dS big λ

March 23, 2011

1 Formulae for w(λ)

 
Γ(−λ)Γ(λ + d − 1) d 1−ζ
w(λ) (z1 , z2 ) = w
b(λ) (ζ) =
F −λ, λ + d − 1; ;
(4π)d/2 Γ d2 2 2
Γ(−λ)Γ(λ + d − 1) 2 d−2 − d−2
= (ζ − 1)− 4 P−λ−2 d (ζ), ζ = z1 · z2 , (1.1)
2(2π)d/2 2

b(λ) (ζ) is analytic in C\ (−1 + R− ), i.e. the complex

w  plane cut along (−∞, −1), and this is precisely
d 1−ζ
the domain of ζ 7→ F −λ, λ + d − 1; 2 ; 2 . We are interested in ζ = −1 + v 2 /λ2 , with |v 2 /λ2 |
small. [HTF1 2.10 (1), p. 108] gives

F (a, b ; c ; z) = A1 F (a, b ; a + b − c + 1 ; 1 − z)+

+A2 (1 − z)c−a−b F (c − a, c − b ; c − a − b + 1 ; 1 − z), | arg(1 − z)| < π , (1.2)

with
Γ(c)Γ(c − a − b) Γ(c)Γ(a + b − c)
A1 = , A2 = . (1.3)
Γ(c − a)Γ(c − b) Γ(a)Γ(b)
The domain {z : | arg(1 − z)| < π} must be intersected with {z : | arg(z)| < π}, where the two
hypergeometric functions in the rhs of (1.2) are holomorphic. Taking a = −λ, b = λ + d − 1, c = d/2,
we find:
 
d 1−ζ
F −λ, λ + d − 1; ; =
2 2
Γ d2 Γ 1 − d2


 
d 1+ζ

F −λ, λ + d − 1; ; +
Γ λ + d2 Γ 1 − λ − d2


2 2

 1− d2
Γ d2 Γ d2 − 1 1+ζ

 
2 d d d 1+ζ
+ F λ+ , 1−λ− ; 2− ; . (1.4)
Γ(−λ)Γ(λ + d − 1) 2 2 2 2

This is valid provided | arg(1 + ζ)| < π and | arg(1 − ζ)| < π. It follows that, in the same domain,

w(λ) (z1 , z2 ) =
Γ(−λ)Γ(λ + d − 1)Γ 1 − d2

 
d 1+ζ

F −λ, λ + d − 1; ; +
(4π)d/2 Γ λ + d2 Γ 1 − λ − d2


2 2

 1− d2
Γ d2 − 1 1+ζ 2

d d d 1+ζ

+ F λ + , 1 − λ − ; 2 − ; . (1.5)
(4π)d/2 2 2 2 2

It might appear that the rhs of this formula becomes singular when d/2 takes a positive integer value,
while the lhs is regular at such values. This means, of course, that a cancellation must occur. This is

1
March 23, 2011 (biglambda) 2

easy to see when d tends to 2. Indeed it is easy to see that, after multiplying the rhs by (d − 2), the
result vanishes at d = 2. To verify the cancellation for d = 4, we note that
∞
X Γ(a + m) Γ(b + m) Γ(c + 1) z m
cF (a, b ; c ; z) = c+
m=1
Γ(a) Γ(b) Γ(c + m) m!
∞
X Γ(a + 1 + n) Γ(b + 1 + n) Γ(c + 1) zn
= c + abz (1.6)
n=0
Γ(a + 1) Γ(b + 1) Γ(c + 1 + n) (n + 1)!

As c → 0, this tends to
∞
X Γ(a + 1 + n) Γ(b + 1 + n) Γ(2) z n
abz = abzF (a + 1, b + 1 ; 2 ; z). (1.7)
n=0
Γ(a + 1) Γ(b + 1) Γ(2 + n) n!

This can be applied to the second term in (1.5), (with c = 2 − d/2) and we get
   
d −Γ(−λ)Γ(λ + 3) 1+ζ
lim 2 − w(λ) (z1 , z2 ) = F −λ, λ + 3 ; 2 ; +
d→4 2 (4π)2 Γ(λ + 2)Γ(−λ − 1) 2
1 1+ζ
+ (λ + 2)(−λ − 1)F λ + 3, −λ ; 2 ;
(4π)2 2
= 0. (1.8)

2 Limiting behavior of w(λ) for large λ

We start from (1.5), i.e.

w
b(λ) (ζ) =
Γ(−λ)Γ(λ + d − 1)Γ 1 − d2

 
d 1+ζ

F −λ, λ + d − 1; ; +
(4π)d/2 Γ λ + d2 Γ 1 − λ − d2


2 2

 1− d2
Γ d2 − 1 1+ζ 2

d d d 1+ζ

+ F λ + , 1 − λ − ; 2 − ; . (2.1)
(4π)d/2 2 2 2 2

This is valid provided | arg(1+ζ)| < π and | arg(1−ζ)| < π, i.e. when ζ is in the cut plane C\((−∞, −1]∪
[1, +∞)). However the two hypergeometric functions in the rhs are analytic in C \ [1, +∞), the cut
d
along (−∞, −1] is exclusively due to the factor (1 + ζ)1− 2 in the second term. We set ζ = −1 + v 2 /2λ2 :

v2
 
λ2−d w b(λ) −1 + 2 =
2λ
d − 1)Γ 1 − d2


d v2
 
2−d Γ(−λ)Γ(λ +
λ F −λ, λ + d − 1; ; +
(4π)d/2 Γ λ + d2 Γ 1 − λ − d2 2 4λ2



d

v
2−d 
2−d Γ 2 − 1 d v2

2λ d d
+λ F λ+ , 1−λ− ; 2− ; . (2.2)
(4π)d/2 2 2 2 4λ2

We consider values of λ = |λ|eiθ with fixed θ, ε < θ < π − ε for some small ε > 0. v is fixed so
that (v/λ)2 remains in the cut-plane C \ R− . The modulus of λ shall tend to infinity. With these
choices, log(−λ) = log(λ) − iπ. We will prove the existence of the limit of λ2−d w
b(λ) (−1 + v 2 /2λ2 ) under
these conditions. Since we consider separately the two terms in the rhs of (2.2), we will assume that
|d − 2m| > c > 0 for all integer m > 0, and Re d > 1. Since the lhs of (2.2) is analytic at d = 2m, it is
equal to a Cauchy integral in d along a small contour surrounding 2m. The limit will exist for values of
d on the contour, and therefore also at d = 2m.
March 23, 2011 (biglambda) 3

The mth term in the expansion of the first term in the rhs of (2.2) is
m
λ2−d Γ 1 − d2 Γ d2



v2 Γ(λ + d + m − 1)Γ(−λ + m)
Am =
. (2.3)
(4π)d/2 Γ d2 + m m! 4λ2 Γ λ + d2 Γ −λ + 1 − d2

We use Stirling’s formula to estimate the behavior of the λ-dependent factors in (2.3):
1 1
Γ(z) = (2π) 2 e−z+(z− 2 ) log z 1 + O(z −1 ) ,


(2.4)
Note that, as |λ| tends to infinity while x and y stay bounded,
Γ(λ + x) h  x  y i
∼ ey−x exp (λ + x − 21 ) log λ + − (λ + y − 21 ) log λ +
Γ(λ + y) λ λ
∼ ey−x exp[(x − y)(log λ + 1)] = λx−y , (2.5)
while
Γ(−λ + x) h  x  y i
∼ ey−x exp (−λ + x − 12 ) log λ − iπ − − (−λ + y − 21 ) log λ − iπ −
Γ(−λ + y) λ λ
∼ ey−x exp[(x − y)(log λ − iπ + 1)] = λx−y e−iπ(x−y) . (2.6)
Therefore m
d
Γ d



eiπ(1−d/2) Γ 1 − 2 v2
Am ∼ d

2 − . (2.7)
(4π)d/2 Γ 2 + m m! 4
Similarly, the mth term in the expansion of the second term in (2.2) is
m+1− d2
λ2−d Γ d2 − 1 Γ 2 − d2 Γ λ + d2 + m Γ −λ + 1 − d2 + m





v2
Bm = (2.8)
(4π)d/2 Γ 2 − d2 + m m! 4λ2 Γ λ + d2 Γ −λ + 1 − d2

and m
d
1 Γ 2 − d2



 v 2−d Γ 2 − v2
Bm ∼ − . (2.9)
2 − d2 + m m!


2 d/2
(4π) Γ 4
Recall the formula
∞
X (−1)m (z/2)2m
Jα (z) = (z/2)α , | arg z| < π. (2.10)
m=0
m!Γ(m + α + 1)
Therefore, assuming it is allowed to interchange the limit with the summation over m (this will be
justified in subsect. 2.2), and choosing v such that | arg v| < π, we find
v2 eiπ(1−d/2)
      
def 2−d d d v 1−d/2
Ld (v) = lim λ w b(λ) −1 + 2 = d/2
Γ 1− Γ J d −1 (v)
λ→∞ 2λ (4π)  2  2   2 2

1 d d v 1−d/2

+ Γ −1 Γ 2− J1− d (v) . (2.11)
(4π)d/2 2 2 2 2

This can be rewritten as

 1−d/2     h
−d/2 v d d d i
Ld (v) = (4π) Γ 1− −1 Γ −1 eiπ(1−d/2) J d −1 (v) − J1− d (v) . (2.12)
2 2 2 2 2 2

Using [HTF2, 7.2.1 (5) p. 4]

Hν(1) (z) = [i sin(νπ)]−1 [J−ν (z) − Jν (z)e−iνπ ] = Jν (z) + iYν (z) , (2.13)
we also have
v2
 
def iπ 1−d/2 (1)
b(λ) −1 + 2 = (2π)−d/2
Ld (v) = lim λ2−d w v H d −1 (v) . (2.14)
λ→∞ 2λ 2 2

(1)
Note that Hν is known to be an entire function of ν.
March 23, 2011 (biglambda) 4

2.1 Application
 
Γ(−λ)Γ(λ + d − 1) d 1−ζ
w(λ) (z1 , z2 ) = w
b(λ) (ζ) =
F −λ, λ + d − 1; ;
(4π)d/2 Γ d2 2 2
Γ(−λ)Γ(λ + d − 1) 2 d−2 − d−2
= (ζ − 1)− 4 P−λ−2 d (ζ), ζ = z1 · z2 , (2.15)
2(2π)d/2 2

We wish to study the limiting behavior, as R → +∞, of

z z 
1 2
R2−d w(eiθ mR) , ,
R R
z1 = Red , z2 = R sh(t/R) e0 + R ch(t/R) ed , (2.16)
i.e, the limiting behavior of
t2
 
R2−d w
b(eiθ mR) −1 − . (2.17)
2R2
Here m > 0 is fixed as well as θ ∈ [ε, π − ε], t is fixed with Re t > 0 and Im t > 0, R is positive and
tends to infinity. To use (2.14), we must take λ = eiθ mR and v 2 /2λ2 = −t2 /2R2 , i.e. v = −ieiθ mt. We
note that, with our choice of t, the condition v 2 /2λ2 ∈ C \ R− is satisfied. It follows from (2.14) that
t2
 
iπ (1)
lim R w 2−d
b(eiθ mR) −1 − = (eiθ m)d−2 (2π)−d/2 (−ieiθ mt)1−d/2 H d −1 (−ieiθ mt) . (2.18)
R→+∞ 2R2 2 2

Choosing θ = π/2, we find:

t2
 
π d (1)
2−d
lim R w b(imR) −1 − = id−1 (2π)−d/2 md−2 (mt)1− 2 H d −1 (mt) = w
bMink, 2
m (t ). (2.19)
R→+∞ 2R2 2 2

(See Appendix A).

Choosing θ = ε, and letting ε tend to 0 in the result, we find
π (1)
id/2 (2π)−d/2 md−2 (mt)1−d/2 H d −1 (−imt) . (2.20)
2 2

2.2 Majorizing the power expansions in (2.2)

In this subsection we will justify the exchange of limits of the beginning of Sect. 2 by obtaining crude
majorizations for the power series expansions of the rhs of (2.2). We rewrite Am (the mth term arising
in the expansion of the first term in the rsh of (2.2)) as
Am =
Φ(λ, d) C

m ,
Γ 1 − d2 λ2−d Γ(−λ)Γ(λ + d − 1)
Φ(λ, d) =
, (2.21)
(4π)d/2 Γ −λ + 1 − d2 Γ λ + d2


 2 m m−1
Y (−λ + p)(λ + d − 1 + p)
v
Cm = . (2.22)
λ2 d2 + p (p + 1)


4 p=0

Using (2.5) and (2.6) shows that, with our assumptions and supposing |λ| sufficiently large, |Φ(λ, d)|
is bounded by a constant depending only on d. We assume, from now on, that |λ| > M with M >> 1.
Then there is a constant K1 > 0 depending only on d such that
|(−λ + p)(λ + d − 1 + p)| < K1 (|λ| + |p|)2 (2.23)
for all λ and p. Also, since Re d > 1, for all p ≥ 0, Re d2 + p > (p + 1)/2 so that
1 2
d < . (2.24)
 + p
2
p + 1
March 23, 2011 (biglambda) 5

It follows that
v  m
 2 m Y  2
m 1 1
|Cm | ≤ 2 K1m   + . (2.25)
4
p=1
|λ| p

The function t 7→ log(a + 1/t) (t > 0, a > 0) is decreasing, hence (temporarily denoting a = 1/|λ|)
m   m Z p Z m
  
X 1 1 X 1 1
log =+ log + a dt ≤ log + a dt
p=1
p |λ|
p=1 p−1
p 0 t
   
1 1 1 1
= log(1 + am) + m log + a ≤ m + m log + . (2.26)
a m m |λ|

Hence  2 m  2m
v  1 1
|Cm | ≤ (2e2 K1 )m   + . (2.27)
4 m |λ|
Since (m−1 + |λ|−1 ) is majorized by 2m−1 when m ≤ |λ|, and by 2|λ|−1 when m > |λ|,
∞ ∞  2 m X ∞  2 m
X X
2
v  m 2 m v 
 
|Cm | ≤ (2e K1 )  2  +
  (2e K1 )  2  . (2.28)
m=0 m=0
m m=0
λ

The first of these series converges for all v, and the second in a disk with radius proportional to |λ|, and
as announced, the convergence is uniform in λ.
The mth term Bm of the expansion of the second term in the rhs of (2.2) can be rewritten as

Γ d2 − 1 Γ 2 − d2  v 2−d



Bm = Ψ(m, d) Em ,
(4π)d/2 2
Γ(m + 1)
Ψ(m, d) =
, (2.29)
Γ 2 − d2 + m
 2 m m−1 Y 1−λ− d +p λ+ d +p



v 2 2
Em = . (2.30)
4 p=0
λ2 (p + 1)2

Applying (2.5) (with m instead of λ) shows that, for sufficiently large m, |Ψ(m, d)| is bounded by
K2 mRe(d−2)/2 . Proceeding as in the study of Cm , we see that there is a constant K3 > 0, depending
only on d, such that, for |λ| > M and m > M ,
 2 m m  2
v  Y 1 1
|Ψ(m, d) Em | ≤ K3m mRe(d−2)/2   + . (2.31)
4
p=1
|λ| p
P
We can now continue as in the study of m Am and obtain similar results.

A Appendix. Standard free 2-point function in Minkowski

space
The two-point function of a free neutral scalar field of mass m in Minkowski space of dimension d is
given by
Z
2
bMink, m ((z1 − z2 ) ) = (2π)
wMink, m (z1 , z2 ) = w 1−d
eip·(z2 −z1 ) δ(p2 − m2 )θ(p0 ) dp (A.1)
Md
March 23, 2011 (biglambda) 6

Setting for example z1 = 0, z2 = (t, ~0), with Im t > 0, this gives

1−d ∞
21−d π 2
Z
d−3
2
w
bMink, m (t ) = eist (s2 − m2 ) 2 ds
Γ d−1


2 m
1−d ∞
21−d π md−2
Z
2 d−3
= d−1

eismt (s2 − 1) 2 ds . (A.2)
Γ 2 1

According to [TIT1, 4.3 (12) p. 138],

Z ∞  
−us 2 2 ν−1/2 −1/2 1
e (s − b ) ds = π Γ ν+ (2b/u)ν Kν (bu), Re ν > −1/2, Re u > 0. (A.3)
b 2

Therefore, for Im t > 0,

d
w
bMink, m (t
2
) = (2π)−d/2 md−2 (−imt)1− 2 K d −1 (−imt)
2
π d−1 d (1)
= i (2π)−d/2 md−2 (mt)1− 2 H d −1 (mt) (A.4)
2 2

Since ([HTF2, 7.2.1 (5) p. 4])

Hν(1) (z) = [i sin(πν)]−1 [J−ν (z) − Jν (z)e−iπν ], (A.5)

d
2 id−2 π(2π)−d/2 md−2 (mt)1− 2 h iπ (1− d
2)
i
w
bMink, m (t )= J d (mt) − J d (mt)e . (A.6)
1− 2 2 −1
2 sin π d2 − 1

Recall that this is valid for Im t > 0.

A.0.1 Asymptotic behavior of Kν (z) as z → ∞

See [HTF2, 7.4 (1-2) p. 23].
"M −1 #
 π  12 X Γ(ν + 1 + m)
Kν (z) = e−z 2
(2z) −m
+ O(|z|−M
) ,
2z m=0
m!Γ(ν + 21 − m)
3π 3π
− + ε ≤ arg z ≤ − ε, Re ν > − 12 . (A.7)
2 2

A.1 Zero mass

Setting m = 0 and t = iu (Re u > 0) in (A.2), we get
1−d Z ∞ 1−d
21−d π 2 −su d−3 21−d π 2 Γ(d − 2)
bMink, 0 (t2 ) =
w e s ds =
Γ d−1 Γ d−1



2 0 2 ud−2
Γ d2 − 1 (−it)2−d


= d (A.8)
4π 2

B Appendix. Asymptotic behavior of Ld (v)

B.1 Behavior of Ld (v) as v → 0
As a function of v, Hν (v) is holomorphic in the cut-plane C \ R− . For non-integer ν with Re ν > 0, we
get from (2.13) and (2.10)
Hν(1) (v) ∼ [i sin(νπ)]−1 (v/2)−ν . (B.1)
March 23, 2011 (biglambda) 7

In particular if d/2 is not an integer

Ld (v) ∼ −(4π)−d/2 π[sin(dπ/2)]−1 (v/2)2−d . (B.2)

If ν = n ≥ 0 is an integer, [HTF2 7.2.4 (32), (33) p. 9] gives

∞
X
πY0 (z) = 2[γ + log(z/2)]J0 (z) − 2 (−z 2 /4)m (m!)−2 hm , (B.3)
m=0

and, for n > 0,

n−1 ∞  n+2m

m (z/2)
X X
2m−n
πYn (z) = 2[γ +log(z/2)]Jn (z)− (z/2) (n−m−1)!/m!− (−1) (hm+n + hm ) ,
m=0 m=0
m!(n + m)!
(B.4)
where X
h0 = 0, hm = p−1 . (B.5)
1≤p≤m

Thus, as v → 0, πY0 (v) ∼ log v and, for n > 0, πYn (v) ∼ −(v/2)−n (n − 1)! . Therefore if d = 2,

Ld (v) ∼ −2(4π)−1 log v, (B.6)

and if d/2 is an integer ≥ 2,  

−d/2 d
Ld (v) ∼ (4π) − 2 !(v/2)2−d . (B.7)
2

B.2 Behavior of Ld (v) as v → ∞

[HTF2, 7.13.1 (1)] gives

(πz/2)−1/2 ei(z− 2 − 4 ) ×
πν π
Hν(1) (z) = "
−1
M
#
X
−m −M
× (ν, m)(−2iz) + O(|z| ) , −π < arg z < 2π , (B.8)
m=0

with ([HTF2, 7.4.1 (3), p. 23])

Γ 21 + ν + m


(ν, m) =
. (B.9)
m! Γ 21 + ν − m
(Note that (ν, m) is a polynomial in ν). Stopping at M = 1, we get
d+1 1−d 1−d d−1
Ld (v) = i2− 2 π 2 v 2 ei(v−π 4 ) (1 + O(|v|−1 )). (B.10)

C Appendix. Expansion of w(λ)

In this appendix we regard w(λ) (z1 , z2 ) as a function of λ, z = (1 + ζ)/2 = −(z1 − z2 )2 /4, and
α = (d − 2)/2. Thus (1.1) and (1.5) give

Γ(−λ)Γ(λ + 2α + 1)
w(λ) (z1 , z2 ) = F (−λ, λ + 2α + 1; α + 1 ; 1 − z) , (C.1)
(4π)α+1 Γ(α + 1)
Γ(−λ)Γ(λ + 2α + 1)Γ(−α)
= F (−λ, λ + 2α + 1; α + 1; z) +
(4π)α+1 Γ(λ + α + 1)Γ(−λ − α)
−α
Γ(α)z
+ F (λ + α + 1, −λ − α ; 1 − α ; z) . (C.2)
(4π)α+1
March 23, 2011 (biglambda) 8

We fix an integer N ≥ 0. If α tends to N , the first form (C.1) is regular, but each of the two terms in
(C.2) has a pole in α (see remarks in sect. 1). It will be shown below that, near α = N ,
N −1
X f1 (λ, α, z) + f2 (λ, α, z)
w(λ) (z1 , z2 ) = cm (λ, α)z m−α + g(λ, α) , (C.3)
m=0
sin(πα)

where cm (λ, α), g(λ, α), f1 and f2 are analytic and verify f1 (λ, N, z) + f2 (λ, N, z) = 0. Hence
N −1  
 X
m−N ∂α f1 (λ, N, z) + ∂α f2 (λ, N, z)
w(λ) (z1 , z2 ) α=N =
 cm (λ, N )z + g(λ, N ) . (C.4)
m=0
π cos(πN )

The form (C.3) follows from a straightforward expansion of the hypergeometric functions in (C.2).

w(λ) (z1 , z2 ) =
N −1 
z m−α Γ(α)Γ(λ + α + 1 + m)Γ(−λ − α + m)
X 
+
m=0
(4π)α+1 Γ(λ + α + 1)Γ(−λ − α)(1 − α)(2 − α) . . . (m − α) m!
∞  m
1 X z Γ(−α)Γ(α + 1)Γ(−λ + m)Γ(λ + 2α + 1 + m)
+
(4π)α+1 Γ(λ + α + 1)Γ(−λ − α) m=0 Γ(α + 1 + m)Γ(m + 1)
z m+N −α Γ(α)Γ(1 − α)Γ(λ + α + 1 + m + N )Γ(−λ − α + m + N )

+ . (C.5)
Γ(1 − α + m + N )Γ(m + N + 1)

Since Γ(−α)Γ(α + 1) = −π/ sin(πα), and Γ(α)Γ(1 − α) = π/ sin(πα), we obtain (C.3) with
π
g(λ, α) = ,
(4π)α+1 Γ(λ +
α + 1)Γ(−λ − α)
∞ m
X z Γ(−λ + m)Γ(λ + 2α + 1 + m)
f1 (λ, α, z) = − ,
m=0
Γ(α + 1 + m)Γ(m + 1)
∞
X z m+N −α Γ(λ + α + 1 + m + N )Γ(−λ − α + m + N )
f2 (λ, α, z) = . (C.6)
m=0
Γ(1 − α + m + N )Γ(m + N + 1)

The form (C.4) gives

w(λ) (z1 , z2 ) =
N −1 
(−1)m z m−N Γ(N − m)Γ(λ + N + 1 + m)Γ(−λ − N + m)
X 
+
m=0
(4π)N +1 Γ(λ + N + 1)Γ(−λ − N )m!
∞
(−1)N X z m Γ(λ + 2N + 1 + m)Γ(−λ + m)
+ N +1
[− log z+
(4π) Γ(λ + N + 1)Γ(−λ − N ) m=0 Γ(1 + m)Γ(N + 1 + m)
+ψ(1 + m) − ψ(λ + 2N + 1 + m) + ψ(N + 1 + m) − ψ(−λ + m)] . (C.7)

From the identity Γ(u)Γ(1 − u) = π/ sin(πu) it follows that

Γ(−x + p)Γ(x − p + 1) sin π(−x)

= (C.8)
Γ(−x)Γ(x + 1) sin π(−x + p)
and hence, for integer p,
Γ(−x + p) (−1)p Γ(x + 1)
= . (C.9)
Γ(−x) Γ(x − p + 1)
We can therefore make the following substitutions in (C.7):

Γ(−λ − N + m) (−1)m Γ(λ + N + 1)

= ,
Γ(−λ − N ) Γ(λ + N − m + 1)
March 23, 2011 (biglambda) 9

Γ(−λ + m) (−1)m+N Γ(λ + N + 1)

= . (C.10)
Γ(−λ − N ) Γ(λ − m + 1)

This gives
N −1
X z m−N Γ(N − m)Γ(λ + N + 1 + m)
w(λ) (z1 , z2 ) = +
m=0
(4π)N +1 Γ(λ + N − m + 1)m!
∞
X (−1)m z m Γ(λ + 2N + 1 + m)
+ ×
m=0
(4π)N +1 Γ(1
+ m)Γ(N + 1 + m)Γ(λ − m + 1)
[− log z + ψ(1 + m) − ψ(λ + 2N + 1 + m) + ψ(N + 1 + m) − ψ(−λ + m)] . (C.11)

D General procedure for positive integer λ

In [] the following procedure was defined for letting λ tend to an integer n ≥ 0:

(−1)n+1 ∂ w(λ) (z1 , z2 ) 

 
w
b(n) (z1 , z2 ) = . (D.1)
n! ∂λ Γ(−λ) 
λ=n

Note that if h(λ) is analytic near λ = n, we may write

(−1)n+1 ∂ (−1)n+1
 
h(λ) ∂ h(λ)
= (λ − n)g(λ), g(λ) = , (D.2)
n! ∂λ Γ(−λ) ∂λ n! (λ − n)Γ(−λ)

the function g is analytic at λ = n, hence the quantity (D.2), evaluated at λ = n, is equal to g(n) = h(n).
We will need the following formulae, where p ≥ 0 is an integer:

ψ(u) Γ0 (u) ∂ ∂
= 2
= − Γ(u)−1 = − π −1 sin(πu)Γ(1 − u)
Γ(u) Γ(u) ∂u ∂u
 = − cos(πu)Γ(1 − u) + π −1 sin(πu)Γ0 (1 − u),
ψ(u) 
= −p! cos(pπ) = (−1)p+1 p! ; (D.3)
Γ(u) u=−p

 
∂ ψ(u)
= π sin(πu)Γ(1 − u) + 2 cos(πu)Γ0 (1 − u) − π −1 sin(πu)Γ00 (1 − u) ,
∂u  Γ(u) 
∂ ψ(u) 
= 2 cos(pπ)Γ0 (1 + p) = 2(−1)p p! ψ(1 + p) . (D.4)
∂u Γ(u) u=−p
March 23, 2011 (biglambda) 10

E Integer λ for all integer N ≥ 0 (even d ≥ 2)

Only the terms in (C.11) containing ψ(−λ + m), with m ≤ n fail to be analytic in λ at the value n. All
terms in the infinite series with m > n vanish at λ = n. To apply the procedure described in sect. D to
the terms containing ψ(−λ + m) (with m ≤ n) we must evaluate
n
(−1)n+1 ∂ X (−z)m Γ(λ + 2N + 1 + m)
 
ψ(−λ + m)
− . (E.1)
n! ∂λ m=0 (4π)N +1 Γ(1 + m)Γ(N + 1 + m)Γ(λ − m + 1) Γ(−λ)

at λ = n. Using (C.9) this may be rewritten as

n
(−1)n+1 ∂ X z m Γ(λ + N + 1 + m)Γ(λ + 1)
 
ψ(−λ + m)
− . (E.2)
n! ∂λ m=0 (4π)N +1 Γ(1 + m)Γ(N + 1 + m)Γ(λ − m + 1)2 Γ(−λ + m)

By (D.3) and (D.4), we have

   
ψ(−λ + m)  ψ(u) 
− = − = (−1)n−m (n − m)! , (E.3)
Γ(−λ + m) λ=n Γ(u) u=−(n−m)
   
∂ ψ(−λ + m)  ∂ ψ(u) 
− = = 2(−1)n−m (n − m)! ψ(1 + n − m) . (E.4)
∂λ Γ(−λ + m) λ=n ∂u Γ(u) u=−(n−m)
This gives for the expression (E.1):
n
X (−1)m z m Γ(n + N + 1 + m)
[−ψ(n + 2N + 1 + m) − ψ(n + 1)] . (E.5)
m=0
(4π)N +1 Γ(1 + m)Γ(N + 1 + m)Γ(n + 1 − m)

Adding to this the other terms in (C.11) evaluated at λ = n we finally obtain

N −1
X z m−N Γ(N − m)Γ(n + N + 1 + m)
w
b(n) (z1 , z2 ) = +
m=0
(4π)N +1 Γ(n + N + 1 − m)Γ(m + 1)
n
X (−1)m z m Γ(n + 2N + 1 + m)
+ ×
m=0
(4π)N +1 Γ(1
+ m)Γ(N + 1 + m)Γ(n − m + 1)
× [− log z + ψ(1 + m) + ψ(N + 1 + m) − 2ψ(n + 2N + 1 + m) − ψ(1 + n)] . (E.6)

In the case N = 1, i.e. d = 4, this becomes

z −1
w
b(n) (z1 , z2 ) = +
(4π)2
n
X (−1)m z m Γ(n + 3 + m)
×
m=0
(4π)2 Γ(1 + m)Γ(2 + m)Γ(n + 1 − m)
× [− log z + ψ(1 + m) + ψ(2 + m) − 2ψ(n + 3 + m) − ψ(1 + n)] . (E.7)