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High Yield Relationships-Slide # 1: P P V P R
High Yield Relationships-Slide # 1: P P V P R
P MAP = CO X TPR V SV
Q= C= PP =
R CO = HR X SV P C
L P ∝ R
R∝ 4 T ∝ Pr
r Uptake of O2 (Vo2)
Fick Flow = (LaPlace)
equation A – V O2 difference
Extraction
of O2
Uptake of O2 (Vo2) = Flow X A – V O2 difference
MAP = CO X TPR
4 factors determine
Tone of arterioles
1. HR ( CO exercise; CO
• Sympathetic (alpha)
with tachyarrhythmias)
• Ang II
2. Contractility (direct)
• AVP (ADH)
3. Afterload (inverse)
• Epi (alpha/beta-2)
4. Preload (direct)
• Metabolism
• NO
Directly related to venous return • Pharm integration
• Blood volume (direct)
• Venous compliance (inverse)
© LBW
PV Loops: Systolic/Diastolic Dysfunction
Systolic dysfunction:
Slide #4 decreased contractility
results in elevated volumes
120
Pressure (mmHg)
Diastolic dysfunction:
80 decreased compliance
causes increased
pressure
40
Passive
50 100 150 tension
Volume (ml)
© LBW
Differential for Causes of Hypoxemia
Note PaCO2 (may avoid
PAO2: calculate using Low PaO2
calculation step):
alveolar air equation or (hypoxemia)
use end-tidal PO2 If low, then NOT low
PAO2 (exception is high
A – a O2 altitude), thus go straight
gradient to elevated gradient.
Normal Elevated
Cause is Increase
PAO2 FIO2
Corrects Doesn’t
PaO2 correct PaO2
FIO2 corrects
PaCO2 likely
elevated Diffusion VA/Q Cause is right-
impairment mismatch to-left shunts
© LBW Handout slide #5
Relationships/Equations for Renal—Slide # 6
UPAH X V
Renal CPAH = ERPF =
UX X V PPAH
clearance =
PX
ERPF
Renal blood flow =
1- Hct
© LBW
Factors Affecting GFR and FF—Slide # 7
© LBW
Properties of Receptors—Slide # 8
100 100
Vmax: determined
Velocity (% of max)
% Response
by [E] & [S] [R] is one
factor
50 50
[S] is [H] is
limiting limiting
Km
0 0
[S] [H]
© LBW
Properties of Receptors—Slide # 9
% Response
% Response
[R] is one
factor
50 50
[H] is [H] is
limiting limiting
EC50
0 0
[H] Log [A]
© LBW
Overview of ADH Pathophysiology—Slide # 10
High Plasma osmolality Low
Note: ADH=AVP
Uosm >> 300 Uosm << 300 Uosm >> 300 Uosm << 300
© LBW
Metabolism—Cortisol—Slide # 11
Glycogen
Gly Cortisol
synthase Gly
FA
Glucokinase phos
Glucose FA
Glucose synthase
6-P
G6-phos PFK-1 (via
PFK-2) Malonyl CoA
Fructose 1,6- AA
Pyruvate
bisphosphatase (alanine)
kinase Acetyl CoA
PEPCK PDH carboxylase
OAA
(thiamine)
Pyruvate Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate
Cortisol carboxylase
(biotin) LDH
© LBW
Insulin—Glucagon—Slide # 12
Insulin stimulates+
Glycogen
Gly Glucagon stimulates*
synthase+ Gly
FA
Glucokinase+ phos*
Glucose FA
Glucose synthase
6-P Urea
G6-phos* PFK-1 (via 1*
PFK-2+) Malonyl CoA
Fructose 1,6- AA
Pyruvate
bisphosphatase* (alanine)
kinase+ Acetyl CoA
PEPCK* PDH carboxylase+
OAA
(thiamine)
Pyruvate Acetyl CoA
Pyruvate
carboxylase
(biotin)*
TCA Ketones
1 = N-acetylglutamate
© LBW
Sexual Differentiation—Slide # 13
MIH = Müllerian inhibiting T = Testosterone
Undifferentiated
hormone gonad SRY = sex determining
region of Y
XX—no XY has
Ovaries SRY SRY Testes
MIH T
Regress Regress
Ovaries Testes
No DHT
DHT
Undifferentiated
organs
© LBW
Menopause—Slide # 15
ACTH FSH/LH
aromatase
DHEA A Estrone
Adipose Pituitary
estrone
Thecal
aromatase
Estradiol Follicle hormone
anovulation maturation production
Adipose
Ovaries
insulin
Androgens