LOGIC

AN INTRODUCTION
INTRO TO PHILOSOPHY
 According to Socrates, Philosophy started
from a simple process called “WONDERING”
The curious nature of the ancient people of
Greece has helped them to initiate studies
and researches to feed their doubting and
perplexed minds with philosophical ideas.
 With the growing intensity to understand
everything that they encountered and
experienced in life, hey gradually became
lovers of true wisdom.
THALES
 Regarded by Aristotle to be the first to make a
philosophical articulation regarding the basic
stuff of the universe.
 His idea of water or moist was the first
principle of life which inspired other Greeks to
find more answers and formulated new
concepts which were solely based on the
dictum popularized by Socrates.
PHILOSOPHY
 Etymologically, it is derived from two Greek
words “philos/philia/philo” which means loving
and “sophia” which means wisdom.
 Thus, philosophy is the love of wisdom.
 A science of the ultimate awareness of things
with reference to their causes and effects.
 It opens man’s intellectual cravings.
 It makes man know more about himself and
the rest of the world.
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
1. Epistemology – studies the nature of human
knowledge
2. Metaphysics – studies the nature of being
and beings
3. Ethics – studies the morality of human act
4. Psychology – studies the human mind and
its condition
5. Cosmology – studies the nature of the
universe
6. Social Philosophy – studies man and his
society
7. Theodicy – studies the nature of God and
the defense of God’s goodness
LOGIC
It demands that all activities corresponding
to man’s line of thinking must be correct. But
the correctness or incorrectness of thinking is
not the sole concern of logic but also the rules
and guidelines that go with it.
HISTORY OF
LOGIC
ARISTOTLE
 Regarded as the Father of Logic.
 He became successful in separating logic
from the totality of philosophy.
 His six treatises which were collectively
known as Organon became the bible for
logical study during the Medieval and up to
the modern times.
 Aristotle’s legacy extended all the way to the
writings of his student named Theophrastus of
Lesbos
THEOPHRASTUS OF LESBOS
He added a treatise entitled Hypothetical
Reasoning.
PORPHYR
Was the Neoplatonist who wrote an introduction
to the Categories of Aristotle which is sometimes
referred to as Isagoge.
BOETHIUS
 Translated the Organon of Aristotle from
Greek to Latin and as such has made a
profound influence on the medieval study of
logic.
 Other proponents of Aristotelian logic worthy
of mentioning were Avicenna and Averroes
who both wrote some commentaries about the
nature of the traditional logic.
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
 Most influential figure in connection to the
development of logic.
 He was named as the Angelic doctor of the
Church
 He introduced the logical ideas of Aristotle to
the Christian world.
FRANCIS BACON, JOHN STUART
MILL
 Novum Organum is a manifestation of
Bacon’s criticism to Aristotelian’s logic.
 Bacon introduced a new tool for rational mind
which is called Inductive reasoning which he
referred to as Scientific Method.
 Mill, through his work entitled System Logic
made an explanation by using the same kind
of reasoning and eventually provided the
empirical sciences with sets of formula and
criteria to serve their purpose.
PEDAGOGICAL NATURE OF
LOGIC
 Logic as a branch of philosophy is considered
by many t be the foundation of philosophy
 since is function is to train the thinking mind
toward the formulation of arguments
necessary for the study of their coherence,
truthfulness, and validity.
 Logic guides the mind toward the attainment
of correct and valid inferences.
 Aristotle claims that logic prepares man to a
more comprehensive study of other sciences.
OBJECTS OF LOGIC
1. Material Object – refers to the content of the
mind known as the thought. Everything that
the mind grasps whether sensible or
 intelligible is connected to the material object
of logic.
2. Formal Object – refers to the correctness of
the thought. The mind in its desire to study
the correctness of the thought ultimately will
succumb to the scrupulous study of logical
analysis.
LOGIC AS THE ART OF ART
 Bachubber claims that Logic is the art of art.
 Perpendicular to this principle is the thought
that art deals with basic skill, as in making a
chair or table, or I a much more complex
 manner, erecting a building or painting a
scenery.
 If arts concerns skills, then logic is an art
since it deals with correct use of inferential
thinking by following the rules and principles
that go with it.
LOGIC AS SCIENCE
If science is understood to be a systematized
body of knowledge then logic is the science of
science since it presents some principles
which are necessary for the attainment of
correct and valid inferences in a systematic
way.