Name _____________________ Section _____________ Score _______

Subject Rizal’s Life and Works___ Teacher Resty N. Ungab Date _______

Drawing out Types of Activity  Concept Notes  Individual  Formative Others, specify:
the best
in you!  Laboratory  Pair/Group  Summative

MODULE: 2
LESSON: 3

Lesson/Topic : The Philippines in the 19th Century

Learning Target(s)
: To describe what was the political, economic and social life of
the Philippines during the 19th century;
: To discuss why Rizal was the product of his times;
: To know the institutions being imposed by Spain in the
Philippines during the 19th century;
: To elaborate on the life of the Filipinos during that time; and
: To give the importance and relevance of how nationalism
was moulded in the heart and mind of our national hero.

Reference(s) : Valenzuela, E. & Calayag, E. (2019). Rizal’s Life and Works:

Towards Social Awareness and Nationalism.
: De Jesus et al. (2017). The ICON Revised Rizal (His Life,
Works, Writings) & the other Heroes.
: Purino, A. (2014). Rizal The Greatest Filipino Hero.
Concept/Digest:

ACTIVITY:

YOUR THOUGHTS: Answer the following questions in the most comprehensive way possible. Each
question is worth ten (10) points.

Criteria for scoring:

A. Content/Organization of thought: 5 pts
B. Grammar: 5 pts
TOTAL 10 pts

1. In your own words, compare and contrast the government of Spain during those times and in our
present political system?

2. Are you in favor of the powers of the Governor-General which covers the Church and the State?
Discuss.

ANALYSIS:

STUDY GUIDE:

1. Why was the 19th century considered a dynamic and creative age?
2. How would you describe Philippine society with the arrival of the conquerors?
3. Describe the powers and functions of each office/official during the Spanish period
4. What were the criticisms against the educational system during that period? Do you agree with them?
ABSTRACTION:

The World During The 19th Century

The 19th century is known to be the Age of Enlightenment in Philippine history which can be
described as a colorful part of our history. There were several events that took shape that had impact in the
Philippine soil. Among these were the following:

1. United States of America – The United States of America according to the diary of Rizal was too
impressive in the sense of their rapid industrialization that time and Rizal commented that America
will be the next Superpower after Spain. The racial issue hampered its racial discrimination in the
mainland as described in the book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin written by Harriet Beecher Stowe where
negroes are subject to slavery by the “whites”. When President Lincoln became the President, several
reforms took place such as the “emancipation of slaves” in response to the racial issue and
enfranchising them as well as awarding them their American citizenship.
2. England – one of the most powerful nations that colonized America was England. Under the reign of
Queen Victoria (1837-1901), England was transformed into a conqueror and the continent of Africa
was their main target. Several reforms were also part of the English history aside from being the
mother of all parliamentary governments. Among them were the Reform Bill of 1867 where voting
rights to the laborers were extended, the Educaton Act of 1870 where free education was awarded to
all British students and in 1871 Unions were organized as part of the worker’s rights and privileges.
3. Italy – Italy is known for its magnificent churches and plazas became one of the tourism spots then
until now. The reign of King Victor Immanuel II worked for the unification of Italy. Before its
unification the country was ruled by several kingdoms. For example, Giuseppe Garibaldi commanded
his troops to subjugate other kingdom thus, making Italy into one sovereign country. However, one
city was separated, the Vatican City which became a state within the sovereign territory in Italy that
was proclaimed under the Lateran Treaty of 1929.
4. Germany – Germany was known as Prussia then which was led by the military General Otto von
Bismarck. In 1870 Germany attacked France resulting to the military domination of Germany in the
region. In 1871 William I was crowned the Emperor of Germany.
5. France – After the French Revolution of 1789, the empire continued its rise to power under Emperor
Napoleon III. It was defeated by Germany in 1871 by Otto von Bismarck.
6. India – At that time India was governed by the Mogul empire where Sepoy soldiers staged a mutiny
and murdered some British commanders of the army. After the mutiny, British authorities hired loyal
Indian soldiers to quell the Mogul Empire and re-establish once again British colonialism in India.
7. China – China is known to be one of the oldest trading partners of the Philippines. In the 19 th century,
China was ruled by a dynasty that was led by the family rulers. Manchu Dynasty ruled China when
the Taiping Rebellion happened between 1825 up to 1864. China was also fragmented into pieces by
the foreign powers particularly managed in whole or in part by Italy, France and Great Britain. Russia
also took advantage of China by taking some of the islands after the Sino-Russian War in the early
1900’s or latter part of the 19th century. There were some conflicts also with Mongolia in northern part
of Chinese Mainland. The Opium War (1856-1860) became one of the economic and political turmoil
of that time where Hong Kong was surrendered to the British under several treaties and agreements.
8. Japan – In 1853 (8 years before Rizal was born), the American Naval Force headed by Matthew Perry
wanted to established ports for American ships. Japan signed several treaties with other European
countries particularly France, Russia, Holland and Great Britain. This was the first time the
Westerners entered Japan which has established its Shogunate for a long time.
9. Singapore – Singapore was known for its ports at that time where merchant and passenger ships
loaded and unloaded from place to place. It was founded by British Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819 and
its complete independence was established after its separation from the Federation of Malaya in 1965.

The Philippines During the 19th Century

The history of the Philippines during the 19th century was divided into three institutions namely:

1. Political Institutions – The political set-up of the Philippines during those times was headed by the
Governor-General (Capitan Heneral, in Spanish term). He was appointed by the King of Spain for an
“indefinite” period of time as loyalty was one of the major qualifications of government officials. It
was during the time of Adelantado Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, then appointed by King Philip II of
Spain that portions of land (encomienda) were awarded. The governor-general performs dual
functions – political and ecclesiastical. His political powers include being the chief executive head of
the colony – managing the internal affairs of the state as well as the executor of the laws of the land.
He was also the chief of Real Audiencia or the Spanish Supreme Court in the Ph where cases were
 elevated after the failure of cases in local courts. He was also the commanding officer of the armed
forces particularly the navy and the army. His ecclesiastical power then was to settle Church matters
because there was Union of Church and State. In the 19 th century Ph then the office of the
Government-General was the most powerful position in the land next to the King of Spain and the
Ministry of the Indies. In order to check the powers of the Governor-General then there were officials
being sent by the King – the residencia and visitadores. The Residencia are permanent officials who
will scrutinize the performance of the out-going Governor-General. The incoming Governor-General
would be probably coming from the residencia. Visitadores on the other hand will check the
performance of the Governor-General and they were temporary and different from the residencia.
In the local set-up then, local government was divided into provinces, cities, and barangays. The
provinces were led by the alcade-mayor who was the executive of the provinces. Cities were called,
Ayuntamiento that were headed by a petty governor known as the “gobernadorcillo”. The little towns
were called pueblos. During the 19 th century the barangays were headed by a chief known as the
cabeza de barangay and they served as tax collectors of their constituents.
2. Economic Institutions – The encomienda system or the leasehold system became one of the main
economic programs of Spain in the Ph. This system however, was abused by the Spaniards. The 70-3-
percentage crop sharing became the most abused practice to uneducated farmers because it was
usurious. Another form of abuse was the monopoly system or known as bandala system where the
materials and middlemen sold them at a higher cost. The Galleon Trade was another economic activity
at that time where “boletas” or tickets were used to purchase goods from the ships though there were
instances when ships never returned due to typhoons or man-made accidents at sea.
3. Social Institution – The social institution which was imposed by Spain in the Philippines was divided
into social strata to wit;

 The Principalia (the rich and opulent class) or the peninsulares and insulares at the apex
 The lower portion of the apex is composed of mixed races (Spaniards, Chinese, and Austronesian
ancestry)
 The rising middle class or the ilustrados (composed of the educated class) including Rizal’s family
and other propagandists
 Almost 60% of the population is “indio” which belongs to the lower class and uneducated
Filipinos.

Religious impositions were very strong at that time where Filipinos are subjects under the Spanish
friars. Marcelo H. Del Pilar, known to be one of the main propagandists coined term, “frailocracy”
which prevailed in the Ph.

Rizal as a product of his times

Rizal was the product of his times and he was also one of the eyewitnesses of the execution of the
triumvirate priests, Gomez, Burgos and Zamora who were executed on February 17, 1872 after the Cavite
Mutiny on January 20, 1872 which was led by Sargeant La Madrid. Rizal being an eyewitness of the
execution, reckoned his historical thoughts in his letters as revealed by his early biographers. On the other
hand, some points to be considered, to wit;

1. Divine Intervention – Rizal’s vast knowledge and social consciousness are God’s gifts to him. As a
reformer, he was well-versed in letters and language. It is a fact that Jose Rizal possessed a lot of
talents and he used his literacy and writing ability to fight the Spanish tyranny. He believed that “the
pen is mightier than the sword”.
2. Environmental Awareness – the 19th century was the Age of Enlightenment and Rizal was the
product of that time. His environment might be one of the very reasons why he fought the Spanish
authorities a she was surrounded by several names who became his advisers and mentors. He
witnessed the execution of the triumvirate priests (GomBurZa) at a young age of 11 which awakened
his awareness of social injustices of the Spanish authorities. He believed that “tyranny” has no room
in a free society which he envisioned for the country.
3. Educational Factors – Rizal became a young professional who gained his expertise in Ateneo (as
surveyor), UST (as a medical student) and in Universidad Central de Madrid (continuing his medical
studies). His expertise became in demand as a barrio doctor serving his less priviledged compatriots.
His literary knowledge and observations in the PH and his travels abroad were his inspirations when
he wrote 2 novels – Noli and El Fili.
4. Family Orientation – The Mercado family along with other “middle class families” were Rizal’s first
teachers. Belonging to the ilustrado class, he was sent abroad to continue his medical studies though
there were some objections from his mother. His family was his source of strength in his fight for
social justice from the evil society of that time. Paciano, his brother was his closest adviser and
 supporter during his stay in Europe. Rizal’s family has influenced him a lot in inculcating and
developing nationalism in his consciousness.

APPLICATION:

DIRECTION: Make a TABULATION of the qualities of Rizal into: Divine Intervention, Family
Orientation, Environmental Factor and Education. Describe also your OWN PERSONALITY using the
same tabulation. Use the space provided below for your tabulation. (30 pts)
 Name _____________________ Section _____________ Score _______
Subject Rizal’s Life and Works___ Teacher Resty N. Ungab Date _______

Drawing out Types of Activity  Concept Notes  Individual  Formative Others, specify:
the best
in you!  Laboratory  Pair/Group  Summative

MODULE: 2
LESSON: 4

Lesson/Topic : Rizal’s Ancestry, Birth and Childhood

Learning Target(s)
: To identify the family of Rizal as well as the lifestyle of the
families during the 19th century;
: To describe in full details the family of Rizal as member of t
he Ilustrado Class;
: To compare the life of the family at that time with the family in
the modern times
: To explain the relevance of the birth of the national hero; and
: To describe the significance of Rizal’s birth during the 19th
century Age of Enlightment

Reference(s) : Valenzuela, E. & Calayag, E. (2019). Rizal’s Life and Works:

Towards Social Awareness and Nationalism.
: De Jesus et al. (2017). The ICON Revised Rizal (His Life,
Works, Writings) & the other Heroes.
: Purino, A. (2014). Rizal The Greatest Filipino Hero.

Concept/Digest:

ACTIVITY:

YOUR THOUGHTS: Answer the question in the most comprehensive way possible. It is worth ten (10)
points.

Criteria for scoring:

C. Content/Organization of thought: 5 pts
D. Grammar: 5 pts
TOTAL 10 pts

1. Compare and Contrast the childhood life during those time times with our times. Describe those
differences as well as the relevance of one’s childhood to one’s adulthood.

ANALYSIS:

STUDY GUIDE;

1. Describe the birth of Rizal.

2. What conditions and events influenced Rizal’s life?
3. Why did the Rizal family choose the name Rizal as a second family name?
4. Why was Teodora Alonso considered to have the most striking personality in the family?
5. Describe the personality of Francisco Mercado.
6. Name the eleven children of Don Francisco and Dona Teodora in order.
7. Did the sisters of Rizal contribute to his moral and spiritual life? How?

ABSTRACTION:

The Mercado Clan (Family Tree)

Geographically, the Mercado’s house then was located at the foot of Mt. Makiling (known to be an
inactive volcano). Their house was simple but maybe elegant during those times. The house was
surrounded by fruit bearing trees or “punong kahoy” in Tagalog that are almost gone at present where
only modern houses and condominiums are visible. The Mercado family was big, comprises of their
parents and their eleven children, as illustrated in the family tree below:

The National Hero is Born

It was on June 19, 1861 when the 7th child of the Mercado was born. Based on the reckonings of
Zaide, Rizal’s mother almost died when she delivered her 7th child. There was a full moon which brings
severals “omens” or “kasabihans” in Tagalog.

Justifications for being a National Hero

There are several questions regarding Rizal’s heroism. According to the report made by the
National Heroes Committee (under the EO no. 75), these are the elements to qualify as a national hero in
verbatim;

1. Heroes are those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation’s
freedom.
2. Heroes are those who define and contribute to a system or life of freedom and order for a nation.
3. Heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation.
4. A hero is part of the people’s expression.
5. A hero thinks of the future, especially the future generations.
6. The choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of an episode or events in history, but of the
entire process that made this particular person a hero.
The Rizal Family

1. Francisco Mercado (1818-1898) – Father of Jose Rizal who was the youngest of 13 offsprings of
Juan and Cirila Mercado. Born in Binan, Laguna on April 18, 1818; studied in San Jose College,
Manila; and died in Manila. He was one of tenants of Dominican lands in Kalamba.
2. Teodora Alonso (1827-1913) – She was the first mentor and the teacher of young Jose Rizal. Mother
of Jose Rizal who was the second child of Lorenzo Alonso and Brijida de Quintos. She studied at the
Colegio de Santa Rosa. She was a business-minded woman, courteous, religious, hardworking and
well-read. She was born in Santa Cruz, Manila on Nov 14, 1827 and died in 1913 in Manila.
3. Saturnina Rizal (1850-1913) – Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonso marriage. Married Manuel Timoteo
Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas. One of the the correspondents of Rizal when he was in Europe was
Saturnina’s husband.
4. Paciano Rizal (1851-1930) – Only brother of Jose Rizal and the second child. Studied at San Jose
College in Manila; became a farmer and later a general of the Ph Revolution after his brother was
executed at the Bagumbayan (1896).
5. Narcisa Rizal (1852-1939) – The 3rd of Mercado’s family who became teacher and musician. She
married Antonio Lopez, a teacher from Morong, Bataan.
6. Olympia Rizal (1855-1887) – The 4th child who married Silvestre Ubaldo with whom she bore 5
children. She died when Jose Rizal was in Europe.
7. Lucia Rizal (1857-1919) – The 5th child who married Mariano Herbosa. Her husband was denied a
Christian burial because he was associated with Rizal and was believed to have anti-friar sentiments.
8. Maria Rizal (1859-1945) – The 6th child who got married to Daniel Faustino of Binyang, Laguna
with whom she bore 5 children.
9. Jose Rizal (1861-1896) – the 2nd son and the 7th child. The foremost national hero and martyr
recognized by most Filipinos up to the present. He died as a martyr by Spanish firing squad on
December 30, 1896 at 7:03 am.
10. Concepcio Rizal (1862-1865) – The 8th child. Died at the age of 3. She was the first sorrow of Rizal
according to the accounts of Zaide.
11. Josefina Rizal (1865-1945) – The 9th child who was nicknamed “Panggoy”. Died at the age of 80.
12. Trinidad Rizal (1868-1951) – the 10th child who died last in Rizal’s family. She was entrusted by
Rizal with his untitled poem (maybe on a piece of paper) inside the alcohol lamp.
13. Soledad Rizal (1870-1929) – The youngest child who got married to Pantaleon Quinter and the
couple had 5 children.
His Early Childhood and Education

Jose was a young boy with a “thirst for knowledge”. He was first taught at home. Then he was
sent to Binyang in June 1869 at a young age of 8. His Maestro there was Justiniano Aquino Cruz who
developed his knowledge of the Spanish language. An excerpt from Rizal’s diary read as quoted:

Maestro: Do you know Spanish?

Jose: A little senyor.
Maestro: Do you know Latin?
Josel: A little sir.

With that pronouncement, the teacher admired Rizal’s humility as a student. His motivation was to
give Rizal a lot of opportunities to learn more subject areas. Juancho, was another maestro who taught
Rizal in painting and the very reason why Rizal excelled also in drawing as well as sketches.
His learning experience in Binyang was very productive. He was also involved in a duel with
Pedro where he won in the fist-fight though he was smaller than Pedro. This maybe was a mere
symbolical image of Rizal (as an Indio) who challenged the Spanish authorities later in his life. His
accounts described himself as a simple and faithful Catholic.

The Story of the Moth

The first education of young Jose was at home. Having Donya Teodora as his “first teacher”, the
young Jose was being prepared for his formal schooling. One night, young Jose’s mother read him the
Story of the Moth.

NOTE: THE STORY OF THE MOTH IS IN THE ATTACHED DOCUMENT.

APPLICATION:

DIRECTION: Make a “short diary” about your childhood memories. You may choose family pictures in
support of this activity. Make use of the space provided below. (30 pts)

Prepared by: Class Schedule: Saturday @ 7:00 am – 9:30 am/9:30-12:00

nn

Resty N. Ungab
Gen Ed 9 Teacher