Understandingculture, Society and Politics: Learner'S Module Unit Test - Final

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UNDERSTANDINGCULTURE,
SOCIETY AND POLITICS
LEARNER’S MODULE
UNIT TEST -FINAL
TEACHER CONTACT NO.
GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882
Student’s Name/Course Year & Section
GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882 UCSP

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT TEST COVERAGE

Module 1 (Aug 23 – Aug 28)
Week 1: Starting points for the Understanding of Culture, Society, Politics
Module 2-3(Aug 30 – Sept 4) - (Sept 6 – Sept 1)

Week 2-3: Defining Culture and Society from the perspective of Anthropology and
Sociology
Week 4: (Sept 13 – Sept 18) UNIT EXAMINATION
PRELIM COVERAGE
Module 4-5 (Sept 20 – Sept 25) – (Sept 27 – Oct 2)
Week 5-6: Becoming a member of a Society
Week 7: (Oct 4 – Oct 9) PRELIM EXAMINATION
MIDTERM COVERAGE
Module 6-7 (Oct 11 – Oct 16) –( Oct 18 – Oct 23)
Week 8-9: How Society is Organized
Week 10: (Oct 25 – Oct 30) MIDTERM EXAMINATION
PREFINAL COVERAGE
Module 8-9 ( Nov 1 – Nov 6)-( Nov 8 – Nov 13)
Week 11-12: Cultural, Social and Political Institutions
Week 13: (Nov 15 – Nov 20) PREFINAL

EXAMINATION

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FINAL COVERAGE
Module 10 (Nov 22 – Nov 27)
Week 14 : Social and Political Stratification
Module 11-12 (Nov 29 – Dec 4 )-( Dec 16 – Dec 11 )
Week 15-16 : Responding to Social, Political and Cultural Change
Week 17: (Jan 3- Jan 8) FINAL EXAMINATION

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MODULE 1
UNIT TOPIC: Starting points for the Understanding of Culture, Society,

Politics
SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES:

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:
a. Students will identify through class sharing various prevailing cultural, social and political
behavioural patterns observed and experienced as members of their respective societies
b. Evaluate identified cultural, social, and political issues anthropological/sociological perspectives
through group sharing
c. Analyse cultural variation, social transformation and political distinctiveness through written
Pre-Test
Directions: Answer what is asked below. Answer it in your own idea.
1-5. Differentiate Sociology and Society.
Current Issues and Concerns in the Philippines:

a. Proper Waste Disposal
b. Illegal Logging
c. Abortion
d. Rape Cases
e. Teenage Pregnancy
f. Corruption
g. War on Drugs
h. Respect for LGBT Community
i. Poverty
j. Bullying
k. Martial law
l. West Philippine Sea
 Sociology- is a branch of social science that deals with the study of society, groups, processes,
norms (laws, practices, patterns of behavior; a belief of what is acceptable; unwritten or written
rules on how to behave), and organizations.
is a study of social behavior and human groups” (Schaeffer, 2011)
in short, it is the study of human society and social problems.
 Society- is a term used by sociologist to refer to a group of people who share a culture and territory
(Henslin, 2003)
it is important to study society because social forces these affect our lives.

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 Anthropology- is the systematic study of humankind .

- from the words: ANTHROPOS which means MAN and LOGOS which mean WORD/STUDY.
- deals with the scientific study of man, his works, his body, his behavior and values in time
and space.
- is the scientific study of the physical, social and cultural development and behavior of
human being since their appearance on earth.
- studies man’s works and achievements in the arts, sciences, technology, literature, music,
inventions, architecture and sculpture.
- the biological foundations, physical similarities & differences, evolution, his behavior in
politics, religion, social life, religion and health.
Has four key sub-disciplines:

1. Physical Anthropology; 2. Archaeology; 3. Linguistics 4. Cultural Anthropology
 Sociology and Anthropology are related to each other because both study people.
 Sociology focuses on the study of society and social processes whereas the main concern of
Anthropology is to understand man’s culture.
 Anthropology started with the study of primitive and non-literate groups considered exotic and
queer by Westeners.
 Sociology started as the study of Western civilization and later, of advanced and contemporary
societies.
 It is important for us to study Sociology and Anthropology so we can understand society and
people’s culture better that will help us find ways on how to address social issues and improve our
social relationship to one another.
 Political Science- Jacobsohn (1998) the analyses of the state and the relations that people have
with government.
- Defensor Santiago (2002) exemplifies these relations to “be as simple as paying a fine for a
traffic violation, or as complicated as running for the position of barangay chairman”.
- French writer Paul Janet, is that branch of social science which treats the foundations of the State and the
principles of government.
- Maurice Duverger, “The State [is an] organized power in any society. It is both the
instrument by which certain groups dominate others, an instrument used in the interest of the rulers and
to the disadvantage of the ruled, -and also a means of ensuring a particular social order.
 The state has four integral elements: people, territory, government and sovereignty. All four
elements must be present for a state exist.
 The state is a permanent entity whereas government can be changed.
 Government- is the political organization through which the collective will of the people is
formulated, expressed and executed.
 Defensor Santiago (2002) simply describes government as the means through which the state
exercises its authority.
 It is important to study political science because as citizens we have specific roles and
responsibilities towards the State.
 The state has also a duty to uphold the rights of the citizens.

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 By studying political science we come to know our rights and obligations in the State.
Activity 1:
Using the list of issues, events and concerns that you have shared, students are instructed to classify the
items according to the discipline that these can be studied. Write the issue within the circle of the
appropriate discipline.
For items that can be studied under two disciplines, write them on spaces A(sociology),B(anthropology) or
C(political science). For items that can be studied under all three disciplines, write them on the space
D(center of the three).
Sociology
Political
Anthropology
Science
Current Issues and Concerns in the Philippines:

❖ Lack of Education
❖ Poverty
❖ Early Pregnancy
❖ Illegal drugs
❖ Global Warming
❖ Rape Cases
❖ KAPA/Scam Business
❖ Bullying (Depression)
❖ Corruption
❖ Deforestation
❖ Political Dynasty
❖ Disrespecting LGBT Community
❖ Irregular Collection of Garbages
❖ Ancestors
❖ Indigenous people

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MODULE 2 AND 3
UNIT TOPIC: DEFINING CULTURE AND SOCIETY FROM THE

PERSPECTIVE OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY
Specific Learning Outcomes

a. Articulate how to understand concepts of culture and society using
anthropological and sociological perspectives;
b. Distinguish culture from society;
c. Identify the types of society;
d. Actively participate in all the discussions and activities.
Activity 1:
Instruction: Based from the previous topics, provide your own understanding by filling
out in the box. Write your answer on the box.
3 Facts I learned from the previous lesson
a.
b.
c.
2 questions I still have
a.
b.
1 thing thought was the most interesting
a.
Society- describes a group of people who share common territory and a culture. By “Territory”, sociologists
refer to a definable region- as small as neighbourhood (e.g., barangay), a city (e.g., Manila), a country (e.g.,
Philippines) to as large as the global regional context (e.g., Asia)
Culture- refers to “that complex whole which encompasses beliefs, practices, values, attitudes, laws,
norms, artifacts, symbols, knowledge and everything a person learns and shares as a member of society”.
(E.B. Tylor 1920 [1871])
“A culture represents the belief, practices, and artifacts of a group, while society represents the
social structures and organization of people who share those beliefs and practices. Neither society
nor culture could exist without the other.”

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Culture and Society can be defined in different perspectives. These perspectives explain the manner
of interaction of members of the society.
1. The Historical Perspective – current and future human and forest landscape conditions are
influenced by the cumulative, unfolding history of social-ecological interactions. Examining past
system responses, especially unintended consequences, can reveal valuable insights that promote
learning and adaptation.
2. Structural Functional Perspective – members share sets of rules and values and maintains a
balance harmonious system. It also recognizes that our lives are guided by social structures.
3. Social-Conflict Perspective- this is a framework for building theory that envisions society as an
arena of inequality that generates conflict and change.
The approach views class conflict and class exploitation as the prime moving force in mankind’s
history, and that the struggle for power and wealth as a continuous process between and among
categories of people.
4. Symbolic-Interaction Perspective – this paradigm is theoretical framework that envisions society as
the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.
The symbolic-interactions paradigm includes such other approaches as dramaturgy, ethno
methodology and social exchange.
Attitudes
Art/dram
Beliefs
a
Food language
Culture
Faith/Reli
Customs
gion
behavior Rituals
Classification of Culture:
Material Culture- includes all the tangible and visible parts of culture, which include foods, clothes and
even buildings.
Nonmaterial Culture- without physical representation, includes all the intangible parts of culture,
which consist of values, ideas, and knowledge.
Two Kinds of Nonmaterial Culture:

1. Cognitive Culture- include the ideas, concepts, philosophies, designs, etc. that are products of
the mental or intellectual functioning and reasoning of the human mind.
2. Normative Culture- includes all the expectations, standards and rules for human behavior.

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Elements of Culture:
1. Beliefs- are conceptions or ideas people have about what is true in the environment around them
like what is life, how to value it, and how one’s beliefs on the value of life relate with his or her
interaction with others and the world.
2. Values- describe what is appropriate or inappropriate in a given society or what ought to be.
These are broad, abstract, and shared to influence and guide the behaviour of people.
3. Symbols- used to understand each other. It can be verbal (words) or nonverbal (acts, gestures,
signs and objects) that communicate meaning that people recognize and shared.
4. Language- is a shared set of spoken and written symbols. It is basic to communication and
transmission of culture. It is known as the storehouse of culture.
5. Technology- refers to the application of knowledge and equipment to ease the task of living and
maintaining the environment. It includes all the artifacts, methods, and devices created and used
by people.
6. Norms- are specific rule/standards to guide appropriate behaviour. Societal norms are different
types and forms.
7. Practices- is the manifestation of a culture or sub-culture, especially in regard to the traditional
and customary practices of a particular ethnic or other cultural group.
8. Laws- are written and enforced rules that guide behaviour. They’re more like a system of rules
that are enforced by some institution, like the police or the government. Laws are different from
mores in that they are guided by an authority as opposed to a society’s moral beliefs.
Types of Societal Norms

1. Proscriptive- defines and tells us things NOT to do
2. Prescriptive- defines and tells us things to do
Forms of Societal Norms

1. Folkways- known as customs, for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of
tradition or convenience.
2. Mores- strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. These norms are based on
definitions of right and wrong.
3. Taboos- norms that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust.
4. Laws- codified ethics, formally agreed, written down and enforced by an official law
enforcement agency.
Characteristics of Culture
1. Dynamic, Flexible, and Adaptive

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Culture is diverse and plural. This simply means that cultures interact and change. Because most cultures
are in contact with other cultures, they exchange ideas and symbols. All cultures change, otherwise, they
would have problems adapting to changing environments. And because cultures are integrated, if one
component in the system changes, it is likely that the entire system must adjust.
2. Shared Contested (given the reality of social differentiation)

Early Anthropologist, including Durkheim, a French sociologist. Disagreeing about the definition of culture,
agree that culture is not a property or possession of one person it entails that no one is born with a fully
developed culture apparatus in his or her head. As we share culture with others, we are able to act in
appropriate ways as well as predict how others will act.
3. Learned through socialization or enculturation/Transmitted through socialization

Mental structures or schemas are created in the individual as a result of the process of enculturation.
People who share a culture have common experiences, which lead them to develop similar mental schema.
Mental maps or schemas serve as maps that enable people to recognize and interpret the object and
events they encounter in. It is not biological, we do not inherit it but learn as we interact in society.
4. Patterned social interactions.

Culture as a normative system has the capacity to define and control human behaviors. It sets pattern in
terms of what is appropriate or inappropriate in a given setting. It is not a matter of race. It is learned, not
carried in our genes.
5. Integrated and at times unstable
Known as holism, or the various parts of a culture being interconnected. All aspects of a culture are related
to one another and to truly understand a culture, one must learn about all of its parts, not only a few.
6. Requires language and other forms of communication
In the process of learning and transmitting culture, we need symbols and language to communicate with
others in society. Therefore, members of society learn their culture through symbolic gesture and
language.
Ethnocentrism
• Term coined by William Sumner it is the tendency to see and evaluate other cultures in terms of
one’s own race, nation, or culture.
• Rests on the belief of the superiority of one’s own culture or ethnic group compared to others.
Xenocentrism
• One’s exposure to cultural practices of others may make one to give preference to the ideas,
lifestyle, and products of other cultures which is termed by John D. Fullmer.
• People who usually experience this came from a country with lower economic position as
compared to the one preferred.
Cultural Relativism
• Is the principle that an individual human’s beliefs and activities should be understood by others in
terms of that individual’s own culture, termed by Franz Boas.

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• Highlights the perspective that no culture is superior to any other culture when comparing systems
morality, law, politics, etc.
Types Of Society
1. Hunting And Gathering Societies
-the earliest forms of society.
-small and generally with less than 50 members
-survive primarily by hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering edible plants
-there is a division of labor based on sex wherein men are responsible for hunting and women for
gathering.
2. Pastoral Societies
-rely on products obtained through the domestication and breeding of animals for transportation
and food.
-common in areas where crops cannot be supported.
-allow job specialization since not everyone is needed to gather or hunt for food.
3. Horticultural Societies
-rely on the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and plants in order to survive
-often forced to relocate when the resources of the land are depleted or when the water supplies
decrease.
4. Agricultural Societies
-rely on the use of technology in order to cultivate crops in large areas, including wheat, rice, and
corn.
-Productivity increases, and as long as there are plenty of food, people do not have to move.
5. Industrial Societies
-use advanced sources of energy to run large machinery which led to industrialization.
-innovations in transportation led people to travel, work in factories, and live in cities.
6. Post-industrial Societies
-their economy is based on services and technology, not production.
-the economy is dependent on tangible goods
-people must pursue greater education
-the new communication technology allows work to be performed from a variety of locations
Acitvity 2:
Instruction: Create a collage of the profile of your community based on the characteristics of culture.
Criteria:
Content- 50%
Delivery- 30%
Creativity- 20%
100%

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MODULE 4 AND 5
PRELIMINARY TOPIC: BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY
SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOME:

At the end of the lesson, the learners are able to:
A. Understand how individuals learn culture and how this learning of culture influences
the development of one’s personality.
B. Analyze how social interaction proceeds through the operation of norms, values,
statuses and roles.
Pre-Test
Directions: Explain the following words given below. Answer it in your own opinion.
1. Socialization
2. Personality
3. Culture
SOCIALIZATION – is the lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human
potential and learn patterns of their culture.
PERSONALITY – a person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling and acting.
In what way are animal behaviours and human behaviours similar? Why do you think are animals
able to demonstrate certain behaviours? Meanwhile, to what factors can we attribute the capacity of
human beings to behave in different ways across cultures?
What distinguishes animal behaviours from human behaviours is that the former depends on
instincts while the latter depends on social learning. Instincts are biological or physiological reflexes which
are automatic behavioural reactions to environmental stimuli. These behaviours are genetically
determined and are not necessarily learned. In contrast, human behaviours are not dependent on instincts
(although human beings definitely possess instincts). However, human beings are not dependent on
instincts for survival. Rather we learn patterns of our culture and then internalize these cultural patterns to
develop a personality. Our behaviours, therefore (e.g. our concepts of what is right and wrong, our abilities
to conform societal expectations, the capacity to make meanings and the ability to express these meanings
into symbols) are culturally determined although biology plays a fundamental role in this process.
Examples of different personalities or behavioural patterns fro various groups of people living
within a single nation such as the Philippines. For instance, indigenous families or communities like
Manobos strongly emphasize rice planting as important and in the process, develop among them an
identify that is strongly attached to their land.

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Man’s capacity to create culture and depend on culture for survival is linked to his/her biological
evolution. Early human forms were more dependent on instincts but as the brain developed, man’s
capability for meaning-making likewise increased. Since, then superior human intelligence has freed man
form the dictates of his/her instincts. Ma’s intelligence allowed him/her to develop tools and use these to
fashion his/her environment. Moreover, as human beings flourished in number, creating social relations
became imperative to effectively address more complex human needs. This is the evolutionary foundation
for the development of human societies and cultures.
The learning process cannot be facilitated without the Agents of Socialization.
These are social groups through which we experience culture and their operation enables us to
internalize the latter, eventually leading to the development of our sense of self, personalities or
identities.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
1. Characteristics of Family as an Agent of Socialization – most important agent of socialization; the

center of a child’s life; parental attention is very important; provides encourage, social position
brought about by class, religion and ethnicity; and provides cultural capital by serving as models fro
children to follow parental footsteps.
2. School – provides individuals an opportunity to confront diversity; introduces gender role
socialization and even clustering of skills and competencies according to gender and class; hidden
curriculum; informal aspects schooling; impersonal relationship is prevalent.
3. Peer Groups – provides avenue for individuals to develop a sense of self that goes beyond the
family; young and old attitudes contributes to generation gap, which fuels misunderstanding
between children and parents; peers often govern short-term goals while parents maintain
influence over long-term plans; peer groups also provide venues for anticipatory socialization;
practice at working toward gaining desired positions.
4. Mass Media – on average, people watch television 7 hours per day; mass media create images that
reinforce social stereotypes based on sex, class, ethnicity and religion.
The process of socialization as operationalized in the context of these agents requires an

understanding of one’s roles and status. Roles and Status are the building blocks of social interaction,
allowing people to behave in accordance to certain societal expectations within particular social settings.
Status is a recognized set of social position that an individual occupies (e.g. studying, taking exams are
expected behaviours associated with being a student). Our understanding of roles and status is part and
parcel of the formation of our identities allowing us to relate smoothly with others in specific social
contexts.
Activity 1
Write an essay justifying your stand on this topic:
Modern families: Transmitter or Defiers of social norms/values

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MODULE 6 AND 7
MIDTERM TOPIC: HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED

A. Explain the differences of varied types of groups through giving of concrete examples
and illustrations
B. Discuss the varied roles each member of a group as to perform;
C. Suggest ways by which group conflicts can be resolved
Pre-Test
Directions: Give what is asked.
1. What group that consists two or more humans who interact with one another,
share similar characteristics, and have a collective sense of unity reciprocity.
2-3. What are the two types of Social Groups?
➢ SOCIAL GROUP – a social group is two or more humans who interact with one another, share
similar characteristics, and have a collective sense of unity reciprocity, (“we feeling”).
➢ Social Group can be defined as a collection of people who regularly interact with one another on
the basis of shared expectations concerning behaviour and who share a sense of common identity
(Contreras, et. Al, 2018)
Types of Social Groups
1. PRIMARY GROUP
Definition Characteristics Importance

• It is the most 1. Physical Proximity. The 1. To develop the
fundamental unit of members of a group personality
human society share close relationship 2. The efficiency of
• Long-lasting group and they have intimate members increase, and
contact with each other. persons of the group get
• Characterized by strong 2. Small in size help, inspiration and
ties of love and
3. Stability in nature: cooperation from one
affection.
stability promotes another.
• Do’s and Don’ts of closeness. 3. Satisfaction of total
behaviour are learned 4. Continuity in needs of the individuals:
here. relationship: primary groups help

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By meeting frequently fulfilling physical,

Examples: Families, Gangs, and by exchanging emotional,
Cliques, Play Groups, Friendship thoughts, intimacy psychological, social,
Groups increases. and spiritual of the
5. Common commitments individual.
among members: family 4. Group members provide
members control over love, security,
family affairs. belongingness and
companionship to one
another.
5. Socialization process
initiates within the
primary group.
2. SECONDARY GROUP
Definition Characteristics Importance

• Groups with which the 1. Position of a member 1. The needs are satisfied in
individual comes in depends upon their the group with the
contact later in life. role and status. advance of technology
• Characterized by 2. Individuality develops and associated with social
impersonal, business- in the persons because change.
like, contractual, formal their relations are 2. This group satisfies the
and casual relationship. based on self-interest. changing needs of society
• Usually large in size, not 3. Self-dependence and individual
very enduring and among members. 3. Rules formed by the
limited relationships. 4. It is large in size. group, will increase the
• People needed other 5. No physical closeness. efficiency of the work.
people for the 6. Formed for some 4. Delegation of the
satisfaction of their purpose after attaining authority, coordination
complex needs. that it may dismantle. and planning of the
7. Group cannot exercise activities will be
Examples: Industrial Workers; control to that extent implemented.
business associates, Faculty due to large size. 5. Secondary groups
Staff, Company Emplyees 8. Lacks stability and accommodate large
personal relationships. number of
9. Has limited members/localities which
acquaintance and widens the outlook of
responsibility. groups.
10. Members play active
and passive roles
11. Possibility of
development in
individualism
12.It is formed with

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definite objective, its

function is not
spontaneous.
ACCORDING TO SELF-IDENTIFICATION
1. IN – GROUP: a social unit in which individuals feel at home and with which they identify.
2. OUT-GROUP: a social unit to which individuals do not belong due to differences in
social categories and with which they do not identify.
3. REFERENCE/PSYCHOLOGICAL GROUP: groups to which we consciously or
unconsciously refer when we evaluate our life situations and behaviour but to which
we do not necessarily belong.
4. NETWORK
• A social network is a social structure that exists between actors- individuals or
organizations.
• A social network indicates the way that people and organizations are
connected through various social familiarities, ranging from casual
acquaintance to close familial bonds.
• Social networks are composed of nodes and ties. The person or organization
participating in the network is called a node. Ties are the various types of
connections between these nodes. Ties are assessed in terms of strength.
Loose connections, like mere acquaintances, are called weak ties. Strong ties,
like family bonds are called strong ties.
Activity 1
The Spaceship Decision Activity

Direction: Read comprehensively the given situation below.
The earth is going to explode in 24 hours. As the ruler of the Earth, you are the
deciding factor to save your people. The only way to save your people is to transport
them to another planet. Unfortunately, the spaceship can only transport five (5) of
your people along with you as a pilot. Given that the planet Earth consist of the
following population, who are those 5 you are going to bring?
a. A health practitioner f. a member of the family (specify)

b. A female prostitute g. a religious authority
c. A male teenager with bipolar h. a businessman
d. A senior citizen i. Other nationalities (specify)
a. A member of the LGBT j. A law enforcer
community

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Process Questions
1. What were your considerations in choosing the 5 people to ride in the spaceship?
2. What were the reasons of not choosing the other five?
3. If there is still time to go back and save more of the remaining 5,uld you do it or
not? Justify your answer.

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MODULE 8 AND 9
PRE-FINAL TOPIC: CULTURAL, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL

INSTITUTIONS

A. Traces kinship ties and social networks
B. Describe the organized nature of social life and rules governing behaviour;
C. Compare different social forms of social organization according to their manifest and
latent functions
Pre-Test
Directions: Answer the following questions.
1. What is Marriage?
2. What is the difference between Polygyny and Monogamy?
3. Explain the Group Marriage
KINSHIP
- relationship between any entities that share a genealogical origin, through
biological, cultural, or historical descent.
- Kinship system includes people related both by descent and marriage
KINSHIP PATTERS
• A network of people who are related by marriage, blood, or social practice
• Kinship is a means by which societies can socialize children and transmit culture from
one generation to the next
• Kinship creates complex social bonds
• Affinity – human kinship relations through marriage
FUNCTIONS:
• Provides continuity between generations
• Defines a group on whom a person can rely for aid.
KINSHIP BY BLOOD (DESCENT)

1. Unilenial
• Descent based on links through paternal or maternal line; forms non-
overlapping descent groups that perpetuate themselves over time even
though membership changes.
2. Matrilineal

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• The family relatives on the mother side provide greater support, exert greater
influence, and predominantly impose its norms on the family.
3. Patrilineal
• The family relatives on the father side provide support, exert greater influence,
and predominantly impose its norms on the family.
4. Bilateral
• The family relatives on both mother and father side provide support, exert
influence, and impose its norms on the family on more or less equal terms.
KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE
• Marriage are of different types across the world. Types of weddings are not to
be confused with types of marriage, as weddings can of be of different types as
per the community even if the type of marriage is Monogamous. Forms of
marriage are also culturally driven and different types of marriage in the world
are prevalent among variant societies. The types of marriage in sociology are
as listed and explained below.
MARRIAGE
➢ Two individuals involved in a socially approved relationship
o Intimate, mutual long-term obligations
o Fulfilled customary, ceremonial, or legal requirements
➢ Polygyny
o It is a form of marriage in which one man marries more than one woman at a
given time. It is of two types –Sororal Polygyny and Non-Sororal Polygyny
o Sororal Polygyny – it is a type of marriage in which the wives are invariably the
sisters. It is often called sororate.
o Non- sosoral polygyny- it is a type of marriage in which the wives are not
related as sisters.
o Polyandry –it is the marriage of one woman with more than one man. It is less
common than polygyny. It is of two types – Fraternal Polyandry and Non-
Fraternal Polyandry.
o Fraternal Polyandry – when several brothers share the same wife the practice
can be called alelphic or fraternal polyandery. This practice of being mate,
actual or potential to one’s husband’s brothers is called levirate. It is prevalent
among Todas.
o Non-Fraternal Polyandry – in this type the husband need not have any close
relationship prior to the marriage. The wife goes to spend some time with each
husband. So long as a woman lives with one of her husbands; the others have
no claim over her.

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➢ Monogamy
o It is a form of marriage in which one man marries one woman. It is the most
common and acceptable form of marriage.
o Serial Monogamy- in many societies individuals are permitted to marry
again often on the death of the first spouse or after divorce but they cannot
have more than one spouse at one and the same time.
o Straight Monogamy- in this, remarriage is not allowed
➢ Group Marriage
o It means the marriage of two or more women with two or more men. Here
the husbands are common husbands and wives are common wives.
Children are regarded as the children of the entire group as a whole.
KINSHIP BY RITUAL
• A type of fictive kinship created ritually to forge bonds between people who
are not literally related (i.e. the institution of “compadrazgo” or “godparents”
in general).
• Confraternities were the most common form of organized religious life in
medieval and early modern Europe. They were at once the lay face of the
church, the spiritual heart of civic engagement of government, and the social
kin who claimed the allegiance of peers and the obedience of subordinates.
FAMILY AND THE HOUSEHOLD
FAMILY
• Refers to a socially defined kinship structure or set of relationships between at
least two people related by birth, marriage, blood relationship, or adoption
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
• Nuclear- the family constitutes of the father and mother with child/children.
• Extended – it is the stretched-out organization of the family that constitutes
the nuclear family and its relatives living and functioning together as a unit.
• Polygynous – the family constitutes of a father with two or more mothers and
their children.
• Polyandrous – the family constitutes of a mother with two or more fathers and
their children.
• Single-Parent – the family constitutes of a single parent, either a father or a
mother with child/children.
Authority Base
• Patriarchal – the father plays the dominant role in having supremacy and
predominant influence in managing the family. In the absence of the father,

1
the eldest male family members or the nearest and most senior male relative
takes charge.
• Matriarchal- the mother plays the dominant role in having supremacy and
predominant influence in managing the family. In the absence mother, the
eldest female family members or the nearest and most senior female relative
takes charge.
• Egalitarian- both father and mother are involved in more or less equal power
sharing and exercise of influence in managing the family.
RESIDENTIAL ARRANGEMENT
• Neolocal – the customary practice of living independently form the relatives
and whose domicile is fixed away from the extended family.
• Patrilocal – the customary arrangement whereby a married couple is expected
to take up residence with relatives of the father side.
• Matrilocal – the customary arrangement whereby a married couple is expected
to take up residence with relatives of the mother side.
• Bilocal – the customary arrangement whereby a married couple is free to take
up residence with relatives of either the mother or father side.
KINSHIP BY POLITICS
Kinship politics is commonly found in tribal societies across the world where kin
genealogy is applied to determine the system of communal leadership. It is the traditional
pattern of bequeathing political power among family members.
➢ Political Dynasty
• lineage of heredity succession to an essentially same position. Family
members follow one another to the position. A ruler in a dynasty is
sometimes referred to as a “dynast”, but this term is also used to describe
any member of a reigning family who retains succession rights to a throne.
➢ Political Alliances
• Referred to as a Political Coalition or Political Bloc
• An agreement for cooperation between different political parties on
common political agenda, often for purposes of contesting an election to
mutually benefit by collectively clearing election thresholds, or otherwise
benefiting from characteristics of the voting system or for government
formation after elections.
• A Coalition government is formed when a political alliance comes to
power, or when only a plurality (not a majority) has not been reached and
several parties must work together to govern.

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Activity 1
Direction: Answer the following question.
1. Discuss through schematic diagram the differences of matrilineal and patrilineal

form of descent.
2. How are the following concepts observed in the Philippines social and political
landscape? Give at least one example to explain your answer.
b. Political Dynasty
c. Patrilocal rule of residence
d. Arranged Marriage
3. Compare and contrast the nature of Nuclear family, Extended family, and
Blended family.

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MODULE 10
FINAL TOPIC: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATION

A. Apply the concept of stratification to explain socio-cultural, economic and political
inequalities
B. Evaluate the basis of social and political stratification
C. Determine the factors that drive and constraint social mobility.
D. Examine the global inequality between state and non-state community
Pre-Test
Directions: Answer the following questions below.
1. What is the meaning and nature of Stratification?
2. Give the two types of Stratification System.
MEANING AND NATURE OF STRATIFICATION

➢ Social Stratification refers to the ranking of individuals and groups in any given
society. It refers to the division of society into levels, steps or positions. It contains
strata that share unequally in the distribution of societal rewards. Social
stratification tends to be transmitted from one generation to another. The people
are ranked based on a hierarchy that are significant in delimiting their access to
the range of resources and/or opportunities available to them.
DIMENSIONS OF STRATIFICATION
➢ Wealth and Income
• Wealth consists of the value of everything a person or group owns.
• Income refers to how many people get in or the amount of money a
person/group receives from work.
➢ Inequalities of Power
• Power is the ability to control one’s own life (personal power) and to control or
influence the actions of others (social power)
➢ Inequalities of Prestige
• Prestige is the social recognition that a person or group receives from others. It
refers to the esteem, respect,, or approval that is gained by an individual or a
collectively for the performance or qualities they consider above the average.

1
Table 1 – Comparison of Functionalism and Conflict Theories
Functionalist View Conflict View
1.Stratification is universal, necessary and Stratification may be universal without being

inevitable necessary and inevitable
2.Social organization (the social system) The stratification system shapes social
shapes the stratification system organization (social system)
3.Stratification arises from the societal need Stratification arises from group conquest,
for integration, coordination, and cohesion competition, and conflict
4.Stratification facilities the optimal Stratification impedes the optimal
functioning of society and the individual functioning of society and the individual
5.Stratification is an expression of the Stratification is an expression of values of
commonly shared social values powerful groups
6.Power is usually legitimately distributed in Power is usually illegitimately distributed in
society society
7.Tasks and rewards are equitably located Tasks and rewards are inequitably allocated
8.The economic dimension is paramount in The economic dimension is subordinate to
society other dimensions of society
9.Stratification systems often change Stratification systems generally change
through evolutionary process through revolutionary processes
SOCIAL MOBILITY AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY
OPEN AND CLOSED STRATIFICATION SYSTEM
➢ Open System – position of each individual influence by the person’s achieved

status.
➢ Close System – allows little or no possibility of moving up
SOCIAL MOBILITY
TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY

➢ Horizontal Mobility – is the movement within the same range of prestige. It refers to
transfer of position to another area, but no changes in position;
➢ Vertical Mobility – is the movement from one position to another of a different
rank. The movement may be an upward mobility or downward mobility
➢ Intragenerational Mobility- refers to the changes of social position within a person’s
adult life but within the same generation; and
➢ Intergenerational – occurs when changes take place form one generation to
another.

1
SOCIAL INEQUALITY
➢ Pertains to the uneven opportunities and rewards accessible to different positions or
statuses of people in the society. It refers to the existing gap or inequalities in the
different social institutions and social groups, including the ethnic minorities and
PWD, gender and global inequalities.
SOCIAL INEQUALITY is also visible in the other areas of society including:

➢ Economic (Marx) – Class- institutionalized in the form of property rights
➢ Symbolic/ Social (Weber) – power/hierarchy – institutionalized in the form of
educational qualifications
➢ Cultural/Knowledge (Bourdieu)- Status/recognition – institutionalized in the form of
title and nobility
ETHNIC MINORITIES AND PERSON WITH DISABILITIES (PWD)

➢ Social Exclusion – refers to alienating or dividing individuals or a group in a certain
society
➢ Race and Ethnicity have been the basis of social division in the world
PERSON WITH DISABILITIES (PWD)

➢ They suffer from social exclusion and discrimination because of their disabilities
➢ Establishments should provide PWD friendly facilities
GENERAL INEQUALITY
➢ Violence against women and children
➢ Gender discrimination among LGBTQ
GLOBAL INEQUALITY
➢ It refers to the unequal distribution of scarce resources and values across territories
o Developing (poor, agricultural) vs Developed countries (industrialized)
o First World (developed, capitalist, industrial countries) vs Third World
(developing)
o Global South (Philippines, struggling countries) vs Global North (Singapore,
US, UK, Japan)
Activity 1
Direction: Write a short argumentative essay about your personal stand on the issue about
House Bill No. 8858 minimum age of criminal liability or social responsibility.

1
MODULE 11 AND 12
FINAL TOPIC: RESPONDING TO SOCIAL, POLITICAL AND

CULTURAL CHANGE

A. Identify how humans respond to social, political and cultural changes
B. Describe how such response create change
C. Analyze the social, cultural, political implications of changes as influenced by human
adaptation
Pre-Test
Direction: Answer what is asked.
1. What is social media for?
2. Is social media an agent of change? In what way?
The advent of change posits certain issues people need to respond to. The
interconnectivity of change also implies the interconnectivity of issues we need to
face. How we respond to it as a people somehow creates a social divide because we
differ in our social, political, cultural or economic strand. Regardless of our stand,
these issues of change calls as citizens to be more engaged, participatory and even
organized social movements.
Any change or issue is not exclusively a single aspect. It is an overlapping or

intertwining of social, cultural and political changes and even other factors. A change
in one aspect elicits change in the other. But speaking of change, we are not only
referring to it negatively but we look at its duality.
The impact of science and technology on social institutions like family, school, church
and government is a major impetus for change. Such cultural, social, political, and
technological changes create a drastic and evolving paradigm on the ways we live our
lives. These changes have brought positive and negative effects to individuals and
societies. Therefore change should be taken in the lens of duality or plurality and not
on a singular mindset.
Social media alone cannot stand by itself. It needs a support system. The popularity
of social media is largely attributed to the development and sophistication of
technology. Thus technology becomes a vehicle of actualizing the impact of social
media.

1
While most of us have social media accounts, we do not only vary in number but also
as to the purpose why we created it in the first place. Whatever is the purpose, it is
always advisable to take precautionary measures of its effects in us and be a wise
user. Such patronage may create an unconscious effect and change in our own
individuality.
Human behaviour has a connection to the society as a whole because human action
posits change (political, cultural, social, economic, technological, etc.). such
connection between the behaviour of the individual people and the structures of the
society is viewed on the lens of sociological perspectives. This way of looking at the
society explains and predicts how human adapt to any of those changes and how
such adaptation triggers the same change.
The numerous changes and transformation in the social, political, and cultural
aspects of individuals and societies all over the world can be highly attributed or
escalated by social media as a means of generating and proliferating change. Change
is generally pervasive and is taking in culture, society, and politics.
Such changes in these social dimensions are not only overlapping but also
interdependent.
Activity 1
Essay
Direction: Answer the following questions.
1. What is social media for?

2. What is the data trying to tell you?
3. Is social media an agent of change? In what way?
4. How do social media cause any of the following changes: social,
political and cultural?
5. How could these changes responded to?

1
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
DIRECTION: Answer the following questions that follows.
1. What is Sociology?
2. How about society?
3-4. Give the 2 types of Social Group.
5. What is the meaning of Social Group?
6. What is Stratification?
7-8. Give the two types of Stratification System.
9-10. Differentiate Sociology and Society.
11-14. Give the types of Agents of Socialization.
15-20. What are the type of society?
21. known as customs, for everyday behavior that people follow for the sake of tradition or
convenience.
22. strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior. These norms are based on
definitions of right and wrong.
23. norms that society holds so strongly that violating it results in extreme disgust.
24. codified ethics, formally agreed, written down and enforced by an official law
enforcement agency.
25. include the ideas, concepts, philosophies, designs, etc. that are products of the mental or
intellectual functioning and reasoning of the human mind.
26. includes all the expectations, standards and rules for human behavior.
27. is the lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human potential and
learn patterns of their culture.
28. a person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling and acting.
29. position of each individual influence by the person’s achieved status.
30. allows little or no possibility of moving up.
31. is the movement within the same range of prestige. It refers to transfer of position to
another area, but no changes in position;
32. is the movement from one position to another of a different rank. The movement may be
an upward mobility or downward mobility
33. refers to the changes of social position within a person’s adult life but within the same
generation; and
34. occurs when changes take place form one generation to another.
35. the customary practice of living independently form the relatives and whose domicile is
fixed away from the extended family.
36. the customary arrangement whereby a married couple is expected to take up residence
with relatives of the father side.
37. the customary arrangement whereby a married couple is expected to take up residence
with relatives of the mother side.
38. the customary arrangement whereby a married couple is free to take up residence with
relatives of either the mother or father side.
39. the family relatives on the mother side provide greater support, exert greater influence,
and predominantly impose its norms on the family.

1
40. the family relatives on the father side provide support, exert greater influence, and
predominantly impose its norms on the family.
41-48. Give the elements of Culture.
49. includes all the tangible and visible parts of culture, which include foods, clothes and even
buildings.
50. without physical representation, includes all the intangible parts of culture, which consist of
values, ideas, and knowledge.
51-70. Explain the following
• Kinship By Marriage
• Kinship By Politics
• Social Inequality
• Kinship By Ritual
71-85. Explain Polygyny, Monogymy and Group Marriage.
86-100.Give the four types of Kinship By Blood and explain each type.

1
ANSWER KEY
Module 1 Pre-Test
1-5. Sociology is a branch of social science that deals with the study of society, groups, processes,
norms (laws, practices, patterns of behavior; a belief of what is acceptable; unwritten or written
rules on how to behave), and organizations while Society is a term used by sociologist to refer to a
group of people who share a culture and territory.
Module 2 and 3 Pre-test
Answers may vary
Module 4 and 5 Pre-Test
SOCIALIZATION – is the lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human
potential and learn patterns of their culture.
PERSONALITY – a person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling and acting.
CULTURE – a particular society that has its own beliefs, way of life and art.
1. Social Group
2. Primary Group and Secondary Group
1. Marriage are of different types across the world. Types of weddings are not to be
confused with types of marriage, as weddings can of be of different types as per the
community even if the type of marriage is Monogamous. Forms of marriage are also
culturally driven and different types of marriage in the world are prevalent among
variant societies. The types of marriage in sociology are as listed and explained
below.
2. Polygyny
It is a form of marriage in which one man marries more than one woman at a given
time
Monogamy
It is a form of marriage in which one man marries one woman. It is the most common
and acceptable form of marriage.
3. Group Marriage
It means the marriage of two or more women with two or more men. Here the
husbands are common husbands and wives are common wives. Children are regarded as
the children of the entire group as a whole.
Module 10 Pre-Test
1. Social Stratification refers to the ranking of individuals and groups in any given
strata that share unequally in the distribution of societal rewards. Social stratification
tends to be transmitted from one generation to another. The people are ranked
based on a hierarchy that are significant in delimiting their access to the range of
resources and/or opportunities available to them.

1
2. Open system and Close system

Module 11 and 12
Answer may vary
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
ANSWER KEY
1. Sociology is a branch of social science that deals with the study of society, groups, processes, norms
(laws, practices, patterns of behavior; a belief of what is acceptable; unwritten or written rules on
how to behave), and organizations while
2. Society is a term used by sociologist to refer to a group of people who share a culture and territory.
3. Primary Group
4. Secondary Group
5. SOCIAL GROUP – a social group is two or more humans who interact with one another, share
similar characteristics, and have a collective sense of unity reciprocity, (“we feeling”).
6. Social Stratification refers to the ranking of individuals and groups in any given
strata that share unequally in the distribution of societal rewards. Social stratification
tends to be transmitted from one generation to another. The people are ranked
based on a hierarchy that are significant in delimiting their access to the range of
resources and/or opportunities available to them.
7. Open System
8. Close System
9-10. Answer may vary
11. Characteristics of family as an Agent of Socialization
12. School
13. Peer Groups
14. Mass Media
15. Hunting and Gathering Societies
16. Pastoral Societies
17. Horticultural Societies
18. Agricultural Societies
19. Industrial Societies
20. Post-Industrial Societies
21. Folkways
22. Mores
23. Taboos
24. Laws
25. Cognitive Culture
26. Normative Culture
27. Socialization
28. Personality
29. Open System
30. Close System
31. Horizontal Mobility
32. Vertical Mobility
33. Intragenerational Mobility

1
34. Intergenerational
35. Neolocal
36. Patrilocal
37. Matrilocal
38. Bilocal
39. Matrilineal
40. Patrilineal
41. Beliefs
42. Values
43. Symbols
44. Language
45. Technology
46. Norms
47. Practices
48. Laws
49. Material Culture
50. Non-Material Culture

1
Prepared by:
GEMMA A. ENERIO
Instructor
Reviewed and Checked by:
JELLIE R.GANUB
SHS Principal
Attested by:
NANCY CHIONG-MAGBANUA, MSIT
Academic Dean
Verified by:
DR. EUFEMIO D. JAVIER, JR.
School President

1

Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga
Sibugay
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
Email Address: uldaricoenerio@gmail.com
Telefax: (062)222-2469, Mobile No.: 09661329882
(COLLEGE)
CHED ACCREDITED COURSES
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN COMPUTER SCIENCE
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MAJOR IN HUMAN

MANAGEMENT
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MIDWIFERY
BACH C CU MAJOR
: ANIMAL SCIENCE : CROP SCIENCE
BACHELOR OF TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL TEACHERS EDUCATION MAJOR IN :
: AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY
: FOOD AND SWERVICE MANAGEMENT
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN HOSPITALITY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

1

Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga
Sibugaywww.sibugaytech.edu.ph
STII TRAINING CENTER

➢ AGRICULTURAL CROPS PRODUCTION NC II
➢ ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POUTRY CHICKEN) NC II
➢ ANIMAL PRODUCTION (RUMINANTS) NC II
➢ ANIMAL PRODUCTION (SWINE) NC II
➢ BARTENDING NC II
➢ BOOKKEEPING NC III
➢ BREAD & PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II
➢ CAREGIVING NC II
➢ DRIVING NC II
➢ ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY SERVICING NC II
➢ EVENTS MANAGEMENT SERVICES NC III
➢ FOOD AND BEVERAGE SERVICES NC II
➢ FRONT OFFICE SERVICES NC II
➢ HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATOR (HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR) NC II
➢ HOUSEKEEPING NCII
➢ MOTORCYCLE/SMALL ENGINE SERVICING NC II
➢ ORGANIC AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION NC II
➢ PHARMACY SERVICES NC III
➢ RUBBER PRODUCTION NC II
➢ SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING NC I
➢ SHIELDED METAL ARC WELDING NC II
➢ TRAINERS METHODOLOGY COURSE
➢ AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC I
➢ AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC II
➢ HEALTH CARE SERVICES NC II
➢ HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATOR (BACKHOE LOADER) NC II
➢ MOTORCYCLE/SMALL ENGINE SERVICING NC II
➢ CAREGIVING NC II
➢ BARTENDING NC I

1

Lower Taway, Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay
www.sibugaytech.edu.ph
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
INDUSTRIAL ARTS
➢ DRIVING NC II
➢ AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC I
➢ AUTOMOTIVE SERVICING NC II
HOME ECONOMICS
➢ HOUSEKEEPING NC II
➢ FOOD AND BEVERAGES SERVICES NC II
➢ BREAD AND PASTRY PRODUCTION NC II
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
➢ 2D ANIMATION NC III
➢ COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING NC II
➢ ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLY SERVICES NC II
AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY STRAND
➢ ANIMAL PRODUCTION (POULTRY CHICKEN) NC II
➢ ANIMAL PRODUCTION (RUMINANTS) NC II
➢ ANIMAL PRODUCTION (SWINE) NC II
➢ RUBBER PRODUCTION NC II
➢ ORGANIC AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION NC II
ACADEMIC
TRACK HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL
SCIENCES

➢ EVENTS MANAGEMENT NC III
ACCOUNTANCY BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
➢ BOOKKEEPING NC III
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS
ELECTRONIC PRODUCTS ASSEMBLE

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1

SIBUGAY TECHNICAL INSTITUTE INCORPORATED

School President: 0917-1271826/0917-127190 Registrar: 09353420564

UNIT TEST -FINAL

TEACHER CONTACT NO.

GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882

Student’s Name/Course Year & Section

GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882 UCSP

UNIT TEST COVERAGE

Module 2-3(Aug 30 – Sept 4) - (Sept 6 – Sept 1)

Week 4: (Sept 13 – Sept 18) UNIT EXAMINATION

Week 7: (Oct 4 – Oct 9) PRELIM EXAMINATION

Week 10: (Oct 25 – Oct 30) MIDTERM EXAMINATION

Week 13: (Nov 15 – Nov 20) PREFINAL

GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882 UCSP

Module 11-12 (Nov 29 – Dec 4 )-( Dec 16 – Dec 11 )

Week 15-16 : Responding to Social, Political and Cultural Change

Week 17: (Jan 3- Jan 8) FINAL EXAMINATION

GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882 UCSP

UNIT TOPIC: Starting points for the Understanding of Culture, Society,

SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOMES:

Current Issues and Concerns in the Philippines:

GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882 UCSP

 Anthropology- is the systematic study of humankind .

Has four key sub-disciplines:

GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882 UCSP

Current Issues and Concerns in the Philippines:

GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882 UCSP

UNIT TOPIC: DEFINING CULTURE AND SOCIETY FROM THE

Specific Learning Outcomes

GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882 UCSP

Two Kinds of Nonmaterial Culture:

GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882 UCSP

Types of Societal Norms

Forms of Societal Norms

GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882 UCSP

2. Shared Contested (given the reality of social differentiation)

3. Learned through socialization or enculturation/Transmitted through socialization

4. Patterned social interactions.

GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882 UCSP

GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882 UCSP

PRELIMINARY TOPIC: BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY

SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOME:

PERSONALITY – a person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling and acting.

GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882 UCSP

1. Characteristics of Family as an Agent of Socialization – most important agent of socialization; the

The process of socialization as operationalized in the context of these agents requires an

Write an essay justifying your stand on this topic:

Modern families: Transmitter or Defiers of social norms/values

GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882 UCSP

MIDTERM TOPIC: HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED

SPECIFIC LEARNING OUTCOME:

Types of Social Groups

Definition Characteristics Importance

GEMMA A. ENERIO 09661329882 UCSP

By meeting frequently fulfilling physical,

Definition Characteristics Importance