Chapter 9 Application of Derivatives

MODULE CALCULUS 1 WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY
CHAPTER 9
APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES
9.1. RATE OF CHANGE
Objectives:
• Determine a new value of a quantity from the old value and the amount of
change.
• Calculate the average rate of change and explain how it differs from the
instantaneous rate of change.
• Apply rates of change to displacement, velocity, and acceleration of an
object moving along a straight line.
• Predict the future population from the present value and the population
growth rate.
In this section we look at some applications of the derivative by focusing on the

interpretation of the derivative as the rate of change of a function. These applications include
acceleration and velocity in physics, population growth rates in biology, and marginal
functions in economics.
Amount of Change Formula
One application for derivatives is to estimate an unknown value of a function at a point

by using a known value of a function at some given point together with its rate of change at the
given point. If f(x) is a function defined on an interval [a, a+h], then the amount of change of
f(x) over the interval is the change in the y values of the function over that interval and is given
by
𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
The average rate of change of the function f over that same interval is the ratio of the
amount of change over that interval to the corresponding change in the x values. It is given by
𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
ℎ
As we already know, the instantaneous rate of change of f(x) at a is its derivative
𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ ) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓′(a) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝑓(𝑎+ℎ)−𝑓(𝑎)
For small enough values of h, ℎ
. We can then solve for f(a+h) to get the amount
of change formula:
𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ ) ≈ 𝑓′(a)h
CHAPTER 9 1
We can use this formula if we know only f(a) and f'(a) and wish to estimate the value of
f(a+h). For example; we may use the current population of a city and the rate at which it is
growing to estimate its population in the near future. As we can see in Figure, we are
approximating f(a+h) by the y coordinate at a+h on the line tangent to f(x) at x=a. Observe that
the accuracy of this estimate depends on the value of has well as the value of f'(a).
The new value of a changed quantity equals the original value plus the rate of change
times the interval of change: 𝑓 (𝑎 + ℎ ) ≈ 𝑓 (𝑎) + 𝑓′(a)h.
Example 1: Estimating the value of a function

If 𝑓 (3) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (3), estimate 𝑓(3.2)
Solution: Begin by finding h. We have h = 3.2 − 3 = 0.2. h = 3.2 − 3 = 0.2. Thus, f(3.2) = f(3 +
0.2) ≈ f(3) + (0.2)f′ (3) = 2 + 0.2(5) = 3.
Motion along a Line
Another use for the derivative is to analyze motion along a line. We have described
velocity as the rate of change of position. If we take the derivative of the velocity, we can find
the acceleration, or the rate of change of velocity. It is also important to introduce the idea of
speed, which is the magnitude of velocity. Thus, we can state the following mathematical
definitions.
Let s(t) be a function giving the position of an object at time t.
• The velocity of the object at time t is given by v(t)=s'(t)

• The speed of the object at time t is given by |v(t)|.
• The acceleration of the object at t is given by a(t)=v'(t)=s′′(t).
Example 2: Computing Instantaneous Velocity And Average
A ball is dropped from a height of 64feet. Its height above ground (in feet) t seconds later
is given by s(t)=−16t2+64.
CHAPTER 9 2
a. What is the instantaneous velocity of the ball when it hits the ground?
b. What is the average velocity during its fall?
Solution:
The first thing to do is determine how long it takes the ball to reach the ground. To do
this, sets (t)=0. Solving −16𝑡 2 + 64 = 0, we get t=2, so it takes 2 seconds for the ball to reach
the ground.
a. The instantaneous velocity of the ball as it strikes the ground is v(2). Since
v(t) = s′(t) = −32t, we obtain v(t)=−64ft/s.
b. The average velocity of the ball during its fall is
𝑠(2) − 𝑠(0) 0 − 64
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = = −32 𝑓𝑡/𝑠
2−0 2
Example 3: Position and Velocity
A particle moves on the x-axis and its coordinate, as a function of time, is given by
x(t) = 2𝑡 3 − 21𝑡 2 + 60t − 14, where t is measured in seconds. Describe its motion.
Solution:
We first take derivatives to find velocity and acceleration:
v(t) = 6𝑡 2 − 42t + 60
= 6(𝑡 2 − 7t + 10) = 6(𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 − 5) and 𝑎(𝑡) = 12𝑡 − 42 = 6(2𝑡 − 7)

At zero time the particle is at x=−14, moving to the right with a velocity of 60 units per
second. At that moment, acceleration is −42, and the particle is slowing down. At time t=2, the
1
particle is at rest (v=0) at x=38, and the acceleration is still negative: a=−18. For the next 1
2
7 1
seconds the particle moves to the left until, at 𝑡 = 2 it is at 𝑥 = 24 2 , moving to the left with a
1
speed of 13 units per second. At that moment, however, the acceleration is zero and, in the
2
next instant, the velocity will begin to increase to the right and the particle begins to slow down.
CHAPTER 9 3
1
The particle continues to move to the left for the next 1 seconds, until t=5. At that time,
2
the particle is at rest at x=11 and the acceleration is positive. From that time on, the particle will
move to the right with ever-increasing velocity.
Population Growth Rate
In addition to analyzing velocity, speed, acceleration, and position, we can use

derivatives to analyze various types of populations, including those as diverse as bacteria
colonies and cities. We can use a current population, together with a growth rate, to estimate
the size of a population in the future. The population growth rate is the rate of change of a
population and consequently can be represented by the derivative of the size of the population.
If P(t) is the number of entities present in a population, then the population growth
rate of P(t) is defined to be P'(t).
Example 4: Estimating a Population
The population of a city is tripling every 5 years. If its current population is 10,000, what
will be its approximate population 2 years from now?
Solution:
Let P(t) be the population (in thousands) t years from now. Thus, we know that P(0)=10
and based on the information, we anticipate P(5)=30. Now estimate P'(0), the current growth
rate, using
𝑃 (5) − 𝑃(0) 30 − 10
𝑃 ′ (0) ≈ = =4
5−0 5
By applying Equation to P(t), we can estimate the population 2 years from now by
writing
𝑃 ′ (0) ≈ P(0) + (2)𝑃 ′ (0) ≈ 10 + 2(4) = 18;
thus, in 2 years the population will be 18,000.
Changes in Cost and Profit
In addition to analyzing motion along a line and population growth, derivatives are useful
in analyzing changes in cost, revenue, and profit. The concept of a marginal function is common
CHAPTER 9 4
in the fields of business and economics and implies the use of derivatives. The marginal cost is
the derivative of the cost function. The marginal revenue is the derivative of the revenue
function. The marginal profit is the derivative of the profit function, which is based on the cost
function and the revenue function.
• If C(x) is the cost of producing x items, then the marginal cost MC(x) is
MC(x)=C'(x).
• If R(x) is the revenue obtained from selling x items, then the marginal revenue
MR(x) is MR(x)=R'(x).
• If P(x)=R(x)−C(x) is the profit obtained from selling x items, then the marginal
profit MP(x) is defined to be MP(x)=P'(x)=MR(x)−MC(x)=R'(x)−C'(x).
We can roughly approximate

𝐶 (𝑥 − ℎ ) − 𝐶(𝑥)
𝑀𝐶 (𝑥) = 𝐶 ′ (𝑥) = lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
by choosing an appropriate value for h. Since x represents objects, a reasonable and small
value for his 1. Thus, by substituting h=1, we get the approximation MC(x)=C'(x)≈C(x+1)−C(x).
Consequently, C'(x) for a given value of x can be thought of as the change in cost associated
with producing one additional item. In a similar way, MR(x)=R'(x) approximates the revenue
obtained by selling one additional item, and MP(x)=P'(x) approximates the profit obtained by
producing and selling one additional item.
Example 5: Applying Marginal Revenue
Assume that the number of barbeque dinners that can be sold, x, can be related to the
price charged, p, by the equation p(x) = 9 − 0.03x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 300.
In this case, the revenue in dollars obtained by selling x barbeque dinners is given by
R(x) = xp(x) = x(9 − 0.03x) = −0.03x2 + 9xfor0 ≤ x ≤ 300.
Use the marginal revenue function to estimate the revenue obtained from selling the
101st barbeque dinner. Compare this to the actual revenue obtained from the sale of this dinner.
Solution:
First, find the marginal revenue function: MR(x)=R'(x)=−0.06x+9.. Next, use R'(100) to
approximate R(101)−R(100) the revenue obtained from the sale of the 101st dinner. Since
R'(100)=3, the revenue obtained from the sale of the 101 st dinner is approximately $3.
The actual revenue obtained from the sale of the 101 st dinner is
R(101) − R(100) = 602.97 − 600 = 2.97
The marginal revenue is a fairly good estimate in this case and has the advantage of
being easy to compute.
CHAPTER 9 5
For further understanding visit these links

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uePqXn7FXvY
https://ww.youtube.com/watch?v=oqjltRxRJz8
9.2. RELATED RATES
Objectives:
• To know the related rates

• To expose in different formulas that are needed
• To provide with methods on solving problems in related rates
• To become better problem solvers especially in solving common
application problems involving related rates.
Introduction:
We have seen how we can use mathematics to model some of the phenomenon in the
world around us. If a situation is model with a continuous function, we can use calculus to
analyze how things are changing and then possibly use that information to make predictions.
Up until now, we have considered how the one quantity is changing with respect to a
change in the other quantity. Now we will consider the interaction between the rates of change
of two quantities with respect to a third quantity, which is the time. Thus, we are going to look at
how the rates of the two quantities are related to each other with respect to time.
Learning Content:
We use related rates in our day-to-day activities because anything we do here in earth
will always respect with time. Some of the related rates problems involves ladder problems,
rates of two quantities approaching each other, volume problems and air traffic controls.
If we are pumping air into a balloon, both the volume and the radius of the balloon are
increasing and their rates of increase are related to each other. But it is much easier to measure
directly the rate of increase of the volume than the rate of increase of the radius.
In a related rate problem, the idea is to compute the rate of change of one quantity in
terms of the rate of change of another quantity (which maybe more easily measured). The
procedure is to find an equation that relates the two quantities and then uses the Chain Rule
and other rules for differentiation to differentiate both sides with respect to time.
Formulas that we will use in this topic:
CHAPTER 9 6
We have here a useful suggestion for solving a Related Rates Problem.
Example: A 13-meter ladder is leaning against a vertical wall with its foot on the same
horizontal plane as the base of the wall. If the lower end of the ladder is moving away from
the wall horizontally at 4meters per minute, how fast is the top of the ladder descending
when the lower end is 5meters from the wall?
Given:
➢ We must first draw a diagram and label it as Figure1.
CHAPTER 9 7
➢ Let t be the number of minutes that has elapsed since the top of the ladder
started to slide down the wall.
➢ Let x be the distance from the wall to the foot of the ladder.
➢ Let y be the distance from the floor to the top of the ladder.
➢ Let c be the measured of the ladder
𝑑𝑥
➢ Since x is increasing at 4m per min, we have 𝑑𝑡 = 4
𝑑𝑦
➢ Note that 𝑑𝑡
is the time rate of change that we are asked to find.
Solution:
Now we need to establish a relationship between x and y by using Pythagorean
Theorem.
Since x=5c=13 we have to solve for y.
Pythagorean Theorem 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐2
Solve for y in terms of the given quantity 𝑦 2 = 𝑐2 − 𝑥2
Substitute the given 𝑦 2 = 132 − 52

Simplify 𝑦 = 12
The distance from the floor to the top of the ladder is 12meters.
Pythagorean Theorem c=13 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐2

𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 169
By considering x and y as functions of t and differentiating with respect to t, we get.
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 169
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
To solve for 𝑑𝑡
apply your knowledge in Algebra
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
2𝑦 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= − 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑦
By substituting the given we get
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 (5)(4) 5
= 4𝑥 + 5, 𝑦 = 12 =− =−
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 12 3
CHAPTER 9 8
𝑑𝑦
The fact that 𝑑𝑡
is negative means that the distance from the top of the ladder to the
5
ground is decreasing at a rate of 3 meters per second.
𝟓
Therefore, the top of the ladder is descending at the rate of meters per minute.
𝟑

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-diff-contextual-
applications-new/ab-4-5/v/related-rates-of-water-pouring-into-cone
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-diff-contextual-
applications-new/ab-4-5/v/falling-ladder-related-rates
9.3. DERIVATIVES OF HIGHER ORDER
Objectives:
• Calculate higher order derivatives

• Apply higher order derivatives in application problems
If p(x) is a polynomial of degree n (i.e. the largest exponent in the

polynomial) then,
DEFINITION 9.3.1
𝑝(𝑘) (x) = 0 for k ≥ n + 1
Let’s start this section with the following function.

f(x) = 5𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 10x − 5
By this point we should be able to differentiate this function without any problems. Doing
this we get,
f′(x) = 15𝑥 2 − 6x + 10
Now, this is a function and so it can be differentiated. Here is the notation that we’ll use
for that, as well as the derivative.
f′′(x) = (f′(x))′ = 30x − 6
This is called the second derivative and f′(x is now called the first derivative.
Again, this is a function, so we can differentiate it again. This will be called the third
derivative. Here is that derivative as well as the notation for the third derivative.
f′′′(x) = (f′′(x))′ = 30
CHAPTER 9 9
Continuing, we can differentiate again. This is called, oddly enough, the fourth
derivative. We’re also going to be changing notation at this point. We can keep adding on
primes, but that will get cumbersome after a while.
f(4)(x) = (f′′′(x))′ = 0f(4)(x) = (f‴(x))′ = 0
This process can continue but notice that we will get zero for all derivatives after this
point. This set of derivatives leads us to the following fact about the differentiation of
polynomials.
We will need to be careful with the “non-prime” notation for derivatives. Consider each of
the following.
𝑓 2 (𝑥) = 𝑓′′(𝑥)
𝑓 2 (𝑥) = [𝑓(𝑥)]2
The presence of parenthesis in the exponent denotes differentiation while the absence
of parenthesis denotes exponentiation.
Collectively the second, third, fourth, etc. derivatives are called higher order
derivatives.
Let’s take a look at some examples of higher order derivatives.
Example: Find 𝑦′′ for 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 4 = 10
Solution:
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 3 𝑦′ = 0
𝑥
𝑦′ = −
2𝑦 3
′ 𝑥
𝑦 ′ = (− )
2𝑦 3
2𝑦 3 − 𝑥 (6𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ )
=−
(2𝑦 3 )2
2𝑦 3 − 𝑥 (6𝑦 2 𝑦 ′ )
=−
4𝑦 6
′ 𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑦 ′
𝑦′ = −
2𝑦 4
𝑥
𝑦 − 3𝑥 (− )
2𝑦 3
=−
2𝑦 4
3
𝑦 + 2 𝑥 2 𝑦 −3
=−
2𝑦 4
CHAPTER 9 10

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7rdYPJrNc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLkz5LGWihw&vl=en
9.4. RELATIVE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF A FUNCTION
Objectives:
• To define what is Maximum and Minimum Values

• To expose in different word problems engaging Maximum and Minimum
Values
Introduction:
In this chapter, we will discuss the important application of the derivative, which is
Maximum and Minimum. In this function we can define maxima and minima in easy way. We
can define a MAXIMUM VALUE if the point is high and if it is low point it is said to be MINIMUM
VALUE.
Learning Content:
Many of our applications in this chapter will revolve around minimum and maximum
values of a function. While we can all visualize the minimum and maximum values of a function,
we want to be a little more specific in our work here.
In this section we give several examples showing applications of calculus to maximum
and minimum problems. To solve these examples, go through the following steps.
CHAPTER 9 11
MAXIMUM PROBLEM
Example 1
A ball is thrown in the air. Its height any time t is
given by
ℎ = 3 + 14𝑡 − 5𝑡 2
What is its maximum height?
Solution: Using the derivatives, we can find the slope of that function:
𝑑
ℎ = 3 + 14𝑡 − 5𝑡 2
𝑑𝑡
= 0 + 14 − 5(2𝑡)
= 14 − 10𝑡
Now find the slope is zero:

𝑑
ℎ = 14 − 10𝑡
𝑑𝑡
0 = 14 − 10𝑡
14 = 10𝑡
𝑡 = 1.4
The slope is zero at 𝑡 = 1.4 seconds
Finding the maximum height, we have to substitute the value of t from the
equation.
ℎ = 3 + 14𝑡 − 5𝑡 2
= 3 + 14(1.4) − 5(1.4)2
= 3 + 19.6 − 9.5
= 12.8
Therefore, the maximum height of the ball is 12.8m at 𝑡 = 1.4 seconds.
Example 2
Farmer has 800m of fencing material to enclose a rectangular pen adjacent to
an existing wall. He will use the wall for one side of the pen and the available fencing
material for the remaining three sides. What is the maximum area that can be
enclosed this way?
CHAPTER 9 12
Solution: Let x be the length of the two sides (800-2x) be the length of the third side A be the
area.
𝐴 = 𝑥(800 − 2𝑥)
= 800𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
Domain: (0, 400)
To find the critical points, set A’=0, and find x.
𝐴 = 800𝑥 − 2𝑥 2
A’ = 800𝑥 − 4𝑥 800 − 2𝑥 = 0
0 = 800𝑥 − 4𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 800 − 2(200) = 0
4x = 800𝑥 800 − 400 = 400
x = 200
Find the second derivative. A’′ = −4
Since A” is always negative, A has a relative maximum at x = 200, which is the only one
critical number A.
Therefore, A has an absolute maximum at x = 200. The maximum area is 80000m².
MINIMUM PROBLEM
Example 1 Find the two numbers whose sum is 10, and the sum of whose squares is a
minimum.
Solution: Let x and 10-x represents a number, and y the sum of their squares.
Since y’’ = 4 > 0. Therefore, the numbers are 5 and 5.
Example 2 Ms. Harris has a taco stand. She has found that her daily costs are
approximated by: 𝑐 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 40𝑥 + 610. c(x) is the cost in dollars to sell x units of the
tacos. Find the number of units of tacos she must sell to minimize her cost. Find that
minimum cost.
CHAPTER 9 13
Solution:
Given: Let x–units of tacos
c(x) – daily operating cost
𝑐 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 40𝑥 + 610 a=1 and b=-40

Required: Find the minimum cost?
Vertex?
The vertex [𝑥, 𝑐(𝑥)] is (20, 210)
If the unit of tacos are 20 then the minimum cost for tacos is 210.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GaltHJF6Wyl
https://www.khanacademy.org/math/in-in-grade-12-ncert/in-in-playing-with-
graphs-using-differentiation/copy-of-critical-points-ab/v/identifying-relative-
extrema
9.5. ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF A FUNCTION
Objectives:
• Find all absolute maximum and minimum points of a function on a closed

interval.
A function f is said to have an absolute maximum value on an

interval if there is some number c in the interval such that f(c)≥f(x)
DEFINITION 9.5.1
for all x in the interval. In such a case, f(c) is the absolute maximum
value of f on the interval.
A function f is said to have an absolute minimum value on an

interval if there is some number c in the interval such that f(c)≤f(x)
DEFINITION 9.5.2 for all x in the interval. In such a case, f(c) is the absolute minimum
value of f on the interval.
CHAPTER 9 14
An absolute extremum of a function on the interval is either an absolute maximum value

or an absolute minimum value of the function on the interval function may or may not
have an absolute extremum on a particular interval.
Illustration 1Suppose f is the function defined by f(x)=2x
A sketch of the graph of f on [1,4) is in the figure below. This function has an
absolute minimum value of 2 on [1,4). There is no absolute maximum value of f on
[1,4) because lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 8, but f(x) is always less than 8 on the interval.
𝑥→4
Illustration 2 Consider the function f defined by 𝑓 (𝑥) = −𝑥 2

A sketch of the graph of f on (-3,2] is in the figure below. This function has an
absolute maximum value of 0 on (-3,2]. There is no absolute minimum value of f on (-
3,2] because lim+ 𝑓 (𝑥) = −9, but f(x) is always greater than –9 on the interval.
𝑥→3
For further understanding visit this link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wrXDw5ETh4
9.6. EXTREME VALUE PROBLEMS
Objectives:
• Determine if the Extreme Value Theorem applies to a given situation
If the function f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b], then f has

DEFINITION 9.6 an absolute maximum value and an absolute minimum value on
[a,b].
PROCEDURE:
1. Find the function value at the critical numbers of f on (a,b).
2. Find the values of f(a) and f(b).
3. The largest of the values from step 1 and step 2 is the absolute maximum
1
Example 1 Find the absolute extrema of f on [−2, 2] if 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1
[-2, 1 2]iff(x)=x3 +x2 -x+1 1

Solution: Because f is continuous on [−2, 2], the extreme–value theorem applies. To find the
critical numbers of f, first find 𝑓′:
𝑓′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1
CHAPTER 9 15
Because 𝑓′(𝑥) exists for all real numbers, the only critical numbers of f will be the value
of x for which 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0. Set 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
(3𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
1
𝑥= 𝑥 = −1
3
1
The critical numbers of f are –1 and , and each of these numbers is in the given closed
3
1
interval [−2, 2]. The function values at the critical numbers and at the endpoints of the interval
are given in table below.
1
The absolute maximum of f on [−2, 2] ] is therefore 2, which occurs at –1, and the
1
absolute minimum value of f on [−2, ] is –1, which occurs at the left endpoints –2.
2
SAMPLEAPPLICATIONOFANABSOLUTEEXTREMUMONACLOSEDINTERVAL
1. Point A and B are opposite each other in on shores of a straight river 3km wide.
Point C is on the same shore as B but 2km down the river from B. A telephone
company wishes to lay a cable from A to C. If the cost per kilometer of the cable is
25 percent more under the water than it on land, what line of cable would be least
expensive for the company?
Solution: Let P be a point on the same shore as B and C and between B and C so that the
cable will run from A to P to C. Let x kilometer be the distance from B to P. Then 2-x kilometers
5
is the distance from P to C, and x∈[0,2]. Let k dollars be the cost per kilometer on land and 𝑘
4
dollars be the cost per kilometer under the water (k is a constant). If C(x) dollars is the total cost
of running the cable from A to P and from P to C, then
5
𝐶 (𝑥) = 𝑘√32 + 𝑥 2 + k(2 − x)
4
Because C is continuous on [0,2], the extreme value theorem applies, thus C has both
an absolute maximum value and an absolute minimum value on [0,2]. We wish to find the
absolute minimum value.
5𝑘𝑥
𝐶 (𝑥) = −k = 0
4√9 + 𝑥 2
5𝑥 = 4√9 + 𝑥 2
CHAPTER 9 16
25𝑥 2 = 16(9 + 𝑥 2 )
9𝑥 2 = 16(9)
𝑥 2 = 16
𝑥 = ±4
The number –4 is an extraneous root of (1), and 4 is not in the interval [0,2]. Therefore,
there are no critical numbers of C in [0,2]. The absolute minimum value of C on [0,2] must
therefore occur at an endpoint of the interval. Computing C(0) and C(2) we get
23 5
𝐶 (0) = 𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 (2) = 𝑘√13
4 4
5 23 5
Because 4 𝑘√13 < 4
𝑘 the absolute minimum value of C on [0,2] is 4 𝑘√13, occurring
when x=2. Therefore, for the cost of the cable to be least, the cable should go directly from A to
C under the water.

https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-diff-analytical-application-
new/ab-5-2/v/extreme-value-theorem
9.7. ROLLE’S THEOREM AND THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM
Objectives:
• Interpret both continuous and differentiable functions geometrically and

analytically and apply Rolle's Theorem and the Mean Value Theorem.
Let f be a function such that

(i) It is continuous on the closed interval [a,b];
(ii) It is differentiable on the open interval (a,b);
DEFINITION 9.7
(iii) f(a)=0 and f(b)=0.
Then, there is a number c in the open interval (a,b) such that f'(c)=0.
Example 1
Given 𝑓 (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 9𝑥. Verify that conditions (i), (ii), and (iii) of the hypothes is of
3 3 3 3
Rolle’s theorem are satisfied for each of the following intervals: [− , 0] , [0, ] , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 [− , ].
2 2 2 2
Then find the suitable value for c in each of these intervals for which 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0
CHAPTER 9 17
Solution: 𝑓′(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 9

Because f'(x) exists for all values of x, f is differentiable on (-∞,+∞) and therefore
continuous on (-∞,+∞). Conditions (i) and (ii) of Rolle’s theorem thus hold on any interval. To
determine on which intervals condition (iii) holds, we find the values of x for which f(x)=0. If
f(x)=0,
9
4𝑥 (𝑥 2 − = 0)
4
3 3
𝑥=− 𝑥=0 𝑥=
2 2
3 3
With 𝑎 = − 2 and b=0, Rolle’s theorem holds on [− 2 , 0]. Similarly, Rolle’s theorem holds
3 3 3
on [0, 2] and [− 2 , 2]. To find the suitable values for c, set f '(x) =0 and get
12𝑥 2 − 9 = 0
1 1
𝑥 = − √3 𝑥 = √3
2 2
3 1 3
Therefore, in the interval [− , 0] a suitable choice for c is − √3. In the interval [0, ],
2 2 2
1 3 3 1 1
take 𝑐 = 2 √3. In the interval [− 2 , 2] there are two possibilities for c either − 2 √3 or 2 √3
9.7.1. MEAN VALUE THEOREM
Let f be a function such that

(i) It is continuous on the closed interval [a,b];
(ii) It is differentiable on the open interval (a,b);
DEFINITION 9.7.1
Then there is a number c in the open interval (a,b) such that
𝑓 (𝑏) − 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) =
𝑏−𝑎
Example 2
Given 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑥. Verify that the hypothesis of the mean value theorem
is satisfied for a=1 and b=3. Then find all numbers c in the open interval (1,3) such that
𝑓 (3) − 𝑓(1)
𝑓 ′ (𝑐) =
3−1
Solution: Because f is a polynomial function, f is continuous and differentiable for all value of
x. Therefore, the hypothesis of the mean value theorem is satisfied for any a and b.
CHAPTER 9 18
𝑓′(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 − 3
𝑓(1) = −7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 (3) = −27
Hence,
𝑓(3) − 𝑓(1) −27 − (−7)
= = −10
3−1 2
Set 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = −10 to obtain
3𝑐 2 − 10𝑐 − 3 = −10
3𝑐 2 − 10𝑐 + 7 = 0
(3𝑐 − 7)(𝑐 − 1) = 0
7
𝑐= 𝑐=1
3
7
Because 1 is not in the open interval (1,3), the only possible value for 𝑐 = 3.

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https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-diff-analytical-
application-new/ab-5-1/v/mean-value-theorem-1
9.8. SKETCH OF THE GRAPH OF A FUNCTION
Objectives:
• Solve and sketch the graph of a function (Increasing/decreasing; relative

extrema; concavity; points of inflection)
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS AND THE FIRST–DERIVATIVE TEST
A function f defined on an interval is said to be increasing on that

DEFINITION 9.8.1 interval if and only if 𝑓′(𝑥1 ) < 𝑓′(𝑥2 ) whenever 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 where 𝑥1 and
𝑥2 are any numbers in the interval.
The function of figure above is increasing on the following closed intervals:

[𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ];[ 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 ];[ 𝑥5 , 𝑥6 ];[ 𝑥6 , 𝑥7 ];[ 𝑥5 , 𝑥7 ]
CHAPTER 9 19
A function f defined on an interval is said to be decreasing on that

DEFINITION 9.8.2 interval if and only if 𝑓′(𝑥1 ) > 𝑓′(𝑥2 ) whenever 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 where 𝑥1 and
𝑥2 are any numbers in the interval.
The function of figure above is decreasing on the following closed intervals: [𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ]; [𝑥4
, 𝑥5 ].
If a function is either increasing on an interval or decreasing on an interval, then it is said
to be monotonic on the interval.
Before stating a theorem that gives a test for determining if a function is monotonic on an
interval, let us see what happening geometrically. Refer to figure above, and observe that when
the slope of the tangent line is positive the function is increasing and when it is negative the
function is decreasing. Because f'(x) is the slope of the tangent line to the curve y=f(x), f is
increasing when f'(x)>0 and decreasing when f' (x)<0, the function values are decreasing as x
increases.
Let the function f be continuous on the closed interval [a,b] and

differentiable on the open interval (a,b):
THEORM 9.8.3
(i) If f'(x)>0 for all x in (a,b), then f is increasing on [a,b];
(ii) If f'(x)<0 for all x in (a,b), then f is decreasing on [a,b].
𝑓 (𝑥2 ) − 𝑓 (𝑥1 )
𝑓 ′ (𝑐 ) =
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
FIRST DERIVATIVE TEST FOR RELATIVE EXTREMA

Let the function f be continuous at all points of the open interval
(a,b) containing the number c, and suppose f’ exists at all points of
(a,b) except possibly at c”
THEORM 9.8.4 (i) If f'(x)>0 for all values of x in some open interval having c as
its right endpoint, and if f'(x)<0 for all values of x in some open
interval having c as its left endpoint, then f has a relative
maximum value at c;
(ii) If f'(x) <0 for all values of x in some open interval having c as
its right endpoint, and if f'(x)>0 for all values of x in some open
interval
In summary, to determine the relative extrema of a function f:

1. Find f'(x).
2. Find the critical numbers of f, that is, the value of x for which f'(x)=0 or for
which f'(x) does not exist.
CHAPTER 9 20
Example 1: Given 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 1.

Find the relative extrema of f by applying the first derivative test. Determine the
values of x at which the relative extrema occur, as well as the intervals on which f is
increasing and the interval on which f is decreasing. Draw a sketch of the graph.
Solution:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9 = 0
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) exists for all values of x. Set 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 9 = 0
(3𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥=3 𝑥=1
Thus ,the critical numbers of f are 1 and 3. To determine whether f has a relative
extremum at either of these numbers, apply the first derivative test. The results are summarized
in table below.
𝑥 2 − 4 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 3
Example 2: Given 𝑓 (𝑥) = {
8 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 3 ≤ 𝑥
Find the relative extrema of f by applying the first derivative test. Determine the
values of x at which the relative extrema occur, as well as the intervals on which f is
increasing and the interval on which f is decreasing. Draw a sketch of a graph.
Solution:
If 𝑥 < 3, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −2𝑥. If 3 ≤ 𝑥, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 1. Because 𝑓−′ (3) = 6 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓+′ (3) = −1, 𝑓 ′ (3), does
not exist. Therefore, 3 is a critical number of f. Because f'(x)=0 when x=0, it follows that 0 is a
critical number of f. Applying the first derivative test, we summarize the results in table below.
CHAPTER 9 21
SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST FOR RELATIVE EXTREMA

Let c be a critical number of a function f at which f'(c)=0 and let f
exist for all values of x in some open interval containing c. If f''(c)
THEORM 9.8.5 exist and
(i) If f'(x) <0, then f has a relative maximum value at c;
(ii) If f'(x)>0 then f has a relative minimum value at c
Example
4
Given 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 3 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 .
Find the relative maxima and minima of f by applying the second derivative test.
Draw a sketch of the graph of f.
Solution: We compute the first and second derivative of f.

𝑓′(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥
𝑓′′(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 8
Set f'(x)=0
4𝑥(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1) = 0
𝑥=0 𝑥 = −2 𝑥=1
Thus the critical numbers of f are –2, 0, and 1. We determine whether or not there is a
relative extremum at any of these critical numbers by finding the sign of the second derivative
there.
CHAPTER 9 22
CONCAVITY AND POINTS OF INFLECTION
The graph of function f is said to be concave upward at the point

DEFINITION 9.8.5 (c,f(c)) if f'(c) exists and if there is an open interval I containing c
such that for all values of x≠c in I the point (x,f(x)) on the graph is
above the tangent line to the graph at (c,f(c)).
The graph of function f is said to be concave downward at the

DEFINITION 9.8.6 point (c,f(c)) if f'(c) exists and if there is an open interval I containing
c such that for all values of x≠c in I the point (x,f(x)) on the graph is
above the tangent line to the graph at (c,f(c)).
Illustration1
Figure 2 shows a sketch of a portion of the graph of a function f that is concave upward
at the point (c,f(c)), and Figure 3 shows a sketch of a portion of the graph of a function f that is
concave downward at the point (c,f(c)).
CHAPTER 9 23
The graph in Figure 1 is concave downward at all points (x,f(x)) for which x is in either of
the following open intervals: (𝑥1 , 𝑥3) or (𝑥5 , 𝑥6 ). Similarly, the graph in Figure 1 is concave
upward at all points (x,f(x)) for which x is in either (𝑥3 , 𝑥5 ) or (𝑥6 , 𝑥7 ).
Illustration 2
If f is the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , then f'(x)=2x and

f''(x)=2. Thus, f''(x)>0 for all x. Furthermore, because the graph of f,
appearing in Figure 4, is above all of its tangent lines, the graph is
concave upward at all of its points.
If g is the function defined by 𝑓 (𝑥) = −𝑥 2 , then g'(x) =-2x and

g''(x)=-2. Hence g''(x) <0 for all x. Also, because the graph of g,
shown in Figure 5, is below all of its tangent lines, it is concave downward at
all of its points.
The function f of Illustration 2 is such that f''(x)>0 for all x, and the
graph of f is concave upward everywhere. For function g of Illustration 2,
g''(x)<0 for all x, and the graph of g is concave downward everywhere.
These two situations are special cases of the following theorem.
Figure 5
POINTS OF INFLECTION
The point (c,f(c)) is a point of inflection of the graph of the function f

DEFINITION 9.8.7 if the graph has a tangent line there, and if there exists an open
interval I containing c such that if x is in I, then either
(i) If f''(x)<0, if x<c, and f''(x) >0 if x>c, or
(ii) If f''(x)>0, if x<c, f''(x) <0 if x>c
Illustration 3
Suppose it is estimated that t hours after starting work at 7am a factory worker on an
assembly line has performed a particular task on f(t) units, and
𝑓 (𝑡) = 21𝑡 + 9𝑡 2 − 𝑡 3 0≤𝑡≤5

In table 1 there are function values for integer values of t from 1 through 5, and Figure 6
shows a sketch of the graph of f on [0,5].
𝑓 ′ (𝑡) = 21𝑡 + 18𝑡 − 3𝑡 2

𝑓 ′′ (𝑡) = 18 − 6𝑡
𝑓 ′′ (𝑡) = 6(3 − 𝑡)
Observe that f''(t)>0 if 0<t<3 and f''(t) <0 if 3<t<5. From Definition 9.8.7 (ii) it follows that
the graph of f has a point of inflection at t=3. From Theorem 9.8.3, because f''(t)>0 when 0<t<5,
f(t) is decreasing on [3,5]. Therefore, since f'(t) is the rate of change of f(t) with respect to t, we
CHAPTER 9 24
conclude that in the first three hours (from 7am until 10am) the worker is performing the task at
an increasing rate, and during the remaining two hours (from 10am to noon) the worker is
performing at a decreasing rate. At t=3 (10am) the workers are producing most efficiently, and
when 3<t<5 (after 10am) there is a reduction in the worker’s production rate. The point of
diminishing returns; this point is a point of inflection of the graph of f.
Definition 9.8.7 indicates nothing about the value of the second derivative of f at a point
of inflection. The following theorem states that if the second derivative exists at a point of
inflection, it must be zero there.

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https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ap-calculus-ab/ab-diff-analytical-
application-new/ab-5-4/v/finding-relative-maximum-example
SKETCH OF THE GRAPH OF A FUNCTION

An asymptote of a graph that is either horizontal or vertical is called an oblique
asymptote. To obtain a sketch of the graph of a function f you should apply the properties
discussed in this chapter and proceed as follows:
1. Determine the domain of f.

2. Find any y intercepts of the graph. Locate any x intercepts if the resulting
equation is easy to solve.
3. Test for symmetry with respect to the y axis and origin.
4. Compute f'(x) and f''(x)
5. Determine the critical numbers of f. These are the values of x in the domain of f
for which either f'(x) does not exist or f'(x)=0
6. Apply either the first derivative test or the second derivative test to determine
whether at a critical number there is a relative maximum value, a relative
minimum value, or neither.
7. Determine the intervals on which f is increasing by finding the value of x for which
f'(x) is positive; determine the intervals on which f is decreasing by finding the
values of x for which f'(x) is negative. In locating the intervals on which f is
monotonic, also check the critical numbers at which f does not have a relative
extremum.
8. To obtain possible points of inflection, find the critical numbers of f, that is, the
values x for which f''(x) does not exist of f''(x)=0. At each of these values to check
to see if f''(x) changes sign and if the graph has a tangent lie there t determine if
there actually s a point of inflection.
CHAPTER 9 25
9. Check for concavity of the graph. Find the values of x for which f''(x) is positive to
obtain points at which the graph is concave upward; to obtain points at which the
graph is concave downward find the values of x for which f''(x) is negative.
10. It is helpful to find the slope of each inflectional tangent.
11. Check for any possible horizontal, vertical, or oblique asymptotes.
Example
Given 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3.
Draw a sketch of the graph of f first finding the following: the relative extrema of f;
the points of inflection of the graph of f; the intervals on which f is increasing; the intervals
on which f is decreasing; where the graph is concave upward; where the graph is
concave downward; and the slope of any number.
Solution: The domain of f is the set of all real numbers. The y intercept is 3.
′
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 6
Set f'(x)=0 to obtain x=0 and x=2. From f''(x)=0 we get x=1. In
making the table, consider the points at which x=0, x=1, and x=2, and
intervals excluding these values of x:
𝑥<0 0<𝑥<1 1<𝑥<2 2<𝑥
From the information in table below and by plotting a few
points, we obtain the sketch of the graph appearing in Figure 6. Figure 6
CHAPTER 9 26

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3hwkygutGs
REFERENCES
Winston S. Sirug. (2014). College Algebra. Revised Edition.

Louis Leithold. The Calculus With Analytic Geometry. Sixth Edition.
CHAPTER 9 27

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MODULE CALCULUS 1 WITH ANALYTIC GEOMETRY

9.1. RATE OF CHANGE

In this section we look at some applications of the derivative by focusing on the

Amount of Change Formula

One application for derivatives is to estimate an unknown value of a function at a point

Example 1: Estimating the value of a function

Motion along a Line

Let s(t) be a function giving the position of an object at time t.

• The velocity of the object at time t is given by v(t)=s'(t)

Example 2: Computing Instantaneous Velocity And Average

Example 3: Position and Velocity

= 6(𝑡 2 − 7t + 10) = 6(𝑡 − 2)(𝑡 − 5) and 𝑎(𝑡) = 12𝑡 − 42 = 6(2𝑡 − 7)

Population Growth Rate

In addition to analyzing velocity, speed, acceleration, and position, we can use

Example 4: Estimating a Population

Changes in Cost and Profit

We can roughly approximate

Example 5: Applying Marginal Revenue

For further understanding visit these links

9.2. RELATED RATES

• To know the related rates

We have here a useful suggestion for solving a Related Rates Problem.

Solve for y in terms of the given quantity 𝑦 2 = 𝑐2 − 𝑥2

Substitute the given 𝑦 2 = 132 − 52

Pythagorean Theorem c=13 𝑥2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐2

For further understanding visit these links

9.3. DERIVATIVES OF HIGHER ORDER

• Calculate higher order derivatives

If p(x) is a polynomial of degree n (i.e. the largest exponent in the

Let’s start this section with the following function.

Example: Find 𝑦′′ for 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 4 = 10

For further understanding visit these links

9.4. RELATIVE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF A FUNCTION

• To define what is Maximum and Minimum Values

Now find the slope is zero:

Since y’’ = 4 > 0. Therefore, the numbers are 5 and 5.

𝑐 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 40𝑥 + 610 a=1 and b=-40

The vertex [𝑥, 𝑐(𝑥)] is (20, 210)

For further understanding visit these links

9.5. ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF A FUNCTION

• Find all absolute maximum and minimum points of a function on a closed

A function f is said to have an absolute maximum value on an

A function f is said to have an absolute minimum value on an

An absolute extremum of a function on the interval is either an absolute maximum value

Illustration 2 Consider the function f defined by 𝑓 (𝑥) = −𝑥 2

For further understanding visit this link

9.6. EXTREME VALUE PROBLEMS

• Determine if the Extreme Value Theorem applies to a given situation

If the function f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b], then f has

[-2, 1 2]iff(x)=x3 +x2 -x+1 1

For further understanding visit this link

9.7. ROLLE’S THEOREM AND THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM

• Interpret both continuous and differentiable functions geometrically and

Let f be a function such that

Solution: 𝑓′(𝑥) = 12𝑥 2 − 9

9.7.1. MEAN VALUE THEOREM

Let f be a function such that