer:
(−1 − i)(2 + 8i) = (−1 + (−i)) × (2 + 8i)
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Numbers, Examples
Example 2:
Answer:
(−1 − i)(2 + 8i) = (−1 + (−i)) × (2 + 8i)
= −1 × (2 + 8i) + (−i) × (2 + 8i)
18 / 22
Numbers, Examples
Example 2:
Answer:
(−1 − i)(2 + 8i) = (−1 + (−i)) × (2 + 8i)
= −1 × (2 + 8i) + (−i) × (2 + 8i)
= (−1 × 2) + (−1 × 8i) + (−i × 2) + (−i × 8i)
18 / 22
Numbers, Examples
Example 2:
Answer:
(−1 − i)(2 + 8i) = (−1 + (−i)) × (2 + 8i)
= −1 × (2 + 8i) + (−i) × (2 + 8i)
= (−1 × 2) + (−1 × 8i) + (−i × 2) + (−i × 8i)
= (−2) + (−8i) + (−2i) + (8)
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Numbers, Examples
Example 2:
Answer:
(−1 − i)(2 + 8i) = (−1 + (−i)) × (2 + 8i)
= −1 × (2 + 8i) + (−i) × (2 + 8i)
= (−1 × 2) + (−1 × 8i) + (−i × 2) + (−i × 8i)
= (−2) + (−8i) + (−2i) + (8)
18 / 22
Numbers, Examples
Example 2:
Answer:
(−1 − i)(2 + 8i) = (−1 + (−i)) × (2 + 8i)
= −1 × (2 + 8i) + (−i) × (2 + 8i)
= (−1 × 2) + (−1 × 8i) + (−i × 2) + (−i × 8i)
= (−2) + (−8i) + (−2i) + (8)
= 6 − 10i .
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The Absolute Value of a Complex Number:
Definition
Let z ∈ C, with z = x + yi ; x, y ∈ R.
The absolute value of a complex number z,
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Definition

denoted by |z|,
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Definition

denoted by |z|, is defined as
19 / 22
Definition

denoted by |z|, is defined as the positive real
value
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Definition

denoted by |z|, is defined as the positive real
value q
| z | = x2 + y2 .
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Definition
q
|z| = x2 + y2 .
19 / 22
Examples
Example 3:
Question: Calculate the√
abolute value of
5 1 3
(i) 3 + i and (ii) − i.
2 2 2
Answer:
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Examples
Example 3:
abolute value of
5 1 3
(i) 3 + i and (ii) − i.
2 2 2
Answer:
s 2 r r √
5
2
5 25 61 + 61
(i) 3 + i = 3 + = 9+ = = .

2 2 4 4 2
20 / 22
Examples
Example 3:
abolute value of
5 1 3
(i) 3 + i and (ii) − i.
2 2 2
Answer:
1 √3 √ !2 r
v
u 2
u 1 3 1 3 √
(ii) − i = + − = + = 1=
t
2 2 2 2 4 4
+1
20 / 22
Just One of those Things Link
This submodule continues tomorrow 17/02/2021
21 / 22
End of Lecture II
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
22 / 22

Complex Numbers Introduction and Algebra - Introduction To Complex Numbers

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MTH 101 (Elementary Mathematics I),

Module 3.2- Introduction to Complex

Lecture II, Module 3

16th February, 2021

Definition of Complex Commutativity and

Addition of Complex The Absolute Value of a

The contents of this sub-module are

Rules for manipulating complex numbers.

Geometric representation of complex numbers.

Modulus and arguments of complex numbers.

Polar form of complex numbers.

In the following, we shall systematically introduce you to the

A complex number is any number of the form

A complex number is any number of the form

A complex number is any number of the form

One can therefore deduce that

A complex number is any number of the form

One can therefore deduce that

numbers, and is denoted by C.

A complex number is any number of the form

One can therefore deduce that

A complex number is any number of the form

x is called the real part of the complex number z, which is

y is called the imaginary part of the complex number z,

One observes that every real number has no imaginary

Numbers with no real parts likewise exist: Such numbers,

where b is a real number. These are often called purely

The real part, Re z, of z is −3 .

The imaginary parts, Im z, of z is ±1 .

The real part, Re z, of z is −3 .

The imaginary parts, Im z, of z is ±1 .

Definition of Complex Commutativity and

Addition of Complex The Absolute Value of a

Let a and b be real numbers.

If a complex number vanishes, then both its real and

Let a and b be real numbers.

If two complex numbers a + ib and c + id are equal, then

Let a and b be real numbers.

If a complex number vanishes, then both its real and

If two complex numbers a + ib and c + id are equal, then

The answer to this pure latter question is

The sum of any two complex numbers is possible,

The answer to this pure latter question is

The sum of any two complex numbers is possible,

(a + bi) ± (c + di) = (a ± c) + (b ± d)i

(a + bi) ± (c + di) = (a ± c) + (b ± d)i

The above sum and difference of complex numbers are

(a + bi) ± (c + di) = (a ± c) + (b ± d)i

(2 + 3i) + (5 − 6i) = (2 + 5) + (3 + (−6))i = 7 − 3i

(a + bi) ± (c + di) = (a ± c) + (b ± d)i

(2 + 3i) − (5 − 6i) = (2 − 5) + (3 − (−6))i = −3 + 9i

(a + bi) ± (c + di) = (a ± c) + (b ± d)i

z1 + z2 ∈ C. This means that the sum of every complex

z1 + z2 ∈ C. This means that the sum of every complex

z1 + z2 = z2 + z1 . This means that the sum of complex

z1 + z2 ∈ C. This means that the sum of every complex

z1 + z2 = z2 + z1 . This means that the sum of complex

z1 + (z2 + z3 ) = (z1 + z2 ) + z3 . This implies the associativity

z1 × z2 ∈ C, implying that the product of complex

z1 × z2 ∈ C, implying that the product of complex

z1 × z2 = z2 × z1 , implying the commutative property of

z1 × z2 ∈ C, implying that the product of complex