Instructional Module: Republic of The Philippines Nueva Vizcaya State University Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya

Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.1: EE -1st Semester-2021-2022
College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang
Bachelor of Science in
DEGREE PROGRAM COURSE NO. EE
Electrical Engineering
Power System Analysis
SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE
YEAR LEVEL 4th Year TIME FRAME WK NO. IM NO. 1
I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE
TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS
II. LESSON TITLE

1. RESISTANCE
2. INDUCTANCE
3. CAPACITANCE
III. LESSON OVERVIEW
This module will provide students with background on Resistance, inductance and
capacitance of single and three phase lines with symmetrical and unsymmetrical spacing
IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Identify the different types of materials used in transmission system

2. Discuss the different parameters in the design of transmission system
3. Apply the different concept in solving transmission designs
V. COURSE CONTENT
TRANSMISSION LINES
The electric parameters of transmission lines (i.e. resistance, inductance, and capacitance) can
be determined from the specifications for the conductors, and from the geometric
arrangements of the conductors.
Conductors
Commonly used conductor materials:
The most commonly used conductor materials for over head lines are copper, aluminium,
steelcored aluminium, galvanised steel and cadmium copper. The choice of a particular
material will depend upon the cost, the required electrical and mechanical properties and the
local conditions.
All conductors used for overhead lines are preferably stranded in order to increase the
flexibility.In stranded conductors, there is generally one central wire and round this,successive
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1 of 17

“ In accordance wit Section 185. Fair use of copyrighted Work of Republic Act
8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced
for educational purposes only and not for commercial distribution.”
layers of wires containing 6, 12, 18, 24 ...... wires. Thus, if there are n layers, the total number of
individual wires is 3n(n + 1) + 1. In the manufacture of stranded conductors, the consecutive
layers of wires are twisted or spiralled in opposite directions so that layers are bound together.
Types of Conductors
 Copper. Copper is an ideal material for overhead lines owing to its high electrical conductivity
and greater tensile strength. It is always used in the hard drawn form as stranded conductor.
Although hard drawing decreases the electrical conductivity slightly yet it increases the tensile
strength considerably.
Copper has high current density i.e., the current carrying capacity of copper per unit of X
sectional area is quite large. This leads to two advantages. Firstly, smaller X-sectional area of
conductor is required and secondly, the area offered by the conductor to wind loads is
reduced. Moreover, this metal is quite homogeneous, durable and has high scrap value. There
is hardly any doubt that copper is an ideal material for transmission and distribution of electric
power. However, due to its higher cost and non-availability, it is rarely used for these purposes.
Now-a-days the trend is to use aluminium in place of copper.
 Aluminium. Aluminium is cheap and light as compared to copper but it has much smaller
conductivity and tensile strength. The relative comparison of the two materials is briefed below:
 The conductivity of aluminium is 60% that of copper. The smaller conductivity of

aluminium means that for any particular transmission efficiency, the X-sectional area of
conductor must be larger in aluminium than in copper. For the same resistance, the
diameter of aluminium conductor is about 1·26 times the diameter of copper conductor.
The increased X-section of aluminium exposes a greater surface to wind pressure and,
therefore, supporting towers must be designed for greater transverse strength. This often
requires the use of higher towers with consequence of greater sag.
 The specific gravity of aluminium (2·71 gm/cc) is lower than that of copper (8·9
gm/cc).Therefore, an aluminium conductor has almost one-half the weight of equivalent
copper conductor. For this reason, the supporting structures for aluminium need not be
made so strong as that of copper conductor.
 Aluminium conductor being light, is liable to greater swings and hence larger cross-arms
are required.
 Due to lower tensile strength and higher co-efficient of linear expansion of aluminium, the
sag is greater in aluminium conductors. Considering the combined properties of cost,
conductivity, tensile strength, weight etc., aluminium has an edge over copper.
Therefore, it is being widely used as a conductor material. It is particularly profitable to
use aluminium for heavy-current transmission where the conductor size is large and its
cost forms a major proportion of the total cost of complete installation.
 Steel cored aluminium. Due to low tensile strength, aluminium conductors produce greater sag.
This prohibits their use for larger spans and makes them unsuitable for long distance transmission.
In order to increase the tensile strength, the aluminium conductor is reinforced with a core of
galvanised steel wires. The composite conductor thus obtained is known as steel cored
aluminium and is abbreviated as A.C.S.R. (aluminium conductor steel reinforced).
Steel-cored aluminium conductor consists of central core of galvanized steel wires

surrounded by a number of aluminium strands. Usually, diameter of both steel and aluminium
wires is the same. The X-section of the two metals are generally in the ratio of 1 : 6 but can be
modified to 1 : 4 in order to get more tensile strength for the conductor. Fig. shows steel cored

aluminium conductor having one steel wire surrounded by six wires of aluminium. The result of
this composite conductor is that steel core takes greater percentage of mechanical strength
while aluminium strands carry the bulk of current.
The steel cored aluminium conductors have the following advantages :
 The reinforcement with steel increases the tensile strength but at the same time keeps the
composite conductor light. Therefore, steel cored aluminium conductors will produce
smaller sag and hence longer spans can be used.
 Due to smaller sag with steel cored aluminium conductors, towers of smaller heights can
be used.
Other conductor types include the all-aluminum conductor (AAC), all-

aluminumalloyconductor (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and
aluminum-clad steel conductor (Alumoweld). Higher-temperature conductors capable of
operation in excess of 1508C include the aluminum conductor steel supported (ACSS) that uses
fully annealed aluminum around a steel core, and the gap-type ZT-aluminum conductor
(GTZACSR) that uses heat-resistant aluminum over a steel core with a small annular gap
between the steel and first layer of aluminum strands. Emerging technologies use composite
materials, including the aluminum conductor carbon reinforced (ACFR), whose core is a resin
matrix composite containing carbon fiber, and the aluminum conductor composite reinforced
(ACCR), whose core is an aluminum-matrix containing aluminum fibers.
EHV lines often have more than one conductor per phase; these conductors are called a
bundle. Bundle conductors have a lower electric field strength at the conductor surfaces,
thereby controlling corona. They also have a smaller series reactance.
Transmission Line Resistance
Resistance to d.c. current is given by

𝒍
𝑹𝒅𝒄 = 𝝆
𝑨
where 𝜌 is the resistivity at 20⁰ C

l is the length of the conductor
A is the cross sectional area of the conductor
Because of skin effect, the dc resistance is different from ac resistance. The ac resistance is
referred to as effective resistance, and is found from power loss in the conductor
𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔
𝑹=
𝑰𝟐
The variation of resistance with temperature is linear over the normal temperature range
resistance

𝑹𝟏 − 𝟎 𝑹𝟐 − 𝟎
=
𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻 𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻
𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻
𝑹𝟐 = 𝑹
𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻 𝟏
Transmission Line Inductive Reactance
Inductance of transmission lines is calculated per phase. It consists of self inductance of the
phase conductor and mutual inductance between the conductors. It is given by:
𝑮𝑴𝑫
𝑳 = 𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐥𝐧
𝑮𝑴𝑹
where GMR is the geometric mean radius (available from manufacturer’s tables) GMD is the
geometric mean distance (must be calculated for each line configuration)
Geometric Mean Radius
There are magnetic flux lines not only outside of the conductor, but also inside. GMR is a
hypothetical radius that replaces the actual conductor with a hollow conductor of radius equal
to GMR such that the self inductance of the inductor remains the same. If each phase consists
of several conductors, the GMR is given by
𝒏𝟐
𝑮𝑴𝑹 = √(𝒅𝟏𝟏 𝒅𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝟏𝟑 … 𝒅𝟏𝒏 )(𝒅𝟐𝟏 𝒅𝟐𝟐 𝒅𝟐𝟑 … 𝒅𝟐𝒏 ) … (𝒅𝒏𝟏 𝒅𝒏𝟐 𝒅𝒏𝟑 … 𝒅𝒏𝒏 )
where 𝑑11 = 𝐺𝑀𝑅1

𝑑22 = 𝐺𝑀𝑅2
.
.
.
𝑑𝑛𝑛 = 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑛

Note: for a solid conductor, 𝐺𝑀𝑅 = 𝑟𝑒 −1/4 , where r is the radius of the conductor.
Geometric Mean Distance
It replaces the actual arrangement of conductors by a hypothetical mean distance such that
the mutual inductance of the arrangement remains the same
𝒎𝒏′
𝑮𝑴𝑫 = √(𝑫𝒂𝒂′ 𝑫𝒂𝒃′ 𝑫𝒂𝒄′ … 𝑫𝒂𝒏′ )(𝑫𝒃𝒂′ 𝑫𝒃𝒃′ 𝑫𝒃𝒄′ … 𝑫𝒃𝒏′ ) … (𝑫𝒏𝒂′ 𝑫𝒏𝒃′ 𝑫𝒏𝒄′ … 𝑫𝒏𝒏′ )
where 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ is the distance between conductors “a” and “a’” etc
Inductance Between Two Single Phase Conductors
𝑫
𝑳𝟏 = 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒙 𝐥𝐧
𝒓𝟏 ′
𝑫
𝑳𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 ′
𝒓𝟐
Where: 𝑟1 ′ 𝑖𝑠 𝐺𝑀𝑅 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 1

𝑟2 ′ 𝑖𝑠 𝐺𝑀𝑅 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 2
𝐷 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
The total inductance of the line is then
𝑫 𝑫 𝑫𝟐
𝑳𝑻 = 𝑳𝟏 + 𝑳𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 + 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 −𝟕 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 = 𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎 −𝟕 𝒙 𝐥𝐧
𝒓𝟏 ′ 𝒓𝟐 ′ 𝒓𝟏 ′ 𝒓𝟐 ′
Example: Find GMD, GMR for each circuit, inductance for each circuit, and total inductance
per meter for two circuits that run parallel to each other. One circuit consists of three 0.25 cm
radius conductors. The second circuit consists of two 0.5 cm radius conductor.

Solution:
𝑚 = 3, 𝑛’ = 2 𝑚𝑛′ = 6
𝑚𝑛′
𝐺𝑀𝐷 = √(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ )(𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐𝑏′ )
6
𝐺𝑀𝐷 = √(𝐷𝑎𝑎′ 𝐷𝑎𝑏′ )(𝐷𝑏𝑎′ 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ )(𝐷𝑐𝑎′ 𝐷𝑐𝑏′ )
Where: 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ = 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ = 9𝑚

𝐷𝑎𝑏′ = 𝐷𝑏𝑎′ = 𝐷𝑐𝑏′ = √62 + 92 = √117 𝑚
𝐷𝑐𝑎′ = √122 + 92 = 15 𝑚
6
𝐺𝑀𝐷 = √(9)(√117)(√117)(9)(15)(√117) = 10.743 m
GMR for circuit A
2 9 1 3
𝐺𝑀𝑅 = √(𝑑𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑏 𝑑𝑎𝑐 )(𝑑𝑏𝑎 𝑑𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑏𝑐 )(𝑑𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑐𝑏 𝑑𝑐𝑐 ) = √(0.25 𝑥 10−2 𝑥 𝑒 −4 ) (64 )(122 ) = 0.481 𝑚
𝑛
GMR for circuit B
2 4 1 2
𝐺𝑀𝑅 = √(𝑑𝑎′𝑎′ 𝑑𝑎′𝑏′ )(𝑑𝑏′𝑎′ 𝑑𝑏′𝑏′ ) = √(0.5 𝑥 10−2 𝑥 𝑒 −4 ) (62 ) = 0.153 𝑚
𝑛
Inductance of circuit A
𝐺𝑀𝐷 10.743
𝐿𝐴 = 2 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 ln = 2 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 ln = 6.212 𝑥10−7 𝐻/𝑚
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐴 0.481
Inductance of circuit B
𝐺𝑀𝐷 10.743
𝐿𝐵 = 2 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 ln = 2 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 ln = 8.503𝑥 10−7 𝐻/𝑚
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐵 0.153
The total inductance is then

𝐿 𝑇 = 𝐿𝐴 + 𝐿𝐵 = 6.212 𝑥10−7 + 8.503 𝑥10−7 = 14.715 𝑥10−7 𝐻/𝑚
Example: Find the GMD and GMR per circuit and the total inductance of the circuit shown
below.

Solution:
𝐷11′ = 4 𝑚 𝐷22′ = 3.8 𝑚

𝐷12′ = 4.3 𝑚 𝐷31′ = 2 𝑚
𝐷21′ = 3.5 𝑚 𝐷32′ = 2.3 𝑚
𝑚𝑛′
𝐺𝑀𝐷 = √(𝐷11′ 𝐷12′ )(𝐷21′ 𝐷22′ )(𝐷31′ 𝐷32′ )
6
𝐺𝑀𝐷 = √(4)(4.3)(3.5)(3.8)(2)(2.3) = 3.189 𝑚
GMR for circuit A

𝑟𝑥 = 0.03 𝑚
1
𝑑11 = 𝑑22 = 𝑑33 = 𝑟𝑒 −4 = (0.03)(0.7788) = 0.02336 𝑚
𝑑21 = 𝑑12 = 0.5 𝑚
𝑑23 = 𝑑32 = 1.5 𝑚
𝑑31 = 𝑑13 = 2.0 𝑚
𝑛2 9
𝐺𝑀𝑅 = √(𝑑𝑎𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑏 𝑑𝑎𝑐 )(𝑑𝑏𝑎 𝑑𝑏𝑏 𝑑𝑏𝑐 )(𝑑𝑐𝑎 𝑑𝑐𝑏 𝑑𝑐𝑐 ) = √(0.02336)3 (1.52 )(0.52 )((22 ) = 0.3128 𝑚
GMR for circuit B
𝑟𝑥 = 0.04 𝑚
1
𝑑1′1′ = 𝑑2′2′ = 𝑟𝑒 −4 = 0.04(0.7788) = 0.03115 𝑚
𝑑1′2′ = 𝑑2′1′ = 0.3 𝑚
4
𝐺𝑀𝑅 = √(0.03115)2 (0.32 ) = 0.09667 𝑚
Inductance of circuit A
𝐺𝑀𝐷 3.189 𝐻
𝐿𝐴 = 2 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 ln = 2 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 ln = 4.644 𝑥10−7 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐴 0.3128 𝑚
Inductance of circuit B
𝐺𝑀𝐷 3.189 𝐻
𝐿𝐵 = 2 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 ln = 2 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 ln = 6.992 𝑥 10−7 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐵 0.09667 𝑚
The total inductance is then

𝐻
𝐿 𝑇 = 𝐿𝐴 + 𝐿𝐵 = 4.644 𝑥10−7 + 6.992 𝑥10−7 = 1.164 𝑥10−7 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
𝑚

The Use of Tables
Since the cables for power transmission lines are usually supplied by U.S. manufacturers, the
tables of cable characteristics are in American Standard System of units and the inductive
reactance is given in /mile.
𝐺𝑀𝐷
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓 (2 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 ln ) Ω/𝑚
𝐺𝑀𝑅
𝐺𝑀𝐷
𝑋𝐿 = 4𝜋𝑓𝑥 10−7 𝑥 ln Ω/𝑚
𝐺𝑀𝑅
𝐺𝑀𝐷
𝑋𝐿 = 4𝜋𝑓𝑥 10−7 𝑥 1609 x ln Ω/𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝐺𝑀𝑅
𝐺𝑀𝐷
𝑋𝐿 = 2.022𝑥 10−3 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ln Ω/𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝐺𝑀𝑅
𝟏
𝑿𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒙 𝒇 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 + 𝟐. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝑮𝑴𝑫 Ω/𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆
𝑮𝑴𝑹
1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒: 2.022𝑥 10−3 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 ln = 𝑋𝑎
𝐺𝑀𝑅
2.022𝑥 10−3 𝑥 ln 𝐺𝑀𝐷 = 𝑋𝑑
If both, GMR and GMD are in feet, then Xa represents the inductive reactance at 1 ft spacing,
and Xd is called the inductive reactance spacing factor
Example: Find the inductive reactance per mile of a single phase line operating at 60 Hz. The
conductor used is Partridge, with 20 ft spacings between the conductor centers.
Solution: From the Tables, for Partridge conductor, GMR = 0.0217 ft and inductive reactance at
1 ft spacing Xa= 0.465 Ω /mile. The spacing factor for 20 ft spacing is Xd = 0.3635 Ω /mile. The
inductance of the line is then
𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝑎 + 𝑋𝑑 = 0.465 + 0.3635 = 0.8285 Ω /mile
Example: A single-phase line operating at 60 Hz consists of two 4/0 12-strand copper

conductors with 5 ft spacing between conductor centers. The line length is 20 miles.
Determine the total inductance in H and the total inductive reactance in ohms.
Soution:
The GMD between conductor centers is = 5 ft

From the Tables, for 4/0 12-strand copper conductors GMR = 0.01750 ft
𝐺𝑀𝐷 5 𝐻 𝑚
𝐿𝑥 = 𝐿𝑦 = 2 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 ln = 2 𝑥 10−7 𝑥 ln 𝑥 1609 𝑥 20 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 = 0.03639 𝐻 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝐺𝑀𝑅 0.01750 𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
The total inductance is
𝐿 𝑇 = 𝐿𝑥 + 𝐿𝑦 = 2(0.03639) = 0.07279 𝐻 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡
and the total inductive reactance is
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋(60)(0.07279) 𝐻 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡

Inductance of Balanced Three Phase Line
It is common practice for EHV lines to use more than one conductor per phase, a practice
called bundling. Bundling reduces the electric field strength at the conductor surfaces, which
in turn reduces or eliminates corona and its results: undesirable power loss, communications
interference, and audible noise. Bundling also reduces the series reactance of the line by
increasing the GMR of the bundle.
Figure below shows common EHV bundles consisting of two, three, or four conductors. The three-
conductor bundle has its conductors on the vertices of an equilateral triangle, and the four-
conductor bundle has its conductors on the corners of a square.
If the conductors are stranded and the bundle spacing d is large compared to the conductor
outside radius, each stranded conductor is first replaced by an equivalent solid cylindrical
conductor with 𝐺𝑀𝑅 Then the bundle is replaced by one equivalent conductor with 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑏
Two-conductor bundle:
𝟒
𝑮𝑴𝑹𝒃 = √(𝑮𝑴𝑹 𝒙 𝒅)𝟐 = √(𝑮𝑴𝑹 𝒙 𝒅)
Three-conductor bundle:
𝟗 𝟑
𝑮𝑴𝑹𝒃 = √(𝑮𝑴𝑹 𝒙 𝒅 𝒙 𝒅)𝟑 = √𝑮𝑴𝑹 𝒙 𝒅𝟐
Four-conductor bundle:
𝟏𝟔 𝟒
𝑮𝑴𝑹𝒃 = √(𝑮𝑴𝑹 𝒙 𝒅 𝒙 𝒅 𝒙 𝒅√𝟐)𝟒 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗𝟏 √𝑮𝑴𝑹 𝒙 𝒅𝟑
The inductance is then
𝑫𝒆𝒒
𝑳 = 𝟐 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐥𝐧
𝑮𝑴𝑹𝒃
If the phase spacings are large compared to the bundle spacing, then sufficient accuracy for
Deq is obtained by using the distances between bundle centers.
Average inductance per phase is given by:

𝑫𝒆𝒒
𝑳 = 𝟐 𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝐥𝐧
𝑮𝑴𝑹
where Deq is the geometric mean of the three spacings of the three phase line.
𝑫𝒆𝒒 = 𝟑√𝑫𝒂𝒃 𝑫𝒃𝒄 𝑫𝒄𝒂
Example: A three phase line operated at 60 Hz is arranged as shown. The conductors are ACSR
Drake. Find the inductive reactance per mile.
Solution:
For ACSR Drake conductor, GMR = 0.0373 ft
3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 3√𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑎 = 𝐷𝑒𝑞 = √(20)(20)(38) = 24.8 𝑓𝑡
𝐷𝑒𝑞 24.8
𝐿 = 2 𝑥10−7 ln = 2 𝑥10−7 ln = 13 𝑥 10−7 𝐻/𝑚
𝐺𝑀𝑅 0.0373
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋(60)(1609)(13 𝑥 10−7 ) = 0.788 Ω/ 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
Example: Each conductor of the bundled conductor line shown in the figure is 1272 MCM
Pheasant. Find the inductive reactance in /km and /mile per phase for d = 45 cm
Solution:
𝑑 = 0.45 𝑐𝑚 = 1.476 𝑓𝑡
𝐷 = 8 𝑚 = 26.25 𝑓𝑡
For Pheasant conductor, GMR= 0.0466 ft
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑏 = √𝐺𝑀𝑅 𝑥 𝑑 = √0.0466 𝑥 1. 476 = 0.2623 𝑓𝑡
The geometric mean of the phase conductor spacing is
3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = √(26.25)(26.25)(52.49) = 33.07 𝑓𝑡

The inductance of the line is then
𝐷𝑒𝑞 33.07
𝐿 = 2 𝑥10−7 ln = 2 𝑥10−7 ln = 9.674 𝑥 10−7 𝐻/𝑚
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑏 0.2623
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋(60)(9.674 𝑥 10−7 ) = Ω
Example: A completely transposed 60-Hz three-phase line has flat horizontal phase spacing with
10 m between adjacent conductors. The conductors are 1,590,000 cmil ACSR with 54/3
stranding. Line length is 200 km. Determine the inductance in H and the inductive reactance in
Ω.
From Table, the GMR of a 1,590,000 cmil 54/3 ACSR conductor is
1𝑚
𝐺𝑀𝑅 = 0.0520 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 = 0.0159 𝑚
3.28 𝑓𝑡
Also,
3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = √(10)(10)(20) = 12.6 𝑚
12.6 𝐻 1000 𝑚
𝐿 = 2 𝑥10−7 ln 𝑥 𝑥 200 𝑘𝑚 = 0.267 𝐻
0.0159 𝑚 𝑘𝑚
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋(60)(0.267) = 101 Ω
Example: Each of the 1,590,000 cmil conductors in the previous example is replaced by two
795,000 cmil ACSR 26/2 conductors, as shown in Figure below. Bundle spacing is 0.40 m. Flat
horizontal spacing is retained, with 10 m between adjacent bundle centers. Calculate the
inductive reactance of the line and compare it with that of the previous Example.
From Table, the GMR of a 1,590,000 cmil 54/3 ACSR conductor is
1𝑚
𝐺𝑀𝑅 = 0.0375 𝑓𝑡 𝑥 = 0.0114 𝑚
3.28 𝑓𝑡
the two-conductor bundle GMR is
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑏 = √𝐺𝑀𝑅 𝑥 𝑑 = √0.0114 𝑥 0.40 = 0.0676 𝑚

3
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = √(10)(10)(20) = 12.6 𝑚
12.6 𝐻 1000 𝑚
𝐿 = 2 𝑥10−7 ln 𝑥 𝑥 200 𝑘𝑚 = 0.209 𝐻
0.0676 𝑚 𝑘𝑚
12.6 𝐻 1000 𝑚
𝐿 = 2 𝑥10−7 ln 𝑥 𝑥 200 𝑘𝑚 = 0.267 𝐻
0.0159 𝑚 𝑘𝑚
𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋(60)(0.209) = 78.8 Ω
The reactance of the bundled line, 78.8 V, is 22% less than that of the previous example even
though the two-conductor bundle has the same amount of conductor material (that is, the
same cmil per phase). One advantage of reduced series line reactance is smaller line-voltage
drops.
Transmission Line Capacitive Reactance
Conductors of transmission lines act like plates of a capacitor. The conductors are charged, and
there is a potential difference between the conductors and between the conductors and the
ground. Therefore there is capacitance between the conductors and between the conductors
and the ground. The basic equation for calculation of the capacitance is the definition of the
capacitance as the ratio of the charge and the potential difference between the charged
plates:
𝑸
𝑪= 𝑭
𝑽
where Q is the total charge on the conductors (plates)

V is the potential difference between the conductors or a conductor and ground (i.e. plates)
For transmission lines, we usually want the capacitance per unit length
𝒒
𝑪= 𝑭/𝒎
𝑽
where q is the charge per unit length in C/m

V is the potential difference between the conductors or a conductor and ground (i.e. plates)
Capacitance of a Single Phase Line
For a two conductor line, the capacitance between the conductors is given by

𝝅𝜺𝒐
𝐶=
𝑫𝟐
𝐥𝐧 √
𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐
𝜀𝑜 is the permittivity of free space and is equal to 8.85 x 10−12 𝐹/𝑚

D is the distance between the conductors, center to center
𝑟1 and 𝑟2 are the radii of the two conductors
Formally, this equation corresponds to the equation for inductance of a two conductor line. The
equation was derived for a solid round conductor and assuming a uniform distribution of charge
along the conductors. The electric field, and therefore the capacitance of stranded conductors
is not the same as for solid conductors, but if the radii of the conductors are much smaller than
the distance between the conductors, the error is very small and an outside radii of the stranded
conductors can be used in the equation.
For most single phase lines, r1 = r2 . In this case, half way between the conductors there is a point
where E = 0. This is the neutral point n
The capacitance from conductor a to point n is 𝐶𝑎𝑛 and is the same as the capacitance from
conductor b to n, 𝐶𝑏𝑛. Can and Cbn are connected in series, therefore 𝐶𝑎𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏𝑛 = 2 Cab
It follows that
𝟐𝝅𝜺𝒐
𝑪𝒂𝒏 = 𝑭/𝒎
𝑫
𝐥𝐧
𝒓
𝟏
Since 𝑿𝒄 =
𝟐𝝅𝒇𝑪
𝟏 𝟐. 𝟖𝟔𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑫
𝑿𝒄 = = 𝐥𝐧 Ω. 𝒎
𝒇 𝒓
𝟐𝝅𝜺
𝟐𝝅𝒇 ( 𝑫𝒐 )
𝐥𝐧
𝒓
The capacitive reactance in Ω-mile is
𝟐. 𝟖𝟔𝟐 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟗 𝑫 𝟏 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑫

𝑿𝒄 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 Ω. 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆
𝒇 𝒓 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟗 𝒇 𝒓
Similarly as for inductive reactance, this expression can be split into two terms that are called
capacitive reactance at 1 ft spacing (Xa’) and the capacitive reactance spacing factor (Xd’).
1 𝐶𝑎𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑏
𝐶𝑎𝑏 = =
1 1 𝐶𝑎𝑛 + 𝐶𝑏𝑛
+
𝐶𝑎𝑛 𝐶𝑏𝑛
𝐶 2 𝑎𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑛
If 𝐶𝑎𝑛 = 𝐶𝑏𝑛 then 𝐶𝑎𝑏 = =
2𝐶𝑎𝑛 2
Therefore, 𝐶𝑎𝑛 = 2𝐶𝑎𝑏

𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝟏 𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔

𝑿𝒄 = 𝐥𝐧 + 𝐥𝐧 𝑫 Ω. 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆
𝒇 𝒓 𝒇
1.779 𝑥 106 1
Where 𝑋𝑎′ = ln
𝑓 𝑟
1.779 𝑥 106
𝑋𝑑′ = ln 𝐷
𝑓
𝑋𝑎′ is given in the tables for the standard conductors,

𝑋𝑑′ is given in the tables for the capacitive reactance spacing factor.
Example: Find the capacitive reactance in MΩ-miles for a single phase line operating at 60 Hz.
The conductor used for the line is Partridge, and the spacing is 20 ft.
0.642
The outside radius of the Partridge conductor is 𝑟 = 𝑖𝑛. = 0.0268 𝑓𝑡
2
The capacitive reactance is
1.779 𝑥 106 𝐷 1.779 𝑥 106 20

𝑋𝑐 = ln = ln = 0.1961 𝑀Ω. 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑓 𝑟 60 0.0268
Or from the table

𝑋𝑎′ = 0.1074 𝑀Ω. 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑋𝑑′ = 0.0889 𝑀Ω. 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒 for 20 ft spacing
𝑋𝑐 = 𝑋𝑎′ + 𝑋𝑑′ = 0.1963 𝑀Ω. 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
Capacitance of Balanced Three Phase Line between a phase conductor and neutral is given
by
𝟐𝝅𝜺𝒐
𝑪𝒂𝒏 = 𝑭/𝒎
𝑫𝒆𝒒
𝐥𝐧
𝑫𝒃
Where 𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 3√𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑎
and 𝐷𝑎𝑏 , 𝐷𝑏𝑐 , 𝐷𝑐𝑎 are the distances between the centers of the phase conductors
𝐷𝑏 is the geometric mean radius for the bundled conductors. (in the expression for 𝐷𝑏 the outside
radius of the conductor is used, rather than the GMR from the tables.)
The capacitive reactance to neutral than becomes
𝟏. 𝟕𝟕𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝑫𝒆𝒒

𝑿𝒄 = 𝐥𝐧 Ω. 𝒎𝒊𝒍𝒆
𝒇 𝑫𝒃
Example:
a) A three phase 60 Hz line is arranged as shown. The conductors are ACSR Drake. Find the
capacitive reactance for 1 mile of the line.

b) If the length of the line is 175 miles and the normal operating voltage is 220 kV, find the
capacitive reactance to neutral for the entire length of the line
Solution:
1.108
The outside radius for Drake conductors is 𝑟 = 𝑖𝑛 = 0.0462 𝑓𝑡
2
The geometric mean distance for this line is
𝐷𝑒𝑞 = 3√(20)(20)(38) = 24.8 𝑓𝑡
From tables 𝑋𝑎′ = 0.0912 𝑀Ω − 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒

1.779 𝑥 106 1.779 𝑥 106
𝑋𝑑′ = ln 𝐷 = ln 24.8 = 0.0952 𝑀Ω − 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
𝑓 60
𝑋𝑐𝑛 = 𝑋𝑎′ + 𝑋𝑑′ = 0.1864 𝑀Ω − 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒
For the length of 175 miles
𝑋𝑐𝑛 0.1864 𝑀Ω − 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒

𝑋𝐶𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = = = 1065 Ω
𝑙 175 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑠
Transmission Line Losses and Thermal Limits
The power losses of a transmission line are proportional to the value of resistance of the line. The
value of the resistance is determined by the type and length of the conductor. The current in
the line is given by the power being delivered by the transmission line.
𝑷𝑹 = 𝑬𝑹 𝑰𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜱𝑹
𝟐
𝑷𝑹
𝑷𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝑰𝟐 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒗 𝑹 = ( ) 𝑹
𝑬𝑹 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜱𝑹
Power utilities usually strive to maintain the receiving end voltage constant. The power delivered
by the transmission line is determined by the load connected to the line and cannot be
changed without changing the load. The only term in the above equation that can be
regulated is the power factor. If the power factor can be adjusted to be equal to 1, the power
losses will be minimum.
Efficiency of the transmission line is given by
𝑷𝑹
ɳ% = 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝑷𝑹
Thermal Limits on equipment and conductors depend on the material of the insulation of
conductors. The I2R losses are converted into heat. The heat increases the temperature of the

conductors and the insulation surrounding it. Some equipment can be cooled by introducing
circulation of cooling media, other must depend on natural cooling. If the temperature exceeds
the rated value, the insulation will deteriorate faster and at higher temperatures more
immediate damage will occur.
The power losses increase with the load. It follows that the rated load is given by the temperature
limits. The consequence of exceeding the rated load for short periods of time or by small
amounts is a raised temperature that does not destroy the equipment but shortens its service
life. Many utilities routinely allow short time overloads on their equipment - for example
transformers are often overloaded by up to 15% during peak periods that may last only 15 or 30
minutes.
VII. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
. Show your complete solution in a separate sheet of paper.Box your final answer.
Show your complete solution.
1. A 69-kV three phase transposed line is composed of one ACSR 336,400 cmil, 36/7 Linnet
conductor per phase with a horizontal configuration of D12 = 5ft, D23 = 5ft and D31 = 10 ft.
the conductors have a diameter of 0.721 inch, resistance of 0.306 ohm per mile and gmr of
0.0244 ft. What is the reactance for 12 miles line.
2. A double circuit 3-phase transmission line has a horizontal spacing of 6ft and conductor
vertical spacing of 3ft. Calculate the GMD of the parallel lines.
3. A 115 kV line has a horizontal configuration. The distance between adjacent conductor is 9
ft. What is the geometric mean distance of the line?
4. A 115-kV three-phase transposed transmission line is composed of two ACSR 336,400 cmil,
36/7 Oricle conductors per phase with horizontal configuration: D12=7ft; D23=7ft and
D31=14ft. The line spacing as measured from the center of the bundled conductors is 6
inches. The conductors have diameter of 0.741 inch and GMR of 0.02265 ft. Find the
capacitance per phase for 20 km of the line in micro-farads.
5. A 5 km long, three-phase, 34.5 kV line has a horizontal configuration with 4 ft spacing. The
conductors are 336.4 MCM ACSR with GMR of 0.0244 ft. What is the inductance of the line?
6. The inner strand of ACSR is made of __________________
7. A three-phase 60 Hz transmission line is to deliver 20,000 kW at 66,000 volts at a distance of

30 miles. The load pf is 85 percent lagging, the line conductor are 3/0 AWG with resistance
per mile of 0.326 ohms at 20°C and at 72 inch spacing and reactance per mile of 0.742 ohms.
Find the GMR of conductor.
8. A three phase 60 Hz transposed transmission line has a flat horizontal spacing configuration.
The line reactance is 0.486 ohm per km. The conductor geometric mean radius is 2.0 cm.
Determine the spacing D in meter.
9. A 230 kV, 20 miles transmission line has two bundled conductor per phase, spaced 12 inches
apart. The conductor used in the bundle is 336,400 circular mil has a GMR of 0.0244 ft. What
is the GMR of the line?

10. A three-phase circuit, 60Hz, 230 kV transposed transmission line is composed of two 1272
MCM, 54/19 conductors per phase with horizontal configuration. The bundle spacing is 50
cm while spacing between the centers of the bundle is 10m. If the GMR of the ACSR
conductors is 0.0466 ft, find the inductive reactance in ohm/km/phase of the transmission
line.
VIII. EVALUATION
IX. REFERENCES
Prepared by:
JEMIMAH P. NATIVIDAD
Instructor 1
Recommending Approval:
Engr. HEHERSON ALCARAZ

Program Chair, BSEE
Approved by:
Engr. MARY B. PASION

Dean, College of Engineering


Instructional Module: Republic of The Philippines Nueva Vizcaya State University Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Instructional Module: Republic of The Philippines Nueva Vizcaya State University Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Identify the different types of materials used in transmission system

Commonly used conductor materials:

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1 of 17

 The conductivity of aluminium is 60% that of copper. The smaller conductivity of

Steel-cored aluminium conductor consists of central core of galvanized steel wires

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 2 of 17

The steel cored aluminium conductors have the following advantages :

Other conductor types include the all-aluminum conductor (AAC), all-

Transmission Line Resistance

Resistance to d.c. current is given by

where 𝜌 is the resistivity at 20⁰ C

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 3 of 17

Transmission Line Inductive Reactance

Geometric Mean Radius

where 𝑑11 = 𝐺𝑀𝑅1

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 4 of 17

Geometric Mean Distance

Inductance Between Two Single Phase Conductors

Where: 𝑟1 ′ 𝑖𝑠 𝐺𝑀𝑅 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 1

The total inductance of the line is then

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 5 of 17

Where: 𝐷𝑎𝑎′ = 𝐷𝑏𝑏′ = 9𝑚

GMR for circuit A

GMR for circuit B

The total inductance is then

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 6 of 17

𝐷11′ = 4 𝑚 𝐷22′ = 3.8 𝑚

GMR for circuit A

GMR for circuit B

The total inductance is then

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 7 of 17

𝑋𝐿 = 𝑋𝑎 + 𝑋𝑑 = 0.465 + 0.3635 = 0.8285 Ω /mile

Example: A single-phase line operating at 60 Hz consists of two 4/0 12-strand copper

The GMD between conductor centers is = 5 ft

The total inductance is

𝐿 𝑇 = 𝐿𝑥 + 𝐿𝑦 = 2(0.03639) = 0.07279 𝐻 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡

and the total inductive reactance is

𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋(60)(0.07279) 𝐻 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 8 of 17

Inductance of Balanced Three Phase Line

The inductance is then

Average inductance per phase is given by:

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 9 of 17

𝑫𝒆𝒒 = 𝟑√𝑫𝒂𝒃 𝑫𝒃𝒄 𝑫𝒄𝒂

𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋(60)(1609)(13 𝑥 10−7 ) = 0.788 Ω/ 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑒

For Pheasant conductor, GMR= 0.0466 ft

𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠

𝐺𝑀𝑅𝑏 = √𝐺𝑀𝑅 𝑥 𝑑 = √0.0466 𝑥 1. 476 = 0.2623 𝑓𝑡

The geometric mean of the phase conductor spacing is

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 10 of 17

The inductance of the line is then

𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋(60)(9.674 𝑥 10−7 ) = Ω

From Table, the GMR of a 1,590,000 cmil 54/3 ACSR conductor is

𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 2𝜋(60)(0.267) = 101 Ω

From Table, the GMR of a 1,590,000 cmil 54/3 ACSR conductor is