Laura Álvarez

Wendy Rios
Valeria Guadrón
Cristian Ardila
Valentina Garcia
Dayana De León
Marlyn Turizo
Consuelo Cárdenas
He belonged to a family of priest-doctors of
Asclepius and had been formed by his father
Eráclides, also a doctor.
He was born in Pergamon –current Bergama,
Turkey–, when this Greek city was a Roman
province, in 130 DC.

He is credited as the author of a treatise made up

of 70 writings, which was collected by his disciples
in the Corpus Hipocraticum (Hippocratic Body)

He was a follower of Hippocrates, and his greatest

commentator, to anatomical dissertations of the
organs, because he dissected animals

Hippocrates of Cos was the author of forecasts

and aphorisms, some precepts lasted until the
20th century.

For him, "the organs inside the cavity are put into
operation by a very subtle matter, the spirit", which
is divided into the following three types: natural
spirit, vital spirit and animal spirit.
He had the concept of the pneuma, to explain how
the dark venous blood was transformed into bright
blood in the arteries.
 1210
IBN AL-NAFIS (Ala-al-din abu al-Hassan):
He was born in Damascus, Syria. From
1210 to 1213 he worked at the Al-Nuri
Hospital and made discoveries of the
pulmonary circulation.

1236
IBN AL-NAFIS :In 1236 he emigrated to
Egypt, there he worked in the Al-Nasri and
Al-Mansouri hospitals, where he served as
chief physician and to the sultan.

1288
IBN AL-NAFIS : After his death at home in
1288, his library and clinic passed to the
Masouriya Hospital.

1511 MIGUEL DE SERVET: He was born in

September 1511, in Tudela de la Navarra,
Huesca. With outstanding gifts, he knows
Latin, Greek and Hebrew. He discovered
the circulation of the blood and how the
veins and arteries behaved.

1514
ANDRES VESALIO: He was born in
Brussels, Belgium, on December 31, 1514.
Anatomist and author of 'De humani
corporis factory', on the structure of the
human body and is considered the 'Father
of modern Human Anatomy'. He
discovered that blood vessels arose from
the heart and not from the liver, that the
heart had four chambers, and that the liver
had two lobes.

1528
- to strengthen his teachings and obtain a
1531
MIGUEL DE SERVET: In 1531, he
published his book 'Of the errors about the
Trinity', which caused a great scandal
among the German reformers and was
banned in Strasbourg, Basel and
-
Barcelona.
ANDRES VESALIO: He entered the
University of Louvain, in 1528, then the
University of Paris and traveled to Padua,
doctorate, in 1537.
After publishing his book he was offered to
be an imperial physician at the court of
Charles V. Vesalius accepted, but had
problems with the court physicians, who
considered him a barber surgeon. He was
sentenced to the stake, for some
prohibited practices and misinterpreted
publications for his time, Felipe II changed
his sentence for a pilgrimage to the Holy
Land.

1533
AMBROSIO PARE: At the age of 17, from
1533 to 1536, he entered the Ho'tel Dieu
Hospital, where his hygienic conditions
- were quite poor, so mortality was high and
the surgeons had a bad reputation.
 1536
AMBROSIO PARE: In 1536 he joined the
French troops as a military surgeon, during
the Piedmont War.

1537
AMBROSIO PARE: In 1537 he was in the
assault of Francisco Turín and attended to
all the soldiers without distinction.

1545
AMBROSIO PARE: In 1545 he published
a treatise on the treatment of gunshot
wounds.

1559
AMBROSIO PARE: In 1559 he assists the
Duke of Guise for a fatal wound, after his
doctors consider him hopeless and refuse
to cure him. He takes care of him and
saves him.

1564
ANDRES VESALIO: After battling for
several days against hurricane winds in
the Ionian Sea, his ship must have docked
on the island of Zante. There he died at the
age of 50 on October 15, 1564.

1568 WILLIAM HARVEY: He was born on April

1, 1568, in Folkstone, Kent, England.
He is credited with being the first to
correctly describe the circulation of blood,
being distributed throughout the body
through the pumping of the heart.
In the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis of ancient
Muslim medicine had written an article on
the pulmonary circulation.

1573
MIGUEL DE SERVET: He is arrested and
accused of denying the Trinity and
defending baptism in adulthood and for
this he is sentenced and sentenced to die
at the stake, which is fulfilled on October
27, 1573.

1584
AMBROSIO PARE: In 1584, the School of
Medicine of the University of Paris
awarded him the bonnet of Doctor of
Medicine.

1616-
WILLIAM HARVEY: His announcement of
the discovery of the circulatory system, in
1616, was only published in 1628, in his
book 'Anatomical essay on the movement
of the heart and blood in animals', where
1628
he demonstrates that blood is pumped
around the body by the heart in a
circulatory system.

1632 ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK: In 1668,

Leeuwenhoek confirmed and developed
the discovery of the capillary network by
demonstrating how red blood cells
circulated through the capillaries of the
rabbit's ear.

1649-
WILLIAM HARVEY: In the confrontation
between Oliver Cromwell and King
Charles I, it ended with the king beheaded,
in January 1649, Harvey had taken sides
with the monarch, so he took refuge in his
1657
country house in Hempstead. On June 3,
1657, he woke up dead at the age of 80.
 1668
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK: In 1668,
Leeuwenhoek confirmed and developed
the discovery of the capillary network by
demonstrating how red blood cells
circulated through the capillaries of the
rabbit's ear.

1674
ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK: In 1674,
he made the first accurate description of
red blood cells.
 1822
LOUIS PASTEUR: He was born in France on
December 27, 1822. At his time, many
chemists insisted that fermentation was a
chemical process. With the help of a
microscope, Pasteur discovered that two
organisms were involved, two varieties of
yeast, which was the key to the process.
Faced with the presentation of a disease in
silkworms, Pasteur identified a parasite
that infested the leaves on which the
worms fed. Pasteur created a method to
attenuate the virulence of pathogenic
microorganisms, through the creation of
vaccines.

1827
JOSEPH LISTER: He was born in Upton,
Esex, England, on April 5, 1827. His father
Joseph Jackson Lister was leather trader
who pioneered the construction and use
the microscope.

WILLIAM OSLER: He was born in Bond

Head, one of the wildest areas of Western
1849
Canada, now Ontario, on July 12, 1849,
into one of Canada's most prominent
families.
He did his first studies at Trinity College in
Toronto, then entered the McGill School of
Medicine in Montreal, where he graduated.
He is called by Johns Hopkins, to take over
the Chair of Medicine and the Head of
Service.

1868
KARL LANDSTEINER: He was born in
Vienna, Austria, on June 14, 1868. One of
his fields of research was the genetics of
human blood, which he compared to that
of apes. He observed that when the blood
of two people was mixed, there were times
when the red blood cells clumped together
into visible clumps. He analyzed the blood
of a total of 22 people, including his own
and that of five collaborators in his
laboratory. For this, he proceeded to
separate the serum from the whole blood,
then washed the red blood cells and
immersed them in a physiological saline
solution.
WILLIAM OSLER: He did his first studies
at Trinity College in Toronto, then entered
the McGill School of Medicine in Montreal,
where he graduated. He is called by Johns
Hopkins, to take over the Chair of Medicine
and the Head of Service. Osler had been
to England and France in 1874, and was
well acquainted with English medicine as
practiced and taught at Guy's, St.
Bartholomew's, St. Thomas's, and London
General Hospital. Likewise, he knew the
practice of German medicine of Skoda and
Rokitansky and those of the famous
Frenchman René Laennec, called the
magician of auscultation and inventor of
the stethoscope, in 1819.
LOUIS PASTEUR: He then inoculated a group
of people bitten by a rabid dog with rabies
vaccine. This vaccine had been
successfully tested, on July 6, 1885, in the
young Joseph Meister, diagnosed with
rabies.
KARL LANDSTEINER: These antibodies
or isoagglutinins are responsible for the
incompatibility of blood transfusions, if the
blood to be transfused from the donor is
not selected or typified. Ottenberg, in
1911, coined the term "universal donor" for
group O, due to the lack of antigens in
erythrocytes.
1874
1881-
LOUIS PASTEUR: In 1881, in the public
square of his town, he made a dramatic
demonstration of the efficacy of the
1885 anthrax vaccine, inoculating the germ into
12 sheep, half of which were vaccinated.
He then inoculated a group of people bitten
by a rabid dog with rabies vaccine. This
vaccine had been successfully tested, on
July 6, 1885, in the young Joseph Meister,
diagnosed with rabies. And he finally died
on September 28, 1895, in France.
WILLIAM OSLER: His book 'Principles
1892 and Practice of Medicine', published in
1892, was not only read by US students
and doctors, but universally. In his work
'Aequanimitas', he narrates the main
conferences given in different medical
centers. Other books by Osler are 'The
doctor and the nurse', 'The teacher and the
student', 'The military surgeon', 'Medicine
in great England', 'Books and men', 'The
medicine of the 19th century '. After long
years at the Johns Hopkins Hospital, he
moved to the University of Oxford, in
England, to occupy the position of Royal
Professor of Medicine, at the express
request of the king, where he remained for
14 years.
1911
1927
KARL LANDSTEINER: In 1927,
Landsteiner together with Philip Levine,
through the immunization of rabbits,
discovered three more antigens, similar to
the antigens of groups A and B, but, unlike
these, in the red blood cells of normal
human blood there are no agglutinins
specific natural.
MICHAEL ELLIS DEBAKEY:He was born in
Lake Charles, Louisiana, USA on
1908
September 7, 1908. To speak of DeBakey
is to speak of modern cardiac surgery.
From a very young age he was linked to
medicine and surgery, mainly
cardiovascular surgery.

1920 DENTON ARTHUR COOLEY

He was born on August 22, 1920 in
Houston, Texas, just two miles from the
Medical Center of Houston.Began with the
first heart operations in congenital
diseases, then with the use of circulation
cardiopulmonary bypass, valve
replacements, aortocoronary bypasses,
heart transplants and the first artificial
heart implantation.

1941
DENTON ARTHUR COOLEY:Cooley
graduated in 1941 from the University of
Texas at Galveston. There he was aware
of the beginnings of cardiovascular
surgery, of closed mitral
commissurotomies, of the Gros operation
to close the ductus and of the surgical cure
of coarctation of the aorta.

1944
DENTON ARTHUR COOLEY: He actively
participates in experimental surgery,
finally, on November 29, 1944, intervening
in the first and historic operation to
alleviate diseases congenital cyanotic
disorders of blue children, the pulmonary
subclavian shunt, later called the Blalock-
Taussig operation.
There Together with DeBakey, they initiate
vascular surgery. They were pioneers in
the treatment of abdominal and thoracic
aneurysms, in which they promote the use
of Dacron grafts to replace aortic
segments after aneurysm resection.

1945
MICHAEL ELLIS DEBAKEY: In 1945 he
received The Legion of Merit Award, for the
creation, development and support
of the so-called Mobile Surgical Hospital
(MASH), a system that was adopted for the
entire US Army
 1948
MICHAEL ELLIS DEBAKEY: In 1948, enters
Baylor University, Houston, Texas, School of
Medicine, now known as Baylor College of
Medicine. He served as head of the
Department of Surgery, until 1993
He was a professor in the Department of
Surgery and director of the Research Center
of the Heart of Baylor University College of
Medicine
MICHAEL ELLIS DEBAKEY: In 1948,
when there were no prosthetic valves, a
large aneurysm in the abdominal aorta, in
which a part of the artery had to be
replaced. As there is not yet nothing for
that replacement, they say that DeBakey
requested a woman's varicose stocking
and manufactured the same in a sewing
machine a tubular segment that, after
sterilizing it, applied to the patient with
good results.

1953
MICHAEL ELLIS DEBAKEY: During his
surgical activity, which was broad and
diverse, he was the first to perform a
carotid endarterectomy in 1953.
He created and had Dacron grafts
DENTON ARTHUR COOLEY: After
discovering John Gibbon's invention, the
oxygenating or extracorporeal circulation
machine, in 1953, Cooley used it in 1955,
at San Lucas, to perform his first operation
with extracorporeal circulation.

1955
DENTON ARTHUR
manufactured COOLEY:
for the repair of aortic Cooley,
which began in 1955, operated
aneurysms and arteries of different oncaliber.
a patient
with aortic insufficiency by applying the
What prompted him to this was having found
Hufnagel valve at the level of the
in one of his first surgeries
descending aorta, but it did not work and
he did not use it again.
After discovering John Gibbon's invention,
the oxygenating or extracorporeal
He was a professor
circulation machine,in the Department
in 1953, Cooleyof used
Surgery andatdirector
it in 1955, of thetoResearch
San Lucas, performCenter
his first
of the Heartwith
operation of Baylor University circulation.
extracorporeal College of
Medicine

1960
MICHAEL ELLIS DEBAKEY: In the
1960s, for the first time, he demonstrated
an operation, aortic valve replacement, via
satellite to a hospital in Geneva,
Switzerland.
DENTON ARTHUR COOLEY: After Starr
and Edwards present their new valve
prosthesis in 1960, Cooley, who had
recommended them even before their
application, is one of the first to use them,
to try to simplify their application and
reduce their mortality, which drops rapidly
from 20 to 3%.
At the beginning of the 1960s, in few
countries these operations were
performed, therefore, patients from almost
all over the world began to arrive and
hospitals could not cope with receiving
these patients and their families.

1967
MICHAEL ELLIS DEBAKEY: 1967, on the
heart transplant, DeBakey practices it, but the
rejection caused this surgical practice to stop,
as well as in other US hospitals.

1969
MICHAEL ELLIS DEBAKEY: DeBakey
received the Presidential Medal of
Freedom in 1969. In 1987, President
Ronald Reagan awarded him the National
Medal of Science.

MICHAEL ELLIS DEBAKEY: In the

educational branch, in 1971, the THI 1971
created the School of Percussionists, the
Residency in Thoracic and Cardiovascular
Surgery, the Residency in Cardiology and
in Anesthesia and Pathology.

He was awarded the Leriche Award by the

International Surgical Society, which called
him "the most valuable heart and artery
 1972
DENTON ARTHUR COOLEY: In 1972, he
created the Denton A. Cooley
Cardiovascular Surgical Foundation.

1973
GEORGE NOON: In 1973, when General
Velazco Alvarado, president of Peru,
presented an acute case of rupture of an
abdominal aneurysm, DeBakey was
requested by the Peruvian Government.

1984
DENTON ARTHUR COOLEY: Received
the National Medal of Freedom from
President Ronald Reagan in 1984

DENTON ARTHUR COOLEY :He created

the Denton A. Cooley Foundation Institute
1992
in 1992.

1997-
GEORGE NOON: In 1997, Noon was
awarded the Overstreet Award and on May
30, 2002 by the Houston Methodist
2002 Hospital, for his work, considered an
example for the profession medical.

2007
DENTON ARTHUR COOLEY : On August
22, 2007, his 87th birthday, Cooley performed
his last operation.
 1898 LOWELL EDWARDS: He was born in
Neuberg, Oregon, on January 18, 1898.

JOHN GIBBON: through his invention, 'the

oxygenating machine', the artificial heart-
1900-
1945
lung device or extracorporeal circulation,
as it was called, allowed from the middle
of the 20th century to give the world and
a group of young surgeons an instrument
to operate on the heart.

1903
JOHN GIBBON JR: He was born on
September 26, 1903, in Philadelphia, USA.

1926
CHRISTIAN BARNARD: He was born in
Beaufort West, South Africa, on November
8, 1926.

1940 JOHN WEBSTER KIRKLIN: In the 40s He

was an exceptional student of congenital
heart disease, he wrote many articles that
were the subject of international
consultation that earned him great
prestige, which motivated the visit of
renowned foreign cardiologists such as
Robert Gross.

1946-
ALBERT STARR: He studied at Columbia
University, obtaining his medical degree in
1946 and his surgeon's degree in 1949.
1949

1950
ALBERT STARR: He studied at Columbia
University, obtaining his medical degree in
1946 and his surgeon's degree in 1949.

1958
ALBERT STARR: In 1958, while working
at the University of Oregon School of
Medicine, as an instructor of surgery.
LOWELL EDWARDS: In 1958, created
the first Starr-Edwards mitral valve
successfully designed, developed, tested,
and placed in a patient. Newspapers
around the world reported on what was
called a "miraculous" heart surgery.
JOHN GIBBON JR: May 6, 1953 1980
marks the beginning of the new era of
cardiovascular surgeons.

1960
FREDERIC ALAIN CARPENTIER: From
the 1960s, he was one of the pioneering
cardiovascular surgeons, immersed in the
progress of the new cardiac surgery.
He designed a valve named after him, and
partnered with Edwards to make
pericardial valves and porcine valves.
RENÉ GERÓNIMO FAVALORO:In the
1960s, He became interested in
cardiovascular interventions, which at
that time were beginning to be
developed, and in thoracic surgery. He
began to see a way to finish his stage
as a rural doctor and train in the United
States

1980
FREDERIC ALAIN CARPENTIER: In the
1980s, Carpentier published a landmark
article on mitral valve repair titled The
French Correction.

2005 FREDERIC ALAIN CARPENTIER:

2005 the American Association
In
for
Thoracic Surgery (AATS) awarded its
Medallion for Scientific Achievement for
the fifth time in its history.
HORACE WELL: Wells contacts Gardner
Q. Colton (1814-1898) and they begin their 1814-
experiments together. In their specialty,

1898
they apply nitrous oxide for painless tooth
extraction

HORACE WELL: He was born on January CRAWFORD W. LONG: He was born in

21, 1815, in Hartford, Vermont, USA 1815 Danielsville, Georgia, USA, on February 1,
1815.

CRAWFORD W. LONG: On March 30,

1842, four years before Morton, Long
painlessly removed a small tumor from the 1842
neck of a young man, James M. Venable.
This experience was published in the
Southern Medical and Surgical Journal in
December 1849, three years after Morton's
success.

1844
HORACE WELL: A dentist by profession,
in 1844, in collaboration with William
Morton, they used nitrous oxide as
anesthesia in an operation. This gas had
been discovered by the chemist Humphry
Davy in 1799.
Wells, at age 21, settled in Connecticut
and prospered as a dentist, cared for the
governor and his family, invented a filling
for teeth, and created a school to teach his
profession.

1851
LUTHER HILL: It is said that Theodore
Billroth, the greatest surgeon of the 19th
century, father of gastric surgery, had
argued, at a congress in Vienna: "the
surgeon who tries to suture a heart wound
can be sure to lose forever the
consideration of his colleagues".
Hill became the first American surgeon to
operate on a heart with patient survival.

1875
SIR HENRY SOUTTAR: He was born in
Birkenhead, England, on December 14,
1875.

1881
ALEXANDER FLEMING: He was born in
Ayrshine, Scotland, on August 6, 1881.
He Scottish scientist who became famous
for discovering the antibiotic penicillin,
from the fungus Penicillium notatum.

1899
HELEN BROOKE TAUSSIG: He was born
in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on May 4,
1899.
HORACE WELL: Until the middle of the
20th century, anesthesia was applied
efficiently by specialized technicians or by
specialized nurses.
ALEXIS CARREL: In 1906, he joined the
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research
in New York, invited and awarded a
scholarship by Simon Flexner, president of
the Institute, to continue his research on
kidney transplants, skin grafts and tissue
preservation before grafting.
DWIGHT HARKEN: He was born in
Osecola, Iowa, USA, in 1910.
He is one of the pioneers of mitral
commissurotomies and first performed
valvuloplasties, a term he introduced, and
in which he became an expert.
Later, he was one of the first in the United
States to practice the surgical cure of
constrictive pericarditis.
CHARLES BAILEY: He was born in
Huanamassa, New Jersey, USA, in 1911.
ALEXIS CARREL: In 1914 he was
supported by the English chemist Henry
Dakin, and together they searched for a
substance that had a lot of antiseptic
power and little irritating power. The
substance was called the Carrel-Dakin
solution and was used for the treatment of
~50~ wounds, using the Carrel method,
which was of great use in the Great War.
LUTHER HILL: He subsequently wrote a
treatise on 'Wounds of the Heart' which
was republished in 1915. He maintained a
successful medical practice
Later, he wrote a treatise on 'Wounds of
the heart' that was reissued in 1915. He
maintained a successful medical practice
1900-
1945
RUSSELL BROCK: He was born in
1903 London in 1903. Brock is another of the
English pioneers in heart surgery.
1906
SIR HENRY SOUTTAR: He studied
mathematics and engineering and
qualified for medicine in 1906. At the
beginning of the 20th century, English
cardiologists, when performing autopsies
on their patients who died of heart valve
problems, recognized the possibility of
practicing a cure, mainly in the mitral valve,
since, In some cases, the valves were only
stuck together and when you put your
finger they separated easily.
1910 LIVING THOMAS: He was born in St'Lake,
Providence, Louisiana, on August 29,
1910.
1911
1913
HENRRY SWAN: He was born on May 27,
1913, in Denver, Colorado, USA. A
cardiovascular surgeon from the University
of Colorado, he was the one who operated
on the most cases with the help of
hypothermia.
1914
WILFRED G. BIGELOW: He was born in
Brandon, Minetoba, Canada, on June 18,
1914.
He experimented on dogs that led to
hypothermia of up to 30°C, where the heart
was paralyzed and could be operated on
for less than 10 minutes.
He thus began to operate on children with
open heart, and direct vision, in cases of
atrial septal defect and pulmonary or aortic
valve stenosis. He wrote a book, which he
called 'Cold hearts'.
1915
 MacLeod, Howell and Holt : HEPARIN

1916 Heparin was first isolated in 1916 by

medical student John R. MacLeod and
Johns Hopkins physiologist William Howell
in liver cells, hence its name.
In 1916 MacLeod presents cephalin, and
in 1918 Howell and Holt report the results
of heparin.

1920
MacLeod, Howell and Holt : HEPARIN
In 1920, the anticoagulant effects of
heparin in experimental animals are
confirmed.

1922
ALEXANDER FLEMMING: In 1922,
Fleming accidentally discovered lysozyme.
WERNER THEODORE FORSSMAN: He
studied medicine at the University of Berlin
from 1922 to 1929 and followed the
specialty of urology.

1924
ROBERT E. GROSS: In the department,
Gross begins to study cardiac pathology
and, mainly, congenital anomalies in
children. In 1924, she had already studied
patients with mitral stenosis and other
heart diseases.
She first performed a left anterolateral
thoracotomy, in the third intercostal space,
approached the ductus and ligated it;
everything went smoothly and she was
discharged after 10 days in very good
condition

1925
SIR HENRY SOUTTAR: In 1925, Souttar
performed the first commissurotomy, on a
19-year-old girl named Lilly Hine,
diagnosed with mitral stenosis.
She performed a left thoracotomy and
purse-string opening of the left atrial
appendage, with introduction of the index
finger.

1928
ALEXANDER FLEMING: In 1928, when
he was carrying out several experiments in
his laboratory, he noticed that in one of his
petris, where he had bacterial cultures of
Staphylococcus aureus, a fungus had
developed, as a contaminant and had
destroyed the bacteria, there was a
transparent area due to bacterial lysis.

1935
CRAWFORD W. LONG: For this fact, in
honor of Long, since 1935, March 30 is
celebrated in Georgia as Doctor's Day. In
October 1990, George Bush instituted that
date in the US as National Doctor's Day.
 1936
MacLeod, Howell and Holt : HEPARIN:
In 1936, Charles Best succeeded in
synthesizing heparin in sufficient quantity
for clinical use.
Heparin is a natural substance present in
the blood that interferes with the blood
clotting process.
It acts on thrombin, which plays an
important role in blood coagulation.
Classical heparin exerts its anticoagulant
effect by accelerating the formation of
molecular complexes between
antithrombin III and factors II (thrombin),
IX, X, XI and XII, which are inactivated.

1938
ROBERT E. GROSS: He performed the
first ligation of the ductus arteriosus, or
ductus, on a seven-year-old girl on August
26, 1938, when she was 33 years old and
chief resident at Harvard.

1944
HELEN BROOKE TAUSSIG: On ALFRED BLALOCK: On November 29,
November 29, 1944, she performed the 1944, the first surgical anastomosis of a
surgical anastomosis of a branch of the branch of the aorta, the subclavian artery,
aorta (subclavian artery) with the with the pulmonary artery, was performed
pulmonary artery in a girl, with the on the patient Eileen Saxon.
collaboration of her black assistant Vivien
Thomas.

ROBERT E. GROSS: In 1945, Crafoord

1945
and Gross, in their respective countries,
practiced the surgical treatment of
coarctation of the aorta.
In total, in 26 years, Gross operated on 825
patients with coarctation of the aorta. In
104 patients it was necessary to insert a
graft to replace a more or less long
segment.
HELEN BROOKE TAUSSIG: In 1945, in
JAMA, she published in detail a patient's
surgical procedure, followed by three more
operations. In 1946, she presented 110
cases in a paper entitled 'The surgical
treatment of congenital pulmonic stenosis'.

1947
RUSSELL BROCK: In 1947, after
returning from the Second World War, he
witnessed the successful operation of
Thomas H. Sellors (1902-1987) on a
patient with tetralogy of Fallot, at the
Meddlesex hospital, by separating the
leaflets of the pulmonary valve.
HELEN BROOKE TAUSSIG: In 1947,
Taussig published her book Congenital
malformations of the heart, which became
the bible for new pediatric cardiac
surgeons.

RUSSELL BROCK: In 1948, Brock

1948
designed the dilator that bears his name
and operated on three cases of pulmonary
stenosis, and with other equipment,
resected an infundibular stricture in a case
of tetralogy of Fallot.
Brock and Bailey and Harken, at the same
time and independently, each in their
respective center, performed a digital mitral
commissurotomy
CHARLES BAILEY: June 10, 1948 he
chose two patients with pure mitral
stenosis, ~61~ who were scheduled on the
same day to be operated on, one in the
morning and the other in the afternoon
DWIGHT HARKEN: on June 16 of that
same year, 1948, at the Peter Ben
Bingham Hospital in Boston, six days after
Bailey successfully practiced it in
Philadelphia.

CLARENCE WALTON LILLEHEI: He did
his surgical training at the University of
Minnesota, in the Department of Surgery,
where he was a professor from 1951 to
1957.
CLARENCE WALTON LILLEHEI: With
the crossed circulation technique, on
March 26, 1954, Lillehei operated for the
first time the closure of an interventricular
communication, in a 13-month-old boy.
WERNER THEODORE FORSSMAN:
However, in 1956, Andre F. Cournard and
Dickinson W. Richards used the same
technique to measure the internal
pressures of the heart and described the
hemodynamic behavior of the pulmonary
arteries and the cardiac cavities, in normal
subjects and in different conditions. heart
conditions, mainly in children with
congenital heart disease. For this prodigy,
both Forssman, Cournard and Richards
received the Nobel Prize in Medicine in
1956.
1951
1952
CLARENCE WALTON LILLEHEI: He was
the first to operate, on September 2, 1952,
on an open heart patient, using
hypothermia. He was then called the
'father of open heart surgery'.
Lillehei devised the cross-circulation
technique, in which he placed a human
being – usually a relative of the child, father
or mother – so that his body, mainly his
lungs and heart, would maintain the ~65~
vital organs of the child with oxygenated
blood, while heart defects were corrected.
1954
1955
HENRRY SWAN: In 1955, at the
Congress of the American Surgical
Association, he presented 59 operated
cases, with 20% mortality, and with the
mitral commissurotomy closed at its
height, he stated: “that the blind but
educated finger (index) is capable of doing
much in the heart, must be admitted and
amicably much admired, but that it should
be considered the best method in the long
run is absurd."
1956
CHARLES BAILEY: By 1956, Bailey had
operated on more than 100 patients with
good results. He emphasizes that the
technique consists of inserting the index
finger and opening the commissure and
separating the valves, but not the leaflets
or the pillars.
After fruitful work, he developed new
techniques and designed new instruments
for heart surgery.
This technique was quickly developed by
other surgeons, Dwight Harken, from
Boston's Peter Ben Brigham, Russell
Brock, from England, and many others.
 1940
WILLIAM KOLF: When Germany attacked
and invaded Holland in 1940, Kolff moved
to the small town of Kampen to work in its
Municipal Hospital. He went on to invent a
device that took the place of the kidney, the
artificial kidney, and produced the first
rudimentary artificial kidney, which made it
possible to filter toxins from patients with
uremia. His first 15 patients recovered
slightly from their comatose state, but died
within a few days. Refinement of the
artificial kidney made it possible to prolong
the lives of his patients. Kolff stated that
physicians do not decide who lives and
who dies, their duty is to try to cure and so
he did.

1953
WILLIAM KOLF: in 1953, after more than
20 years of experimentation with the help
of his wife "Maly", succeeded in designing
and manufacturing a "temporary artificial
heart", which at that time was called the
"oxygenating machine". In this way, a
desire of young cardiovascular surgeons in
the middle of the 20th century, open-heart
surgery, became a reality.

1957
WILLIAM KOLF: In 1957, he implanted an
artificial heart in a dog that survived for 90
minutes.

1958
WILLIAM KOLF: In addition, Liotta stated
that since 1958 he had begun his
experiences in the development of the
artificial heart in Lyon, France, and from
1959 to 1960, at the National University of
Cordova, in Argentina.

1950-
WILLIAM KOLF: One of these
experimental devices, the Jarvik-5 artificial THE WAY TO PERFECTION OF THE THA
heart, was implanted in a tertiary that OR LVAS: Artificial hearts designed from

1960
survived 268 days. In addition, Liotta
stated that since 1958 he had begun his
experiences in the development of the
artificial heart in Lyon, France, and from
1959 to 1960, at the National University of
Cordova, in Argentina.
the 1960s onwards tried to copy the human
heart with its four chambers, valves and
pumping chambers. They were constructed
of titanium or aluminum and their pumping
chambers of synthetic material,
polyurethane. To overcome the obstacles,
the internal parts of the pumping chambers
were covered with special antithrombotic
material, but, in spite of this, complications
continued to occur, although less frequently.
When the axial type pumping system,
advocated by Michael DeBakey and NASA
engineers, appeared, several obstacles
were solved.
MICHAEL DEBAKEY AND DOMINGO
LIOTTA: On April 12, 1966, implanted 1966
another clinical LVAD in an extracorporeal
position; the patient died within a few days.
In October 1966, the same group
implanted the LVAD in another patient who
recovered uneventfully and was ~ 113 ~
discharged 10 days later. At St. Luke's
Episcopal Hospital in Houston was patient
Haspell Karp awaiting a heart transplant
for more than seven months.The patient
awoke and recovered. The patient died 32
hours later from an acute fungal lung
infection.

1967
WILLIAM KOLF: In 1967, he moved to the
University of Utah, as a professor in the
School of Medicine and as director of the
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, where
he continued his research on the artificial
heart.

1970
WILLIAM KOLF: At the Houston Medical
Center, THI took the reins and created the
HeartMate LVAD, manufactured by
Thermo Cardiosystem Inc. Two types were
produced, the HeartMate Vented Electric,
Left Ventricular Assist System and the
HeartMate Implanted Pneumatic Left
Ventricular Assist System. The device was
a pneumatic system, controlled by a
console, which was carried by a device
similar to a supermarket cart, so that the
patient could carry it. Many other devices
were created in the 1970s and 1980s,
mostly for left ventricular support while
awaiting heart transplantation. They were
created because cardiovascular surgeons
did not want to lose their patients and were
frustrated and embarrassed when left
ventricular failures occurred.
ROBERT JARVIK - THE JARVIK 7 :
1971 Jarvik was a born inventor, he had
developed devices related to the human
body since his youth and then finished his
studies in Architecture at Syracuse
University, New York. He returned to the
USA in 1971 and, at the Artificial Heart
Convention, met Willem Kolff. Early on
Jarvik was involved in the development
and improvement of the artificial heart.
Jarvik later named it after himself and put
numbers on it, Jarvik 3 and 5 were tested
in calves and the perfected Jarvik 7 was
recommended for application in humans.

1976
Jarvik was an aggressive partner in Kolff
Associates, a company founded by Kolff,
so he retired. Jarvik, out of Kolff
Associates, founded Symbion Inc, to
continue perfecting the artificial heart. In
1976, Jarvik became vice president of
Symbion.
 1987
LONG LIFE AXIAL OR CONTINUOUS
FLOW PUMPS: Jarvik 2,000 Flow Maker
Developed by Jarvik, since 1987, together
with THI, the Oxford Heart Center, and
Transicoil Inc. It is placed with a tubular
device in the ventricular apex and, by
means of a dacron tube, in the ascending
or descending aorta. The Jarvik 200 has
been applied as a bridge to ~ 120 ~
transplantation or destination therapy with
great success, which bodes well for the
future. With the Jarvik 2,000, many
patients survive more than five years after
implantation and subsequent
transplantation. Thoracic Heartmate II
LVAS Development began in 1991
between Nimbus Corporation, now
Thoratec Corporation, and the University
of Pittsburgh under the National Institutes
of Health Innovative Ventricular Assist
System program

1991
LONG LIFE AXIAL OR CONTINUOUS
FLOW PUMPS: . Thoracic Heartmate II
LVAS Development began in 1991
between Nimbus Corporation, now
Thoratec Corporation, and the University
of Pittsburgh under the National Institutes
of Health Innovative Ventricular Assist
System program.

1993
LONG LIFE AXIAL OR CONTINUOUS
FLOW PUMPS: The Micromed-DeBakey
VAD was developed in February 1993. It is
a small axial flow ventricular assist device,
developed in 1993 between the Baylor
College of Medicine of the Texas Medical
Center and NASA's Johnson Space
Center, both in Houston. It is a small
titanium device, which is implanted in the
apex of the left ventricle and with a dacron
tube is anastomosed to the lateral aspect
of the ascending aorta.

1998 MICROMED DEBAKEY VAD: In 1998 this

device was implanted for the first time at
the German Heart Institute in Berlin,
headed by Professor Rioland Heltzer. Six
DeBakey VAD devices were implanted,
four in Berlin and two in Vienna in patients
who were in severe heart failure (grade IV).
Four patients had successful outcomes
and were discharged in good condition.
The DeBakey VAD was implanted in
Germany and Austria, in 1998, before the
USA, because it had not yet been
approved by the FDA.
 2001
MICROMED DEBAKEY VAD: The
European Community approved it for all its
nations in 2001. In the US, Micromed
received approval for DeBakey VAD on
April 27, 2001. Within weeks, in June of
that year, DeBakey and Noon implanted it
for the first time in the US at Houston
Methodist Hospital. At the time, Robert
Benkowski, CEO of Micromed
Cardiovascular, said, "It was a privilege
and an honor to work with this great man.
Without Dr. DeBakey, without his vision
and active contribution, we would not have
been able to develop a VAD of this size
and capability. The world is a better place
because of Dr. DeBakey, who is an
inspiration to us all."

2003
ROBERT JARVIK - THE JARVIK 7: When
he died, his wife worked 15 years raising
funds for the American Heart Association.
The second patient, whose life expectancy
did not exceed 30 days for doctors, lived
511 days with the AbioCor, died on
February 7, 2003, due to the wearing out
of a membrane of the artificial heart.

2004
MICROMED DEBAKEY VAD : Today, the
modern version of the MicroMed DeBakey
VAD weighs 90 grams and is designed to
pump 1 to 10 L/min. In addition, Micromed
received FDA approval for the pediatric
DeBakey VAD in 2004. This can be
implanted in children as young as 18 kg.
According to a report at the time, the
system, later named MicroMedDeBakey
VAD, had been implanted in 400 patients
who have taken it as a bridge to
transplantation, as heart muscle recovery
or as definitive therapy. Of these, 55%
have been able to be transplanted,
disconnected or remain on support. The
average support time is 75 days, the
longest being more than 518 days.