Name________________________________Program & Year__________________Score____________

Subject: Understanding the Self Teacher: Louella May V. Plaza Date: Nov. 25, 2020

Type of Activity:
⎕ Concept
MODULE 1 LESSON 2 Notes ⎕ Laboratory ⎕ Individual ⎕ Quiz ⎕ Formative ⎕ Summative
⎕ Exercise/Drill ⎕ Art/Drawing ⎕ Pair/Group ⎕ Others, specify_____________________________

MODULE 8 & 9 : THE SEXUAL SELF (Con’t)

Lesson 10 - 22 : Understanding the Human Sexual Response

: Sex and the Brain
: Understanding the Chemistry of Lust, Love and Attachment
: The Diversity of Sexual Behavior
: Gender Identity
: What is LGBTQ+?
: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Issues
: Sociocultural Factors
: Family Influences
: Urban Setting
: History and Sexual Abuse
: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
: Reproductive Health Act 2012

Learning Outcomes : At the end of the learning module, the student is expected to:
(1.) Discuss the different phases of the human sexual response cycle;
(2.) Compare and contrast the roles of the brain in sexual activity;
(3.) Examine the different characteristics for each roles of hormones in sexual activity;
(4.) Demonstrate the development in psychological aspect, gender difference and
physiological mechanisms on sexual desire.

Reference(s) : Otig V.S., Gallinero, W. B., Bataga, N. U., Salado, F. B. (2018). A

holitic approach in understanding The Self. Mutya Publishing House, Inc.

Concept/Digest : ( Read and study the concept, you can even add more
information. Just search in the Google Website for each topic)

What is the sexual response cycle? The sexual response cycle refers to the sequence of physical and
emotional occurrences when the person is participating in a sexually stimulating activity, such as intercourse or
masturbation (Cleveland Clinic, WEB).
Knowing how the body responds during each phase of the cycle can help enhance a couple’s sexual
relationship, and it can also help address the cause of sexual dysfunction.
In general, both men and women experience these phases. However, they do not experience it at the same
time. For example, it is unlikely that a couple will orgasm simultaneously. Moreover, the intensity of the sensation
and the time spent in each phase also vary from person to person.
In the late 1950’s, William Masters and Virginia Johnson pioneered research to understand human sexual
response, dysfunction and disorders. Masters and Johnson have been widely recognized for their contributions to
sexual, psychological, and psychiatric research, particularly for their theory of a four-stage model of sexual
response (also known as the human sexual response cycle).

ACTIVITY
YY
When was the very first time you feel the rush of sexual desire? Narrate your experience.

ANALYSIS
 Differentiate the three (3) stages of love (lust, attraction, attachment) in your own way, without relying on
its definition. Express your opinion through your own experiences.

ABSTRACTION

FOUR PHASES OF THE HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE

1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution

PHASES GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Phase 1:
Excitement ● Muscle tension increases.
● Heart rate quickens, and breathing is accelerated.
● Skin may become flushed (blotches of redness appear on the chest and back).
● Nipples become hardened or erect.
● Blood flow to the genitals increases, resulting in swelling of the woman’s clitoris and
labia minora (inner lips), and erection of the man’s penis.
● Vaginal lubrication begins.
● The woman’s breasts become fuller and the vaginal walls begin to swell.
● The man’s testicles swell, his scrotum tightens, and he begins secreting a lubricating
liquid.
Phase 2:
Plateau ● The changes begun in phase 1 re intensified.
● The vagina continues to swell from increased blood flow, and the vaginal wall turn a dark
purple.
● The woman’s clitoris becomes highly sensitive (may even be painful to touch) and
retracts under the clitoral hood to avoid direct stimulation from penis.
● The man’s testicles are withdrawn up into the scrotum.
● Breathing, heart rate and blood pressure continue to increase.
● Muscle spasms may begin in the feet, face, and hands.
● Tension in the muscle increases.
Phase 3:
Orgasm This phase is the climax of the sexual response cycle. It is the shortest of the phases and generally
lasts only a few seconds. General characteristics of this phase include the following:
● Involuntary muscle contractions begin.
● Blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are at their highest rates with a rapid intake of
oxygen.
● Muscle in the feet spasm.
● There is a sudden, forceful release of sexual tension.
● In women the muscles of the vagina contract. The uterus also undergoes rhythmic
contractions.
● In men, rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the base of the penis result in the
ejaculation of semen.
● A rash or “sex flush” may appear over the entire body.

Phase 4:
Resolution During this phase, the body slowly returns to its normal functioning level. The swelled and erect
body parts return to their previous size and color. This phase is marked by a general sense of
well-being; intimacy is enhanced; and often, fatigue sets in.
With further sexual stimulation, some women can return to the orgasm phase. This allows them
to experience multiple orgasms. Men, on the other hand, need recovery time after orgasm. This is
called the Refractory period. How long a man needs a refractory period varies among men and
his age.

SEX AND THE BRAIN. WHAT PARTS ARE INVOLVED?

Primarily, sex is the process of combining male and female genes to form an offspring. However, complex
systems of behavior have evolved the sexual process from its primary purpose of reproduction to motivation and
rewards circuit that root sexual behaviors.
 Ultimately, the largest sex organ controlling the biological urges, mental processes, as well as the
emotional and physical responses to sex, is the brain.

Roles of the brain in sexual activity:

1. The brain is responsible for translating the nerve impulses sensed by the skin into pleasurable sensations.
2. It controls the nerves and muscles used in sexual activities.
3. Sexual thoughts and fantasies are theorized to lie in the cerebral cortex, the same area used for thinking
and reasoning.
4. Emotions and feelings (which are important for sexual behavior) are believed to originate in the limbic
system.
5. The brain releases the hormones considered as the physiological origin of sexual desire.

Roles of hormones in sexual activity:

The hypothalamus is the most important part of the brain for sexual functioning. This small area at the base
of the brain has several groups of nerve-cell bodies that receive input from the limbic system. One reason the
hypothalamus is important in human sexual activity is its relation to the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland
secretes the hormones produced in the hypothalamus.
1. Oxytocin
It is also known as the “love hormone” and believed to be involved in our desire to maintain close
relationships. It is released during sexual intercourse when orgasm is achieved.

2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

It is responsible for ovulation in females. The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
in Durham, N.C., discovered that sexual activity was more frequent during a woman’s fertile time.

3. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

The LH is crucial in regulating the testes in men and ovaries in women. In men, the LH stimulates
the testes to produce testosterone. In males, testosterone appears to be a major contributing factor to sexual
motivation.

4. Vasopressin
Vasopressin is involved in the male arousal phase. The increase of vasopressin during the erectile
response is believed to be directly associated with increased motivation to engage in sexual behavior.

5. Estrogen and progesterone

Estrogen and progesterone typically regulate motivation to engage in sexual behavior for females,
with estrogen increasing motivation and progesterone decreasing it.

UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE AND ATTACHMENT

Falling in love can be a beautifully wild experience. It is a rush of longing, passion, and euphoria. Fast
forward a few years, and the excitement would have died down (through the levels vary for every couple). For
couples who remain together through the years, the rush would have been replaced by a warm, comfortable and
nurturing feeling.

Each stage of this cycle can actually be explained by your brain chemistry - the neurotransmitters that get
stimulated to release hormones throughout your body.

Anthropologist Helen Fisher of Rutgers University proposed three stages of falling in love, and for each
stage, a different set of chemicals run the show.

The three stages of falling in love are:

1. Lust (erotic passion);

2. Attraction (romantic passion) and;
3. Attachment (commitment).

Lust
- This stage is marked by physical attraction. You want to seduce and be seduced by your object of
affection. Lust is driven by testosterone in men and estrogen in women. Lust, however, will not
guarantee that the couple will fall in love in any lasting way.
Attraction
- At this stage, you begin to crave for your partner’s presence. You feel excitement and energetic as you
fantasize about the things you could do together as couple. Three chemicals trigger this feeling:
norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.

Norepinephrine
- responsible for extra surge of energy and triggers increased heart rate, loss of appetite, as well as the
desire to sleep. Your body is in a more alert state and is ready for action.

Dopamine
- associated with motivation and goal-directed behavior. It makes you pursue your object affection. It
creates a sense of novelty, where the person seems exciting, special, or unique that you want to tell the
world about his or her admirable qualities.

Serotonin
- thought to cause obsessive thinking. Low levels of serotonin are said to be present in people with
obsessive-compulsive behavior (OCD). Meanwhile, a study found that those who expressed they were
in love and people with OCD both hard less serotonin transporter in their body compared to those who
did not express they were in love and do not have OCD as well.

Attachment
- Attachment involves the desire to have lasting commitment with your significant other. At this point, you
may want to get married and/or have children.

Psychological aspect of sexual desire

Sexual desire is typically viewed as an interest in sexual objects or activities. More precisely, it is the
subjective feeling or wanting to engage in sex. Sexual desire in sometimes, but not always, accompanied by genital
arousal (penile erection in men and vaginal lubrication in women). Sexual desire can be triggered by a large
variety of cues and situations, including private thoughts, feelings, and fantasies, erotic materials (such as books,
movies, photographs), and a variety of erotic environments, situations, or social interactions.

Sexual desire is often confused with sex drive, but these are fundamentally different constructs. Sex drive
represents a basic, biologically mediated motivation to see sexual activity or sexual gratification. In contrast,
sexual desire represents a more complex psychological experience that is not dependent on hormonal factors.

However, developmental research suggested that the capacity to experience sexual desire though not
hormone-dependent, are probably still facilitated by hormones. For example, because of adrenal gland
development and subsequent secretion of adrenal hormones, some 9-year-old children may experience sexual
desires. Researchers noted that despite this development, children who experienced such desires generally are not
motivated to seek sexual gratification or activity. Such motivation typically develops after 12 years old when
puberty produces notable surges in levels of gonadal hormones. Thus, physiological arousal is not necessary
element of sexual desire and should not be considered a more valid marker of sexual desire than individual self-
reported feelings.

Gender differences on sexual desire

Factors that influence the notable gender difference on sexual desire include:
● Culture;
● Social environment; and even
● Political situations.

One of the most notable gender differences on sexual desire is that women place great emphasis in
interpersonal relationship as part of the experience. Males, on the other hand, enjoy a more casual sexual behavior.
Alternatively, some researchers attributed that because of the different evolutionary pressures men and women
face through time, early human females practice selective mating with carefully chosen males to achieve
maximum reproductive success, while no such pressures were evident on men. This may have favored the
evolution of stronger sexual desires in men in women.

Physiological mechanism of sexual behavior motivation

 Much of what we know about the physiological mechanism that underlie sexual behavior and motivation
comes from animal research. The hypothalamus plays an important role in motivated behaviors, and sex is no
exception. Laboratory rats that were psychologically incapable of coupling were observed to nevertheless seek
receptive females. This finding suggested that the ability to engage in sexual behavior and the motivation to do so
may be mediated by different systems in brain. Animal research suggests that limbic system structures, such as
the amygdala and nucleus accumbens, are especially important for sexual motivation. Amygdala is the
integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation. Nuccleus accumbens (also referred to as the
pleasure center) plays role in motivation and cognitive processing of aversion. It has a significant role in response
to reward and reinforcing effects, translating emotional stimulus into behaviors.

The Diversity of Sexual Behavior

Like food, sex is an important part of our lives. From an evolutionary perspective, the reason is obvious-
perpetuation of the species. Sexual behavior in humans, however, involves much more than reproduction.

Sexual orientation is defined as an individual’s general sexual disposition toward partners of the same sex,
the opposite sex, or both sexes. There has been much interest in sexual desire as an index of sexual orientation.
Historically, the most important indicator of same-sex (i.e., gay, lesbian, or bisexual) orientation was same-sex
sexual desire. Contemporary scientific studies, however, found that same-sex desire and sexual orientation are
more complicated than previously thought.

Past studies thought that gay, lesbian and bisexual individuals were the only people who ever experienced
same-sex sexual desires. It was found though that completely heterosexual person periodically experiences same-
sex sexual desires, even if they have little motivation to act on those desires. It also did not appear to indicate that
a completely heterosexual individual will eventually want to pursue same-sex sexual behavior or will eventually
consider himself or herself lesbian, gay or bisexual.

Thus, researchers now generally believe that lesbian, gay, and bisexual orientations are characterized by
persistent and intense experiences of same-sex desire that are stable over time.

Gender Identity

Many people fuse sexual orientation with gender identity into one group because of stereotypical attitude
that exist about homosexuality. In reality, although these two are related, they are actually different issues. Sexual
orientation is a person’s emotional and erotic attraction toward another individual. On the other hand, gender
identity refers to one’s senses of being male or female. Generally, our gender identities correspond to our
chromosomal and phenotypic sex, but this is not always the case.

What is LGBTQ+?

LGBTQ+ is an umbrella term for a wide spectrum of gender identities, sexual orientations, and romantic
orientations.
● L stands for Lesbian. These are females who are exclusively attracted to woman.
● G stands for gay. This can refer to male who are exclusively attracted to any other males. It can also
refer to anyone who is attracted to his or her same gender.
● B stands for bisexual or someone who is sexually/romantically attracted to both men and women.
● T or Trans*/ Transgender is an umbrella terms for people who do not identify with the gender
assigned to them at birth. Trans woman is identified label adapted by male to female trans people to
signify that they identify themselves as women. A trans man is identify label adapted by female to
male trans people to signify that they identify themselves as men.
● Q stands for queer. It is a useful term for those who are questioning their identities and are unsure
about using more specific terms, or those who simply do not wish to label themselves and prefer to
use a broader umbrella term.
● + The plus is there to signify that many identities are not explicitly represented by the letters. This
includes (but is not limited to) intersex or people who are born with a mix of male female
biological traits that can make it hard for doctors to assign them a male or female sex; and asexual
or a person who is not interested in or does not desire sexual activity.

Regardless of how sexual orientation is determined, there is preliminary empirical research that strongly
suggests sexual orientation is not a choice. Rather, it is relatively stable characteristics of a person that cannot be
changed. Just us the majority of the heterosexual people do not choose to be attracted to the opposite sex, the large
majority of the LGBTQ+ people also do not choose theirs. The only real choice that the LGBTQ+
community has to deal with is whether to be open about their orientation.

SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND GENDER IDENTITY ISSUES

 There’s a lot more being male, female, or any gender than the sex assigned at birth. Your biological or
assigned sex does not always tell your complete story.

Sex is a label- male or female- that you’re assigned by a doctor at birth base on the genitals you’re born
with the chromosomes you have. It goes on your birth certificate.

Gender is defined by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as “the relation between
men and women, both perceptual and material. Gender is not determined biologically, as a result of sexual
characteristics of either women or men, but is contracted socially. It is a central organizing principle of societies,
and often governs the processes of production and reproduction, consumption and distribution” (FAO, 1997)

According to the United Nation Commission on Human Rights, gender identity is one’s innermost
concept of self as male, female, a blend or both or neither- how individuals perceive themselves and what they call
themselves. One’s gender identity can be the same or different from their sex assign at birth. On the other hand,
sexual orientation is an inherent or immutable enduring emotional, romantic or sexual attraction to some other
people. This attraction can be for someone from the same sex or someone from the opposite sex.

SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS

Sociocultural factors influence the various issues related to sexual orientation and gender identity. For
example, the Philippines and most of its Southeast Asian neighbors view heterosexuality as the norm. However,
there are countries that are culturally not as restrictive with their human sexual/romantic relationship attitudes. For
example, in New Guinea, young boys are expected to engage in sexual behavior to any other boys for a given
period because it is believed that doing so is necessary for these boys to become men (Baldwin & Baldwin, 1989).
In the Philippines, an individual is classified either male or female only. However, Thailand recognizes more than
two categories- male, female, and kathoey. A kathoey is an individual who would be described as transgender in
western cultures (Tangmunkongvorakul, Banwell, Carmichael, Utomo, & Sleigh, 2010).

FAMILY INFLUENCES

There are also studies that asserted how children’s upbringing and social environmental influences their
developing gender identities. In summary, this work found that children’s interests, preferences, behaviors, and
overall self-concept are strongly influenced by parental authority figure teaching regarding sexual stereotypes.
Thus, children whose parents adhere to strict gender-stereotypes role are, in general, more likely to take on those
roles themselves ads adult than are peers whose parents provided less stereotyped, more neutral models for
behaving.

URBAN SETTING

Another research also discovered that homosexuality positively correlated with urbanization. The
correlation though was more substantial in men than in women. The study surmised that large cities seem to
provide a friendlier environment for same gender interest to develop and be expressed (Lauman, et al., 1994) than
in rural areas. These cities host venues or areas where people with specific sexual orientation socialize and become
a support group. The number of gays and lesbians residing in large cities may function protectively to generate
resiliency among LGBTQ+ community in the face of stigmatization, discrimination, and harassment, thus,
potentially resulting in positive consequences for their well-being.

On the other hand, existing literature highlighted that the challenges of rural living for LGBTQ+ people
are:
● High levels of intolerance;
● Limited social and institutional supports; and
● Higher incidence of social isolation.
●
There are studies that also countered the popular notion of urban versus rural living for the LGBTQ+ - that
is, rural life is actually more beneficial to their well-being than urban life. However, these studies are newer and
less supported than existing literature on LGBTQ+ life, challenges, and issues.

HISTORY OF SEXUAL ABUSE

Previous publish studies claimed that abused adolescents, particularly those victimized by males, are more
likely to become homosexual or bisexual in adulthood. These studies were criticized for being non-clinical and
unreliable. Some other findings suggested no significant relationship that child abuse is a cause of same-sex sexual
orientation in adulthood (Wilson and Wisdom, 2009)
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD’s)

What is STD? STD stands for sexually transmitted disease. It is also known as STI or sexually transmitted
infection. In general, STD is a disease or infection acquired through sexual contact where the organism that cause
the STD are passed on from person to person in blood, semen, and vaginal any other body fluids.
STD can also be transmitted non –sexually such as:
● Mother to infant during pregnancy;
● Blood transfusion; and
● People sharing needles for injection.
●
It is possible contract sexually transmitted diseases from people who seem perfectly healthy, and who may
not even be aware of the infection. STDs do not always cause symptoms, which is one of the reasons experts
prefer the term “sexually transmitted infections” to “sexually transmitted diseases.”

THE RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ACT OF 2002

The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012

An Act providing for national policy on Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health

Citation Republic Act 10354

Enacted by House of Representative of the Philippines
Date enacted December 19, 2012
Enacted by Senate of the Philippines
Date enacted December 19, 2012
Date signed December 21, 2012
Signed by Miriam Defensor Santiago
Date commenced January 17, 2013

The Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10354), informally
known as the Reproductive Health Law or RH Law, is a law in the Philippines that guarantees access to
contraceptives methods, such as fertility control, sexual; education, and maternal care. Passage of the legislation
was controversial and highly divisive. Experts, academics, religious institutions, and major political figures
declared support or opposite while it was just a bill. After the (then) RH bill was passed into law, the Supreme
Court delayed its implementation in response to challenges. On April 8, 2014, the Court ruled the law was not “not
unconstitutional” bit struck down eight provisions partially or in full.

GOALS, OBJECTIVES, AND STRATEGIES OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LAW

Specific objectives:
● Reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio.
● Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.
● To have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse, the spread of HIV/AIDS.

Regional objectives:
● Improve and access to the full range of affordable, equitable, and highly-family planning and reproductive
health services to increase contraceptive use rate and reduce unwanted pregnancies and abortion.
● Make pregnancy safer
● Support countries and areas in developing evidence-based policies and strategies for the reduction of
maternal and newborn mortality.
● Improve access to full range of affordable, equitable, and highly-quality family planning and reproductive
health services to increase contraceptive use rate and reduce unwanted pregnancies.
● Improve the health and nutrition status of women of all ages, especially pregnant and nursing women.
● Gender, women and health:
● Integrate gender and rights consideration into health policy and programs, especially into reproductive
health and maternal health care.
● Improve the health and nutrition status of women of all ages.

(WHO Western Pacific Region, WPRO, 2017)

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FAMILY PLANNING

 Family planning allows both men and women to make informed choices on when and if they decide to
have children. Knowing both advantages and disadvantages of family planning methods may help you decide what
option is right for you.

Methods of contraception:
● Long-acting reversible contraception, such as the implant or intra uterine device (IUD)
● Hormonal contraception, such as the birth control pill and the birth control injection
● Barrier methods, such as condoms
●
● Fertility awareness
● Permanent contraception, such as vasectomy and tubal ligation.

Benefits of family planning/ contraception according to WHO

● Prevent pregnancy-related health risks in women
● Reduce infant mortality
● Helps prevent HIV/AIDS
● Empower people and enhance education
● Reduce adolescent pregnancies
● Slow population growth

BENEFITS OF USING FAMILY PLANNING ACCORDING TO DOH

Family planning provides many benefits to mother, children, father, and the family.

Mother
● Enables her to regain her health after delivery
● Gives enough time and opportunity to love and provide attention to her husband and children
● Gives more time for her family and own personal advancement
● When suffering from an illness, gives enough time for treatment and recovery

Children
● Healthy mothers produce healthy children
● Will get the attention, security, love and care they deserve

Father
● Lightens the burden and responsibility in supporting his family
● Enables him to give his children their basic needs (food, shelter, education, and better future)
● Gives him time for his family and own personal advancement
● When suffering from an illness, gives enough time for treatment and recovery

Disadvantages

● Birth control health risks

Some forms of birth control pose health concerns for women and men, such as allergies to spermicides or latex.
For some women, oral contraceptives can lead to hair loss and weight gain, and the use of diaphragms can lead to
urinary tract infections.

● Possibility of pregnancy
Family planning methods are not one hundred percent reliable. Other than abstinence, there is no birth control
method (including the natural rhythm method) that is completely effective. Couples who are engaging in sexual
activity should always consider the possibility of unexpected pregnancy.

● Pregnancy after birth control

All bodies are different. There is no way to know how long it will take to woman to conceive, and that is true
whether you have been using birth control or not. It is possible to get pregnant almost right away after stopping
hormonal contraceptives, such as birth control pills or after having the UID removed. On the other hand, it might
take months for ovulation and the menstrual period to return to normal. How long the menstrual period takes to
return to its normal cycle is entirely individual, and has nothing to do with how long the woman has been using
birth control is that ovulation can return immediately. Hence, a woman can get pregnant right away.

THE NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING METHOD

Natural family planning (NFP) is the method that uses the body’s natural physiological changes and
symptoms to identify the fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle. Such methods are also known as
fertility-based awareness methods.
 Once a month an egg is released from one of a woman’s ovary (ovulation). It can stay alive the uterus for
about 24 hours. Men can always produce sperm cells, in this can stay alive in the female reproductive system for
about two to five days after being deposited in the vagina during sexual intercourse. This means women have
certain time during their cycle when they unlikely to conceive, whereas men have no “safe period.”
Natural family planning methods are generally the preferred contraceptive method for women who do not
wish to use artificial methods of contraception for reasons of religion, or who, due to rumors and myths, fear other
methods.
However, natural family planning methods are unreliable and preventing unwanted pregnancy. It also takes
time to practice and use NFP properly; and this adds to its unreliability. Moreover, natural family planning
methods do not protect a person against sexually transmitted disease (STDs), including the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
The effectiveness of any method of natural family planning varies from couple to couple. All these
methods become less effective if couples do not follow the method carefully.

Types of natural family planning methods

1. Periodic abstinence (fertility awareness) method
2. Use of breastfeeding or lactationalamenorrhea method (LAM)
3. Coitus interruptus (withdrawal or pulling out) methods

PERIODIC ABSTINENCE (FERTILITY AWARENESS) METHODS

During the menstrual cycle, the female hormones estrogen and progesterone cause some observable effects.
Observation of these changes provides a basis for periodic abstinence methods. There are three common
techniques used used in periodic abstinence methods, namely:
a. Rhythm (calendar) method;
b. Basal body temperature (BBT) monitoring; and
c. Cervical mucus (ovulation) method.

With rhythm (calendar) method, the couple tracks the woman’s menstrual history to predict when she
will ovulate. This helps the couple determine when they will most likely conceive. Basal body temperature
monitoring is a contraceptive method that relies on monitoring a woman’s basal body temperature on a daily
basis. A woman’s body temperature changes throughout the menstrual cycle and changes in the body temperature
coincide with hormonal changes. This indicates fertile and non-fertile stages of the cycle. By monitoring
temperature every day, a woman can determine the periods of her menstrual cycle when she is, or is not, fertile.
The cervical mucus (ovulation) method, also called the billing’s method as this was devised by John and Evelyn
Billings in the 1960s, involve examining the color and viscosity of the cervical mucus to discover when ovulation
is occurring.

LACTATION AMENORRHEA METHOD

Through exclusive breastfeeding, the woman is able to suppress ovulation. This method is called lactation
amenorrhea method. However, if the infant were not exclusively breastfed, this method would not be an effective
birth control method. Generally, after three months of exclusive breastfeeding, a woman must choose another
method of contraception.

COITUS INTERRUPTUS

This is one of the oldest methods of contraception. The couple proceeds with coitus; however, the man
must release his sperm outside of the vagina. Hence, he must withdraw his penis the moment he ejaculates. This
method is only 75% effective because pre-ejaculation fluid that contains a new few spermatozoon may cause
fertilization.

HORMONAL CONTRACEPTION/ ARTIFICIAL FAMILY PLANNING

Hormonal contraceptives are an effective family planning method that manipulates the hormones that
directly affect the normal menstrual cycle do that ovulation will not occur.

ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

It is also known as the pill. Oral contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen
suppresses ovulation progesterone decreases the permeability of the cervical mucus to limit the sperm’s access to
the ova.

TRANSDERMAL CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH

 A transdermal patch is a medicated adhesive patch that is placed on the skin to deliver a specific dose of
medication through the skin and into the bloodstream. In this case, a transdermal contraceptive patch has a
combination of both estrogen and progesterone released into the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy.

VAGINAL RING

It is a birth control ring inserted into the vagina and slowly releases hormones through the vaginal wall into
the bloodstream to prevent pregnancy.

SUBDERMAL IMPLANTS

Subdermal contraceptive implants involve the delivery of a steroid progestin from polymer capsules or rods
placed under the skin. The hormone diffuses out slowly at a stable rate, providing contraceptive effectiveness for
1-5 years.

HORMONAL INJECTIONS
It is a contraceptive injection given once every three months. It typically suppresses ovulation, keeping the
ovaries from releasing an egg. Hormonal injections also thicken cervical mucus to keep the sperm from reaching
the egg.

INTRAUTERINE DEVICE

An IUD is a small, T-shaped plastic device wrapped in copper or contains hormones. A doctor inserts the
IUD into the uterus. IUD prevents fertilization of the egg by damaging or killing the sperm. It makes the mucus in
the cervix thick and sticky, so sperm cannot get through the uterus. It also keeps the lining of the uterus
(endometrium) from growing very thick making the lining a poor place for a fertilized egg to implant and grow.

CHEMICAL BARRIERS

Chemical barriers, such as spermicides, vaginal gels and creams, and glycerin films are also used to cause
the death of sperms before they can enter the cervix. It lowers the pH level of the vagina, so it will not become
conducive for the sperm. However, these chemical barriers cannot prevent sexually transmitted infections.

DIAPHRAGM

Diaphragms are dome-shaped barrier methods of contraception that block sperms from entering the uterus.
They are made of latex (rubber) and formed like a shallow cup. It is filled with spermicide and fitted over the
uterine cervix.

CERVICAL CAP

A cervical cap is a silicone cup inserted in the vagina to cover the cervix and keep sperm out of the uterus.
Spermicide is added to the cervical cap to kill any sperm that may get inside the protective barrier. However, this
is not a widely used method and few health care providers recommend this type of contraception. The most
common side effect from using a cervical cap is vaginal irritation. Some women also experience an increase in the
number of bladder infections.

MALE CONDOMS

The male condom is a latex or synthetic rubber sheath placed on the erect penis before vaginal penetration
to trap the sperm during ejaculation. Condoms can prevent STD’s.

FEMALE CONDOMS

It is a thin pouch inserted into the vagina before sex serving as protective barrier to prevent pregnancy and
protection from sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. Female condoms create a barrier that prevents
bodily fluids and semen from entering the vagina.

SURGICAL METHODS

One of the most effective birth control methods is the surgical method. This method ensures conception
that is inhibited permanently after surgery.

Two kinds of surgical methods:

 ● Vasectomy

A surgical operation wherein the tube that carries the sperm to a man’s penis is cut. It is a
permanent male contraception method. This procedure preserves ejaculation and does not cause impotence
or erectile dysfunction since the vasectomy does not involve anything in the production of testosterone.

● Tubal Ligation

It is a surgical procedure for female sterilization involving severing and tying the fallopian tubes. A
tubal ligation disrupts the movement of the egg to the uterus for fertilization and blocks sperm from traveling up
the fallopian tubes to the egg. A tubal ligation does not affect a woman’s menstrual cycle. A tubal ligation can be
done at any time, including after normal childbirth or a C-section. It is possible to reverse a tubal ligation – but
reversal requires major surgery and is not always effective.

APPLICATION

Instructions 1: Identify what is being asked in each statement. Write your answer before each number. (some
answers can be found in your module #7)
________________ 1. It is the stage of development when individuals become sexually mature.
________________ 2. These areas of the body are highly sensitive to stimuli and are often sexually exciting.
________________ 3. It refers to the sequence of physical and emotional occurrences when the person is
participating in a sexually stimulating activity.
________________ 4. It is the most important part of the brain for sexual functioning.
________________ 5. It is also known as the “love hormone” and believed to be involved in our desire to
maintain close relationships.
________________ 6. This stage involves the desire to have lasting commitment with your significant other.
________________ 7. It is a person’s emotional and erotic attraction toward another individual.
________________ 8. It refers to one’s sense of being male or female.
________________ 9. This method uses the body’s natural physiological changes and symptoms to identify the
fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle.
________________ 10. It refers to a method that manipulates the hormones which directly affect the normal
menstrual cycle so that ovulation will not occur.

Instructions 2: Essay.

1. Do you have a crush now? A boyfriend or a girlfriend? How are you dealing/managing with your
emotions? Do you consult your parents? Friends? Classmates about it? Explain.
2. Do you believe in the old maxim “Love at first sight?” Why or why not?

RUBRIC FOR MAKING A SHORT ESSAY

Advance (10) Developing (7) Emerging (5) Score

Exceptionally well- Well-presented and Content is sound and

presented and argued; ideas are solid; ideas are present
Content argued; ideas are detailed, developed and but not particularly
detailed, well- supported with developed or supported;
developed. evidence and details, some evidence, but
mostly specific. usually of a generalized
nature.
 Organization is Organization is Organization is confused
coherent, unified coherent and unified and fragmented in
Organization and effective in overall in support of the support of the essay’s
support of the paper’s purpose/ plan, purpose/ plan and
paper’s purpose but is ineffective at demonstrates a lack of
times and may structure or coherence
demonstrate abrupt or that negatively affects
weak transitions readability.
between ideas or
paragraphs.

Shows a pattern of errors

in spelling, grammar,
Mechanics Excellent grammar, A few errors in
and syntax. Could also
spelling, and syntax. grammar, spelling, and
be a sign of lack of
syntax but not many.
proof-reading.

PROCESS OF SUBMISSION:

1. The module after completion of answers must be submitted at the google classroom code of your course subject.
2. Filename of the submitted module must be in a (LAST NAME, FIRST NAME) format.
3. Deadline of submission is on November 18, 2020.