PHILIPPINE CHRISTIAN UNIVERSITY

College of Arts, Sciences & Social Work

Readings in Philippine History
Midterm Examinations

Name: GUINTO, SHRINE MIRRIAM G. Course/Section: BSA-2A

Answer the following:

1. What happened to Magellan after landing on the Philippines?

 After landing on Philippines, Magellan befriended the locals. He introduce to

them Christianity and encourage them to convert into Christianity. Magellan
accepted the favor of Cebu to help them in fighting their neighbors on the island
of Mactan. He led the attack but he died due to the poison arrow that was shot
to him.

2. Discuss the five (5) expeditions after Magellan.

Five subsequent expeditions were then sent to the Islands. These were led by Garcia
Jofre Loaisa, Sebastian Cabot, Alvaro de Saavedra, Rudy Lopez de Villalobos and Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi. Only the last two actually reached the Philippines; and only Legazpi
succeeded in colonizing the Islands.

 Loaísa Expedition was commanded by Garcia Jofre de Loaisa on an early 16th-

century voyage of discovery to the Pacific Ocean. It is ordered by King Charles I of
Spain to colonize the Spice Islands in the East Indies. The seven-ship fleet sailed
from La Coruña, Spain in July 1525 and became the second naval expedition in history
to cross the Pacific Ocean, after the Magellan-Elcano circumnavigation. The
expedition resulted in the discovery of the Sea of Hoces south of Cape Horn, and
the Marshall Islands in the Pacific. One ship ultimately arrived in the Spice Islands in
September 1526.

 Cabot Expedition was led by Sebastian Cabot. He was a cartographer to King Henry

VIII in 1512. And because of his knowledge of the northeast coast of North America,
he was commissioned a captain in the Spanish navy, but Ferdinand’s death canceled a
voyage he was to command in 1516. In 1525 assumed charge of a three-ship Spanish
expedition that was to develop trade with the Orient. He diverted the expedition from
this objective, however, because of reports of fabulous wealth in the Río de la
Plata region of South America. After about three years of fruitless exploration he
returned to Spain, was judged responsible for the failure of the expedition, and was
banished to Africa.

 Alvaro Expedition was commanded by Alvaro de Saavedra. He was commissioned

by Hernán Cortés who prepared a new expedition to search for the missing fleet of
the Loaísa expedition and who command Alvaro for new expedition. However, the true
purpose of the expedition was to find new lands in the South Sea (Pacific Ocean) and to
bring back spice plants. Saavedra set sail for New Spain on the 14 June 1528. On 24 June
1528, the "La Florida" discovered the Schouten Islands and landed on Yapen. These were
charted respectively as "Islas de Oro" (Golden Islands) and "Payne" island. They
continued coasting western New Guinea and on 15 August discovered the Admiralty
Islands landing on Manus that they charted as "Urays La Grande" (Urays the Big). They
 then sailed north and discovered the Nomoi Islands in the Carolines. Then they were
diverted by the northeast trade winds that threw them back to the Moluccas, returning
to Tidore on 19 November 1528. On 3 May 1529, Álvaro de Saavedra tried again the
second time by navigating back down south. Again he toured the western part of New
Guinea getting to Manus, then heading north and discovering on 14
September Pohnpei and Ant in the Carolines. On 21 September, they discovered Ujelang
Atoll, in the Marshalls that they charted as "Los Pintados" (The Painted Ones) because of
its inhabitants being tattooed. On 1 October they discovered Enewetak Atoll, that they
named "Los Jardines" (The Gardens) because of their beauty and the friendliness of their
inhabitants. Soon after Saavedra died, and Pedro Laso took command. They sailed north
up to the 31N but not finding westerly winds and also after the death of Pedro Laso, they
finally decided to turn around the ship and again return to the Moluccas, arriving
to Halmahera next to Tidore on 8 December 1529. They were captured there by the
Portuguese and held in captivity for five years. In 1534, the surviving eight members of
his crew made it back to Spain.
 The Villalobos Expedition was commanded Ruy Lopez de Villalobos. He set sail for the
Philippines from Navidad, Mexico on November 1, 1542. He followed the route taken by
Magellan and reached Mindanao on February 2, 1543. He established
a colony in Sarangani but could not stay long because of insufficient food supply. His fleet left
the island and landed on Tidore in the Moluccas, where they were captured by the
Portuguese. Villalobos is remembered for naming our country “Islas Filipinas,” in honor of
King Charles’ son, Prince Philip, who later became king of Spain. In 1569, Legazpi transferred
to Panay and founded a second settlement on the bank of the Panay River. In 1570,
Legazpi sent his grandson, Juan de Salcedo, who had arrived from Mexico in 1567,
to Mindoro to punish Moro pirates who had been plundering Panay villages. Salcedo also
destroyed forts on the islands of Ilin and Lubang, respectively South and Northwest of
Mindoro.

 The Legazpi Expedition was commanded by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi. Since

none of the expedition after Magellan from Loaisa to Villalobos had succeeded in taking over
the Philippines, King Charles I stopped sending colonizers to the Islands. However, when
Philip II succeeded his father to the throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco, the viceroy
of Mexico, to prepare a new expedition – to be headed by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, who
would be accompanied by Andres de Urdaneta, a priest who had survived the Loaisa mission.

On February 13, 1565, Legaspi's expedition landed in Cebu island. After a short struggle
with the natives, he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol. There Legaspi made
a blood compact with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna as a sign of friendship. Legaspi was able to
obtain spices and gold in Bohol due to his friendship with Sikatuna. On April 27, 1565, Legaspi
returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of Raja Tupas and establish a settlement. On orders of
the King Philip II, 2,100 men arrived from Mexico. They built the the port of Fuerza de San
Pedro which became the Spanish trading outpost and stronghold for the region.

Hearing of the riches of Manila, an expedition of 300 men headed by Martin de Goiti left
Cebu for Manila. They found the islands of Panay and Mindoro. Goiti arrived in Manila on
May 8, 1570. At first they were welcomed by the natives and formed an alliance with Rajah
Suliman, their Muslim king but as the locals sensed the true objectives of the Spaniards, a
battle between the troops of Suliman and the Spaniards erupted. Because the Spaniards are
more heavily armed, the Spaniards were able to conquer Manila. Soon after Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi arrived to join Goiti in Manila. Legaspi built alliances and made peace with Rajahs
Suliman, Lakandula and Matanda. In 1571, Legaspi ordered the construction of the walled
city of Intramuros and proclaimed it as the seat of government of the colony and the capital
of the islands. In 1572, Legaspi died and was buried at the San Agustin Church in Intramuros.
In 1574, Manila was bestowed the title "Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de España"
(Distinguished and ever loyal city of Spain) by King Philip II of Spain.
3. Who are the following?

a. Sebastian El Cano
 He was a Basque sailor. He completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth in
human history in the Magellan expedition. He took command of the expedition
after Ferdinand Magellan's death.

b. Antonio Pigafetta
 He is an scholar and explorer. He is the chronicler of Magellan in his expedition.
The journal Pigafetta kept on the voyage is a key record of what the crew
encountered on their journey home.

c. Lapu-Lapu
 He was a datu of Mactan in Visayas. He is best known for the Battle of Mactan,
where he and his warriors defeated the forces of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand
Magellan and his native allies Rajah Humabon and Datu Zula.

d. Rajah Humabon
 He was the Rajah of Cebu. Humabon was Rajah at the time of the arrival of
Portuguese-born, Spanish explorer Ferdinand Magellan in the Philippines in
1521. There is no official record of his existence before the Spanish contact in
1521.

e. Martin de Goiti
 Martín de Goiti was one of the soldiers who accompanied the Spanish
colonization of the East Indies and the Pacific in 1565. From his base in Mexico
City, he led the expedition to Manila ordered by Miguel López de Legazpi in 1569.

4. Discuss the first blood compact.

 The Blood Compact is one of the most important historical events in the annals
of Philippine History. It was an ancient ritual in the Philippines intended to seal a
friendship or treaty, or to validate an agreement. The contracting parties would
cut their wrists and pour their blood into a cup filled with liquid, such as wine and
drink the mixture. The first blood compact happened when Ferdinand Magellan
landed on Cebu on April 7, 1521. Rajah Humabon made a blood compact with
Magellan as a symbol of their newfound friendship

5. Discuss the first mass in the Philippine history.

 The first Catholic mass on Philippine was held on March 31, 1521 in the place as
“Mazaua” which is identified by Antonio Pigafetta, chronicler of the Magellan
expedition. It was later on known as Limasawa Island, an island in south of Leyte.