LAND USE –

TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM

• [1]Arcay, Adrian,
• [2]Cabahug, Clint Zoe,
• [3]Floro, John Paul,
• [4]Garcia, Rolando David,
• [5]Toledo, Hans Ranierson
INTRODUCTION

Common Terms
and Meaning
• Transport
• Passenger Transport
• Goods Transport
• Freight Transport
• Transportation
• Urban Transport
• Rural transport
• Public Transport
• Intermediate Public Transport
• Rapid Transport

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 Historical

INTRODUCTION
Evolution
• Human settlements formed tracks
• Domesticated animals were used
• Invention of wheel
• Coal Era
• Diesel Powered Engine
• Sustainable electric-powered vehicles

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 ROLE OF CIVIL
ENGINEERS IN
TRANSPORTATION
ENGINEERING

Subtitle
• Transportation involves three elements the vehicle, the path
and the terminal.
• The path over which the vehicles travel is built and
maintained by civil engineers. The terminals where the
passengers and cargo are serviced, are planned,
constructed, and maintained by civil engineers

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 Role of the

INTRODUCTION
Government in
Transportation
• Promotion of road construction
• Funds through various taxes
• Public transport regulation
• Traffic rules and regulation

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 Transportation
Systems Planning

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 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PLANNING
Challenges in
Transportation in
21st Century
• In its millennium paper, the committee
on International Activities of the
Transportation Research Board (TRB)
(National Academy of Sciences in the
United States) lists the following as
challenges (Linzie, 2000):

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 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PLANNING
The interoperability
(working together) of
transport services will be
an issue.

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PLANNING

Strong trend toward more

competition in the delivery of
transport services and
facilities.

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 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PLANNING
Financing and subsidies
will always be discussed
in the transport sector

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 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PLANNING
Environmental effects of
transportation will increase
• Noise Pollution
• Air Pollution
• Land Use

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 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PLANNING
Safety and security of
passengers and freight

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 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PLANNING
Government
regulations and
economic self-
regulation

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TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PLANNING

Threat of climatic change

and effects of
emergencies

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 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PLANNING
Threat of urban
congestion and
suburban sprawl.

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 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PLANNING
Increase and worldwide
coordination in research
and development.

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SUSTAINABLE
TRANSPORT

Subtitle
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
Green and Sustainable
(Bernow, 2000)

• Sustainable means that we can support a

function or process by some degree of
renewal that sometimes is complete and
other times can be renewed with
additional effort.

• Green means that we have eliminated the

risk of harming the environment and the
resource used is completely renewable.

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Most sustainable transport initiatives depart from three basic dimensions of sustainable development, as
illustrated in Munasinghe’s diagram of the mutually reinforcing pillars of sustainability (World Bank, 1996,
Figure 1.5, p. 28).

• Economy System
• Environment System
• Social Systems

Each pillar serves a specific objective to support effective policies that;

(1)provide for continuing improvements in material standard of living,
(2) Optimize attainment of overall quality of life, and
(3) share the benefits from transportation equitably with all segments of the
population.

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TRANSPORTATION AND
ENERGY
 • Nowadays, approx. 74 million
barrels of oil per day are
consumed everyday
• Liquid fuels may last up to 1500
years
• Artificial scarcity are occurring due
to cartels that control the price of
oil

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 • U.S. oil net imports as a percent of
consumption was 49.6% in 1999
(Davis, 2000). This is almost twice
its value in 1983 (28.1%) and it is
expected to increase further unless
something drastic is done.

• OPEC’s share of world production is expected to grow to more than

50% by 2020 (CEC, 1999).

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 Global markets will also suffer
from the market disruptions. Not

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only that, the transportation
sector will also be drastically
affected, due to the fact that
majority of our transportations
are oil reliant. The energy
consumption distribution by
source for transportation in the
United States for 1999 was
97.4% petroleum and 2.6%
natural gas

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 • In the United States, the rate of annual increase of energy
consumption is 1.3% for the last 10 years. Compared to other
sectors, the rate of increase in transportation sector is 1.4% greater.
• In 1970, 16.07 of the total energy consumption in the U.S. came
from the transportation sector, 22.57% in 1989, and 28% in 1999
(Davis, 2020)

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TRANSPORTATION AND
ENVIRONMENT
 • Transportation impacts
the environment
especially in air (Air
pollution).

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 GROUP 2
CLIMATE
CHANGE
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20XX SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT 9
 • Continued development and promotion of clean, alternatively fueled
vehicles (AFVs)
• Continued alternative fuel vehicle infrastructure development
• Production and use of biomass to produce transportation fuels
• Pricing measures to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT)
• Higher fuel economy standards
• Alternative fuel vehicle incentives, including fuel subsidies and vehicle
purchase incentives
• VMT taxes and congestion fees to reduce VMT
• Land use and transportation strategies to reduce congestion, improve air
quality, and reduce CO2 emissions

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• Replacement of petroleum fuels by natural gas will have a major
positive effect in decreasing CO2.
• Longer-term reductions can be achieved only by using transportation
fuels that are not carbon based.

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 20XX

THANK YOU
Presenter name
Email address
SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT

Website

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 Transport and
Safety
Garcia, Rolando David T.
 SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT
• A success story in transportation is safety
for passengers.

Introduction • Safety is the most important thing to

consider.

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Safety for motorists

• Improved road geometry

• Imposed mandates to auto manufacturers for vehicular safety
• Improved compliance of the population with seatbelt use
• Increased investment in medical technology
Safety for pedestrians

• better sidewalks
• Separate lanes for bicycles
• Traffic calming
• Other pedestrian protective technologies
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Though the data shows improvement on the safety
of transportation, it is inevitable to reach a zero
fatality
National Highway Traffics Safety Administration (NHTSA)
concludes:

• If subcompact and compact vehicles are substituted by larger and

heavier vehicles and, at the same time, full-size and large trucks
are replaced by smaller ones, we will see a decrease in fatalities.
 Transportation
Control Measures
Garcia, Rolando David T.
Transportation control measures
(TCMs)
• are strategies that reduce transportation-related air pollution,
GHG emissions, and fuel use by reducing vehicle miles
traveled and improving roadway operations.
• Vehicle use can be reduced through less-polluting
transportation alternatives, such as public transit, and
strategies that decrease the need for vehicle trips, such as
telecommuting

• TCMs may also focus on making travel more efficient by

carefully managing the transportation system.
 TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS MODELING
AND EVALUATION
CABAHUG, CLINT ZOE L.
INTRODUCTION
What is a Transportation?
• A transportation includes infrastructure,
administration, vehicles, and users and can
be viewed from various aspects, including
engineering, economics, and societal
issues.

What is a Transportation System?

• A transportation system can be defined
narrowly as a single driver/vehicle with its
second-by-second interactions with the
road and other vehicles.

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 • Transportation Models
- are a formal description of the
relationships between transportation
system components and their operations.
Knowledge of these relationships allows
for estimating or predicting unknown
quantities (outputs), from quantities that
are known (inputs).

• Evaluation
-has two distinct meanings: ‘‘calculate
approximately’’ and ‘‘form an opinion
about.’’
- Both meanings are reflected in the two
basic steps of transportation systems
evaluation:
1. Quantify by applying a model
2. Qualify by applying evaluation
criteria

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 Transportation models are applied to
individual highway facilities, groups of

TYPES OF TRANSPORTATION facilities, and entire transportation systems at

the city, state, and national levels.
MODELS Transportation models are also applied to
time horizons, ranging from the present up to
20 and more years ahead.

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 Transportation Models
-can be divided into 4 categories:
• Demand Models
• Network Models
• Traffic Models
• Performance Models

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 Demand Model
• The majority of trips are work or business-related, transportation demand depends
strongly on the regional economy.
Econometric models Extrapolation methods
• attempt to grasp these complex impacts
• including trends of growth rate Traffic Generation Models
• Require future land use and
through simultaneous statistical equations
method are the low end and household characteristics to be
that represent the relationships among
Separate growth factors are known because they link the
transportation, regional economy, land use,
developed for different regions, number of trip ends in a traffic
regional policies and people travel
transportation modes, and types zone with particular zonal
preferences
of transportation facilities characteristics, such as the
• Relationships are developed from the number of workplaces and the
• This method is not able to reflect
historical data for the region and then number of households.
unusual changes either in the
applied to predict future transportation
economy or in the land use.
demands.

• These models are typically highly

aggregated and give total annual or daily
numbers of trips between zones by various
transportation modes
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 Network Models
• the network models have typically been
developed to deal with certain transportation
modes.
• The interactions between the transportation
modes are presently attracting the interest of
researchers who are trying to incorporate
transportation intermodalism into regional
planning
• Network models require travel demand to be
known as a table of one-way flows between all
possible pairs of network nodes or traffic
zones.
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Network Model
Highway Network
Modeling
• the connectivity of the transportation
infrastructure and on the travelers’
path choices across the network and
of transportation modes (for example,
highways with public transit routes).
Logistic Models
• optimize transportation of commodities.
• focused on routing commodities across a
multimodal transportation network to
minimize transportation costs and meet
time constraints.
• particular interest to private
transportation companies and to large
manufacturers that use supply-chain
analysis to reduce transportation and
storage costs
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Performance
Models
• quantify traffic characteristics (volume, speed, traffic
density, travel time, delay, etc.) that are directly used
to evaluate transportation systems and their
components. Such quantities include costs, noise, air
pollution, and users’perceptions of conditions.
• Widely known models include a model of vehicle
emission MOBILE and a model of aircraft noise
generation
• can accompany all the three transportation models
already introduced, depending on the type of
transportation analysis: planning, design, operations.

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 TRADITIONAL MODELING PARADIGMS

TYPES OF
MODELING
PARADIGMS
NEW MODELING PARADIGMS

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Traditional Transportation
Modeling Paradigms
• used in transportation engineering
• proven to provide a manageable modeling
framework using data that are available
and providing computational demands that
are reasonable
• has three phases, with a gradually growing
level of detail and a narrowing geographical
scope
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New transportation
modeling paradigm.
• The full interaction between different levels
is obtained by adding feedback between
the layers or developing models that truly
integrate all the components into one
model

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 WHAT ARE THE USES OF
TRANSPORTATION MODELS?
• Modeling is a necessary component of transportation
engineering if future traffic conditions are being analyzed or
existing conditions are too expensive to observe.
• A practical approach to transportation studies is to solve
transportation problems by first solving their models and
then implementing the solutions to the real world.
• Modeling is applied in all the areas of transportation
engineering: planning, design, and operations
• traditionally the most model-demanding, intelligent
technologies and techniques applied to transportation have
increased the demand for modeling in design and traffic
operations areas.

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 Planning
• Modeling for planning includes predicting
future travel demands, identifying
potential performance problems under
the future travel demands, and proposing
general solutions of the anticipated
transportation problems.

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Future travel demands
• typically defined as the
volume of travelers willing
to travel between two
locations.
• Demand for travel strongly
depends on land use and
on economic conditions.
Impact of regulations and
policies on future travel
demands.
• Knowledge of this
relationship is particularly
useful if proper regulatory
and economic measures
are sought to keep travel
demand at the desired level
Identification of components
of the existing infrastructure
that will need improvements.
• This analysis leads to the
next one, whereby
engineering solutions of
the anticipated
transportation-related
problems are sought.
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Identification of projects needed to
maintain acceptable performance of
the system.
• Once future transportation issues and
weak components of the infrastructure
are identified, adequate alternative
solutions can be proposed and evaluated.
• Transportation models are run for
various scenarios that represent various
solutions, and consecutive evaluation of
the scenarios is carried out to select the
best one.
Identification of improvements is needed to make
the existing infrastructure more resilient to damage
and more efficient in emergency situations
• Modeling of emergency conditions that
follow natural or human-inflicted
disasters (earthquake, hurricane, nuclear
blast, biological/chemical attack) help
identify critical components of a
transportation system.
• A component of transportation
infrastructure is critical if its failure brings
severe deterioration of the system
performance.
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 3.4 USES OF
TRANSPORTATION
MODELS
 SAMPLE FOOTER TEXT
A practical approach to transportation
studies is to solve transportation
problems by first solving their models

Transportation and then implementing the solutions to

the real world.

Models?
Modeling is applied in all the areas of
transportation engineering: planning,
design, and operations.

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PLANNING DESIGN OPERATION

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PLANNING
Modeling for planning includes
predicting future travel
demands, identifying potential
performance problems under
the future travel demands and
proposing general solutions of
the anticipated transportation
problems.

PLANNING

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1. FUTURE TRAVEL DEMANDS

2. IMPACT OF REGULATIONS AND POLICIES ON

FUTURE TRAVEL DEMANDS

3. IDENTIFICATION OF PARTS THAT NEED TO

BE MAINTAINED OR IMPROVED

PLANNING
PLANNING DESIGN OPERATION

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DESIGN
A WELL-DESIGNED TRANSPORTATION FACILITY IS
ECONOMICAL IN CONSTRUCTION AND
MAINTENANCE, ACCOMMODATES TRAFFIC
DEMAND DURING ITS LIFETIME, AND DOES NOT
EXPOSE ITS USERS TO EXCESSIVE DANGER.

DESIGN
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TO MEET THESE CRITERIA, A DESIGNER MUST BE
ABLE TO LINK DESIGN DECISIONS WITH FACILITY
PERFORMANCE (SPEED, SAFETY, AND COSTS).

ALTHOUGH DESIGN DECISIONS ARE BASED ON

DESIGN POLICIES AND GUIDELINES, IT IS HEAVILY
INFLUENCED BY TRANSPORTATION MODELLING.

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PLANNING DESIGN OPERATION

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OPERATION
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STUDIES OF EXISTING
SYSTEMS MAY INCLUDE
DIRECT OBSERVATIONS OF
THEIR PERFORMANCE.
ALTHOUGH THIS IS THE MOST
DESIRABLE METHOD OF
EVALUATING EXISTING
SYSTEMS, COSTS , TIME AND
MEASUREMENT DIFFICULTIES
OFTEN MAKE MODELING
DESIRABLE.

OPERATION
PLANNING DESIGN OPERATION

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Summary
Uses of Transportation Models

1. Planning – Predict

2. Design – Optimization

3. Operation - Observation

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3.5 SELECTING A
MODEL
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TRANSPORTATION MODELS ARE USED TO PRODUCE SPECIFIC

RESULTS. IF A MODEL DOES NOT PRODUCE WHAT IS NEEDED OR
THE RESULTS ARE INSUFICIENT TO CALCULATE THE NEEDED
OUTCOME, THEN SUCH A MODEL CANNOT BE USED.

OUTPUT SCOPE AND FORMAT

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WAY OF EVALUATING MODEL VALIDITY IS TO ANALYZE THE

MODEL’S FUNDAMENTALS AND STRUCTURE. SUFFICIENT
DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL AND EXPLANATION OF ITS
THEORETICAL BASIS INCREASE CONFIDENCE IN THE MODEL’S
VALIDITY, PARTICULARLY FOR COMPUTER SIMULATION IF
THE COMPONENT MODELS ARE WELL DOCUMENTED IN THE
LITERATURE AND SET TOGETHER IN A PLAUSIBLE MANNER.

MODEL VALIDITY
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EVEN A VALID MODEL REQUIRES CALIBRATION IF THE LOCAL

CONDITIONS DIFFER FROM THE ONES FOR WHICH THE MODEL
WAS DEVELOPED AND VALIDATED. FREQUENTLY, A
SIMULATION MODEL IS DEVELOPED FROM COMPONENT
MODELS AND THE DEFAULT VALUES OF MODEL PARAMETERS
ARE ASSUMED USING COMMON
SENSE OR PUBLISHED RESEARCH.

MODEL CALIBRATION
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A MODEL IS PRACTICAL IF IT REQUIRES INPUT THAT IS FEASIBLE

TO OBTAIN. AGAIN, THIS CONDITION SHOULD BE CONSIDERED
IN CONNECTION WITH A SPECIfiC JOB FOR WHICH A MODEL IS
NEEDED. AN EXCESSIVELY DETAILED MODEL MAY IMPOSE
DIFFICULTIES OF USING DEFAULT INPUTS, BUT AN OVERLY
SIMPLIFIED MODEL MAY DEFEAT THE PURPOSE.

SCOPE OF INPUT
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THE COSTS OF TRANSPORTATION ANALYSIS INCLUDE

GATHERING AND FORMATTING DATA, RUNNING A MODEL,
AND DOCUMENTING AND REPORTING RESULTS. DATA
COLLECTION AND FORMATTING ARE FREQUENTLY THE
PRIMARY COMPONENT OF THE TOTAL COSTS, PARTICULARLY
WHEN THE MODEL IS COMPLEX AND REQUIRES CALIBRATION.
THE COSTS CAN BE SIGNIfiCANTLY REDUCED IF THE DATA
REQUIRED BY THE MODEL ARE ROUTINELY COLLECTED BY A
TRANSPORTATION AGENCY AND STORED IN WELL-
MAINTAINED DATABASES.

MODELING COSTS
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ONE EXAMPLE IS CLIENTS’ PREFERENCES MUST BE

CONSIDERED WHEN SELECTING A MODEL AND A MODELLING
APPROACH

OTHER CONSIDERATIONS