Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.3: EE -1st Semester-2021-2022

College: Engineering
Campus: Bambang

Bachelor of Science in
DEGREE PROGRAM COURSE NO. EE 12
Electrical Engineering
Power System Analysis
SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE
YEAR LEVEL 4th Year TIME FRAME WK NO. IM NO. 3

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Long Length Transmission Lines

II. LESSON TITLE

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

This module covers topics involving transmission line categories and the ABCD parameters of a
long transmission line

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

1. Identify the different parameters for a long length transmission line

2. Solve the ABCD parameters of a transmission line problems.

V. COURSE CONTENT

PERFORMANCE OF A LONG LENGTH TRANSMISSION LINES

LONG TRANSMISSION LINE

A power transmission line with its effective length of around 250 Kms or above is referred to as a
long transmission line. Calculations related to circuit parameters (ABCD parameters) of such a
power transmission is not that simple, as was the case for a short or medium transmission line. The
reason being that, the effective circuit length in this case is much higher than what it was for the
former models(long and medium line) and, thus ruling out the approximations considered there
like.

The calculations of circuit parameters for this reason is going to be slightly more rigorous as we
will see here. For accurate modeling to determine circuit parameters let us consider the circuit
of the long transmission line as shown in the diagram

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Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.3: EE -1st Semester-2021-2022

A line of length l is supplied with a sending end voltage and current of 𝑉𝑆 and 𝐼𝑆 respectively,
where as the 𝑉𝑅 and 𝐼𝑅 are the values of voltage and current obtained from the receiving end.
Considering an element of infinitely small length ∆𝑥 at a distance x from the receiving end as
shown in the figure where:

𝑉 = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∆𝑥

𝐼 = 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝛥𝑥.
𝑉 + 𝛥𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝛥𝑥.
𝐼 + 𝛥𝐼 = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝛥𝑥.
𝛥𝑉 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝 𝑎𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝛥𝑥.
𝑧𝛥𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝛥𝑥
𝑦𝛥𝑥 = 𝑠ℎ𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝛥𝑥

Where 𝑍 = 𝑧 𝑙 and 𝑌 = 𝑦 𝑙 are the values of total impedance and admittance of the long
transmission line.

∴ the voltage drop across the infinitely small element 𝛥𝑥 is given by

𝛥𝑉 = 𝐼 𝑧 𝛥𝑥
𝛥𝑉
𝐼𝑧=
𝛥𝑥

𝑑𝑉
𝐼𝑧= ……………1
𝑑𝑥

to determine the current 𝛥𝐼,apply KCL to node A.

𝛥𝐼 = (𝑉 + 𝛥𝑉)𝑦𝛥𝑥 = 𝑉 𝑦𝛥𝑥 + 𝛥𝑉 𝑦𝛥𝑥

Since the term 𝛥𝑉 𝑦𝛥𝑥 is the product of 2 infinitely small values, ignore it for the sake of easier
calculation.

∴ we can write
𝑑𝐼
= 𝑉𝑦 … … … … … .2
𝑑𝑥

Taking the derivative of both sides of eq (1) with respect to x

𝑑2𝑉 𝑑𝐼
2 =𝑧
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐼
substituting = 𝑉𝑦 from equation (2)
𝑑𝑥

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Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.3: EE -1st Semester-2021-2022

𝑑2𝑉
= 𝑧𝑦 𝑉
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑2𝑉
− 𝑧𝑦 𝑉 … … … … … … … .3
𝑑𝑥 2

The solution of the above second order differential equation is given by.

𝑉 = 𝐴1 𝑒 𝑥√𝑦𝑧 + 𝐴2 𝑒 −𝑥√𝑦𝑧 … … … … … 4

Taking the derivative of equation 4 with respect to x

𝑑𝑉
= √𝑦𝑧 𝐴1 𝑒 𝑥√𝑦𝑧 − √𝑦𝑧 𝐴2 𝑒 −𝑥√𝑦𝑧 … … … … . .5
𝑑𝑥

comparing equation (1) with equation (5)

𝑑𝑉 𝑧𝐴1 𝑒 𝑥√𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝐴2 𝑒 −𝑥√𝑦𝑧

𝐼= = − … … … . .6
𝑑𝑥 √𝑧⁄𝑦 √𝑧⁄𝑦

let us define the characteristic impedance 𝑍𝐶 (𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) and propagation

constant 𝛿 of a long transmission line as
𝑍𝐶 = √𝑧⁄𝑦 Ω
𝛿 = √𝑦𝑧

the propagation constant 𝛿 is a complex quantity with real and imaginary parts denoted α
and β.

𝛿 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽

Then the voltage and current equation can be expressed in terms of characteristic impedance
and propagation constant as

𝑉 = 𝐴1 𝑒 𝛿𝑥 + 𝐴2 𝑒 −𝛿𝑥 … … … … … 7

𝐴1 𝑒 𝛿𝑥 𝐴2 𝑒 −𝛿𝑥
𝐼= − … … … … … . .8
𝑍𝐶 𝑍𝐶

at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑅 and 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑅 .Substituting these conditions to equation (7) and (8) respectively

𝑉𝑅 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 … … … … … … … … . .9

𝐴1 𝐴2
𝐼𝑅 = + … … … … … … … … .10
𝑍𝐶 𝑍𝐶
Solving equation (9) and (10)

𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍𝐶 𝐼𝑅
𝐴1 =
2

𝑉𝑅 − 𝑍𝐶 𝐼𝑅
𝐴2 =
2

applying another extreme condition at at 𝑥 = 𝑙, 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑆 and 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑆 .

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INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
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In determining the value of 𝑉𝑆 and 𝐼𝑆 , substitute x by l and put the values of 𝐴1 and 𝐴2 in equation
(7) and (8)
(𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍𝐶 𝐼𝑅 )𝑒 𝛿𝑙 (𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍𝐶 𝐼𝑅 )𝑒 −𝛿𝑙
𝑉𝑆 = + … … … … . .11
2 2

(𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍𝐶 𝐼𝑅 )𝑒 𝛿𝑙 (𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍𝐶 𝐼𝑅 )𝑒 −𝛿𝑙

𝐼𝑆 = + … … … … . .12
2 2

By trigonometric and exponential operators

(𝑒 𝛿𝑙 − 𝑒 −𝛿𝑙 )
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛿𝑙 =
2

(𝑒 𝛿𝑙 + 𝑒 −𝛿𝑙 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛿𝑙 =
2

∴ equation(11) and (12) can be re-written as

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛿𝑙 + 𝑍𝐶 𝐼𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛿𝑙

(𝑉𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛿𝑙)
𝐼𝑆 = + 𝐼𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛿𝑙
𝑍𝐶

comparing with the general circuit parameters equation, the ABCD parameters of a long
transmission line as,

𝑨 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝜹 𝑩 = 𝒁𝑪 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝜹𝒍

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝜹𝒍
𝑪= 𝑫 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝜹𝒍
𝒁𝑪

Example: A three-phase 765-kV, 60-Hz, 300-km, completely transposed line has the following
positive-sequence impedance and admittance:

𝑧 = 0.0165 + 𝑗 0.3306 = 0.3310∠87.148 Ω/𝑘𝑚

𝑦 = 𝑗 4.674 𝑥 10−6 ℧/𝑘𝑚

Assuming positive-sequence operation, calculate the exact ABCD parameters of the line.
Solution:
0.3310∠87.148 −2.852
𝑍𝐶 = √𝑧⁄𝑦 = √ −6 = 266.1∠ = 266.1∠ − 1.43 Ω
𝑗 4.674 𝑥 10 2
177.148
𝛿𝑙 = √𝑦𝑧𝑙 = √( 𝑗 4.674 𝑥 10−6 )(0.3310∠87.148 )(300) = 0.3731∠ = 0.3731∠88.574
2
𝛿𝑙 = 0.00931 + 𝑗 0.3730 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

𝑒 𝛿𝑙 = 𝑒 0.00931 𝑒 𝑗0.3730 = 𝑒 0.00931 ∠ 0.3730 = 1.0094∠ 0.3730 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

𝑒 𝛿𝑙 =

𝑒 −𝛿𝑙 = 𝑒 −0.00931 𝑒 −𝑗0.3730 = 𝑒 −0.00931 ∠ − 0.3730 = 0.9907∠ − 0.3730 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠

(𝑒 𝛿𝑙 − 𝑒 −𝛿𝑙 ) 1.0094∠ 0.3730 − 0.9907∠ − 0.3730

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛿𝑙 = = = 0.00871 + 𝑗0.3644 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2 2

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Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.3: EE -1st Semester-2021-2022
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛿𝑙 = 0.3645∠88.631 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

(𝑒 𝛿𝑙 + 𝑒 −𝛿𝑙 ) 1.0094∠ 0.3730 + 0.9907∠ − 0.3730

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛿𝑙 = = = 0.9313 + 𝑗0.003401 𝑟𝑎𝑑
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛿𝑙 = 0.931∠0.2096 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

Alternative solution:

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛿𝑙 = sinh(0.00931) cos(0.3730) + 𝑗𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(0.00931)sin( 0.3730 ) = 0.008669 + 𝑗0.3644 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛿𝑙 = 0.3645∠88. 637 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛿𝑙 = cosh(0.00931) cos(0.3730) + 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(0.00931)sin( 0.3730 ) = 0.9313 + 𝑗0.003401 𝑟𝑎𝑑

𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛿𝑙 = 0.931∠0.2096 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠

𝐴 = 𝐷 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝛿𝑙 = 0.931∠0.2096 deg 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

𝐵 = 𝑍𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛿𝑙 = (266.1∠ − 1.43)(0.3645∠88. 637) = 96.99∠87. 2 Ω

𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝛿𝑙 0.3645∠88. 637

𝐶= = = 0.00137∠90.067 ℧
𝑍𝐶 (266.1∠ − 1.43)

EQUIVALENT π CIRCUIT OF A LONG TRANSMISSION LINE

The circuit shown in below is called an equivalent π circuit. It is identical in structure to the nominal π
circuit of Figure 5.3, except that Z’ and Y’ are used instead of Z and Y. The objective is to determine Z’
and Y’ such that the equivalent π circuit has the same ABCD parameters as those of the distributed
line. The ABCD parameters of the equivalent π circuit, which has thesame structure as the nominal π,
are
𝑌′𝑍′
𝐴=𝐷 =1+
2
𝐵 = 𝑍′
𝑌′𝑍′
𝐶 = 𝑌 ′ (1 + )
4

𝑧
𝑍 ′ = 𝑍𝐶 sinh(𝛿𝑙) = √ sinh(𝛿𝑙)
𝑦
in terms of the nominal π circuit impedance Z=zl

𝑧 sinh(𝛿𝑙) sinh(𝛿𝑙)
𝑍 ′ = 𝑧𝑙√ = 𝑧𝑙
𝑦 𝑧𝑙 √𝑧𝑦 𝑙

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NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.3: EE -1st Semester-2021-2022
𝑍 ′ = 𝑍𝐹1

Where,
sinh(𝛿𝑙)
𝐹1 =
𝛿𝑙

Similarly,

𝑌′𝑍′
1+ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛿𝑙)
2

𝑌′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛿𝑙) − 1
=
2 𝑍′
Using the identity
𝛿𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛿𝑙) − 1
tanh ( ) =
2 sinh(𝛿𝑙)

𝛿𝑙 𝛿𝑙
𝑌′ 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛿𝑙) − 1 tanh ( 2 ) tanh ( )
2
= = =
2 𝑍𝐶 sinh(𝛿𝑙) 𝑍𝐶 𝑧
√𝑦

Rewriting in terms of the nominal π circuit admittance

𝛿𝑙 𝛿𝑙
𝑌′ 𝑦𝑙 tanh ( 2 ) 𝑦𝑙 tanh ( 2 ) 𝑌
= = = 𝐹
2 2 𝑧 𝑦𝑙 2 𝑧𝑦
𝑙 2 2
√𝑦 2 √ 2
Where

𝛿𝑙
tanh ( )
𝐹2 = 2
𝛿𝑙
2

Example 2: Compare the equivalent and nominal π circuits for the line in example 1.

Solution:
𝑍 = 𝑧𝑙 = 0.3310∠87.14)(300) = 99.3∠ 87.14 Ω
𝑌 𝑦𝑙 𝑗4.674 𝑥10−6
= = (300) = 7.011 𝑥10−4 ∠ 90 ℧
2 2 2

0.3645∠ 88.63
𝐹1 = = 0.9769 ∠ 0. 06 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
0.3731 ∠ 88.57

𝛿𝑙
tanh ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛿𝑙) − 1 0.9313 = 𝑗0.0034 − 1
𝐹2 = 2 = = = 1.012∠ − 0.03 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝛿𝑙 𝛿𝑙 0.3731 ∠ 88.57
sinh(𝛿𝑙) (0.3645∠ 88.63)
2 2 2

the equivalent π circuit,

𝑍’ = 99.3∠86.14(0.9769 ∠0.06) = 97∠87.2 Ω

𝑌′
= 7.011 𝑥10−4 ∠ 90 (1.012 ∠ − 0.02) = 7.095 𝑋 10−4 ∠89.97 ℧
2

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Bambang, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.3: EE -1st Semester-2021-2022
Comparing these nominal and equivalent π circuit values, Z’ is about 2% smaller than Z, and
Y’/2 is about 1% larger than Y/2. Although the circuit values are approximately the same for
this line, the equivalent π circuit should be used for accurate calculations involving long
lines.

VII. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Show your complete solution in a separate sheet of paper.Box your final answer.
1. Evaluate 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ(𝛿𝑙) and 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ(𝛿𝑙/2) for 𝛿𝑙 = 0.40 ∠85 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2. A 500-km, 500-kV, 60-Hz, has a positive sequence series impedance 𝑧 = 0.03 + 𝑗 0.35 Ω/𝑘𝑚
and a positive sequence shunt admittance 𝑦 = 𝑗4.4𝑥10−6 ℧/𝑘𝑚. Calculate:
a. 𝑍𝑐
b. 𝛿𝑙
c. the exact ABCD parameters for this line.

3. A 500 kV three phase transmission line is 250 km long. The series impedance is 𝑧 = 0.045 +
𝑗 0.4 Ω 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚 and the shunt admittance is 𝑦 = 𝑗4𝑥10−6 ℧ 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑚 .
Evaluate the equivalent π model and the transmission matrix.

4. A three-phase, 400-kV, 50-Hz transmission line has a series inductive reactance of 0.30 Ω/km
and a shunt admittance of 3.75x10−6 ℧/km. If the line is 300 km long, determine the surge
impedance, propagation constant and ABCD constant.

5. A 60-Hz three-phase transmission line is 175 mi long. I t has a total series impedance of 35 +
j140 Ω. and a shunt admittance of 930x10−6 ℧. It delivers 40 MW at 220 kV, with 90% power-
factor lagging. Find the voltage at the sending end by ( a ) the short line approximation,
(b) the nominal π approximation,

VIII. EVALUATION

IX. REFERENCES

NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 7 of 7

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