Experiment No.

1.1 Aim: Identify various automation systems available in different appliances/devices/machines

in day to day use.
1.2 Apparatus: Traffic light controller.
1.3 Theory:
1.3.1 Automation systems: Automation refers to the state of being automatically operated
equipments or machine and the step beyond mechanism where it requires physical labor to
perform the functions manually. With the automating the equipments, manual labor is reduced
by using computer aided and automated machinery. Automation system operation is integrated
with the use of sensory systems, feedback control loops of automatic actuating devices.
1.3.2 Types of Automation:
The automation is of two types
A. Manufacturing Automation: Manufacturing automation can be further classified into
i. Fixed Automation
ii. Flexible Automation
iii. Programmable Automation

B. Non-Manufacturing Automation: Non-Manufacturing automation can be further classified

into
i. Office Automation
ii. Home Automation
iii. Building Automation
1.3.3 Benefits of Automation:
i. Increase productivity
ii. Increase product quality
iii. Increase flexibility and convertibility
iv. Reduces manpower
v. Reduction of personal accident
vi. Reduce cost of product
vii. Better inventory control
viii. Increase profit
1.3.4 Disadvantages of Automation:
i. Greater capital investment
ii. Less manufacturing Flexibility
iii. During less demand , the plant cannot be used any other purpose
iv. The immediate effect of automation is increased unemployment
v. Expensive dome time, as the failure of one part may result in the shutdown of the whole
line where automation is there.
1.3.5 Application areas:
i. Electrical distribution
ii. Process Industry
iii. Building and infrastructure
iv. Railways
v. Aerospace
vi. Robotics
vii. Telecom
viii. Automobile.
1.4 Traffic control application: traffic light is one example where timer function is used.

1.5 Observation: There are 2 lamp posts as shown in above figure. Consider a case where the
lamp R1 is OFF. As the R1 is OFF, lamp G2 will be ON to allow traffic from south to north.
The lamp ON-OFF sequence is as follow:
1.6 Observation table:

Status Duration

R1- ON G2- ON 25 sec

R1- ON Y2- ON 5 sec

G1- ON R2- ON 25 sec

Y1- ON R2- ON 5sec

1.7 Conclusion: Thus we have studied automation systems available in traffic light controller.
1.8 Questions:
1. Explain automation?
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2. What are the types of control systems that are used in automation?
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3. What are the major components that are required for automation?
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4. What are the different types of sensors used in automation?

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5. What is industrial automation?
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6. What are the benefits of industrial automation?

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