International Journal of Engineering Technology Research & Management

Vol-06 Issue 02, February -2022 ISSN: 2456-9348
Impact Factor: 5.004
International Journal of Engineering Technology Research & Management

THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON CONTEMPORARY BUILDING PROJECT
DELIVERY IN NIGERIA
1
Amaifeobu, O.C, 2Ekekezie, C.U, 2Orji, S.E, 1Ezeokoli, F.O
1
Department of Building, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka
2
Department of Building, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology
ABSTRACT
Globalization, with its attendant free flow of goods and services, has brought tremendous impact to the building
project delivery in Nigeria. This research examined the impact of globalization on contemporary building project
delivery in Nigeria. Two objectives were pursued, viz: identification of different technological innovations that
impact on different stages of building project delivery and the assessment of positive and negative impact of
economic liberation on building project delivery. A survey method was adopted for the collection of primary data
through a well-structured questionnaire distributed to forty (40) professionals in the building industry and interview
with five (5) consultants in building design and construction in the South East region of Nigeria. Data obtained were
analyzed using Weighted Mean and Relative Importance Index (RII). The study revealed that Virtual Prototyping,
Augmented reality, BIM, Drone, 3D Printing, Artificial Intelligent, Robotics and Mobile technology have great
impact on different stages of building project delivery if well exploited. It was also revealed that the following
positive impacts of economic liberation have RII ≥ 0.8 and therefore, rated very high: growth in application of
innovative technologies among indigenous companies, improved quality of building due to the use of high quality
imported materials, building construction standardization through adoption of uniform international standards,
increase in opportunity for technology transfer and development of local companies and increase in clients’
satisfaction. However, two of the negative impacts of economic liberation have RII ≥ 0.8 and therefore, rated very
high. These are: increased cost of construction due to high cost of engaging foreign contractors and foreign
companies win a larger share of available large building construction jobs. The study therefore recommends that
professionals in the Nigerian building industry should embrace the opportunities offered by globalization through
innovative technologies and economic liberation. This requires a lot of training and skill acquisition to enable them
compete effectively with their foreign colleagues. To achieve this the study further recommends that the professional
bodies in the industry should incorporate the training of professionals in innovative technologies in their professional
development programs.
Keywords:
Globalization, Innovative Technology, Economic Liberation, Building Project Delivery
INTRODUCTION
The building project delivery in Nigeria is still battling with a lot of inherent challenges ranging from inadequate
human, material and equipment resources development, poor implementation of uniform regulations, guidelines and
standards for the building processes. (Mbamali & Okotie 2012). These challenges usually result to constant problems
of cost overrun, time overrun and poor quality delivery in most public and private building projects in Nigeria. In
spite of all these, globalization, with its attendant free flow of goods and services, has brought further challenges to
the already troubled arena of building project delivery in Nigeria (Mbamali & Okotie 2012). Undoubtedly, a major
trend that cannot be wished away in the global economy today is the phenomenon of globalization. Though the
beginning of globalization can be traced to around 1870, its pace and scope in the last twenty years has been
unprecedented (Onimode, 2000). According to Mkor (2012), globalization is a process of vertical and horizontal
integration involving increasing volume of and variety of transnational transactions, in goods and services, in
international capital flows, in human migration, and through a rapid and widespread diffusion of technology. In a
more concrete term, it refers to the increasing economic interdependence among countries of the world through the
increasing volumes of cross-border transactions in recent times (Egbaju, 2007). The phenomenon of globalization
came to Nigeria for the first time, not just in the last century, as it is generally thought, but when the Portuguese and
the British landed on our shores before the end of nineteenth century to establish new trade link, and to spread
Christianity (Iwara, 2004). Globalization is therefore the increasing breakdown of barriers and obstacles to the world-
wide diffusion of economic ideas, doctrines, products, services and practices originating from the western
industrialised, especially the United States of America (Abutudu, 2000). Whatever ideas, products and services are
IJETRM (http://ijetrm.com/) [85]

distributed across territorial boundaries. It therefore implies a world system in which development in one region can
come to shape the life chances of communities in parts of the globe (Arowolo, 2008). Obviously, the Building
industry in Nigeria controls a greater percentage of the Nigerian economy, in terms of capital investment,
employment of skilled and unskilled labour, and importation of materials from international communities. This is a
pointer that the industry is constantly exposed to the forces and influence of globalization.
Aim and Objectives

The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of globalization on contemporary building project delivery in Nigeria.
Specifically, the study focuses on the following objectives:
• To identify different technological innovations that impact on different stages of building project delivery
• To assess the positive and negative impact of economic liberation on building project delivery
Research Questions
• What are the different technological innovations that impact on different stages of building project delivery?
• To what extent does economic liberation affects building project delivery in Nigeria?
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The concept of globalization
The word globalization originated from the word globalize, which denotes the advent of an international network of
economic systems (Online Etymology Dictionary, 2012). According to Gidden (1991) globalization can be defined
as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local activities are
shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa. Guttal, (2007) described globalization as a
multidimensional phenomenon and it is typically viewed by many scholars as a form of capitalist expansion, which
involves the process of merging local and national economies into a global unregulated market economy. Najam,
Runnalls & Halle (2007) noted that globalization is the process of internationalization, liberalization, universalization
and westernization of the world. To the International Monetary Fund (IMF), it denotes greater integration of goods,
services and capital between countries in the international system (IMF, 1997). Globalization could be taken to mean
the ‘‘changing way of production organized as required by general dismantling of trade barriers and the free mobility
of financial and productive capital (Garea, 1998). Globalization has spearheaded a balancing effect on world
economies, simply because it supports the distribution of the world’s wealth, thus reducing poverty and gross under
development. Also, the migration of skillful personnel from one location to the other has also been beneficial, because
of the immense transfer of technical expertise. Globalization is today probably the most singular factor exerting the
greatest influences not only on nation-states, but also on all dimensions of human existence and interactions (Saliu,
and Omotola, 2006). Globalization is so profound that today, distance is no longer a barrier. This is because of
technological innovations. Oyejide’s comprehensive definition provides an illumination. According to him; It is the
increased integration across countries, of markets for good, service and capital. It also implies accelerated expansion
of economic activities globally and sharp increases in the movement of tangible and intangible goods across national
and regional boundaries (in Ukaogo, 2003).
From the foregoing, it is crystal clear that globalization basically involves: technological innovation and economic
liberation. Aina (2014) supported this idea when he presented the following as part of the components of
globalization:
• The emergence and spread of new technologies, particularly with the information revolution and their
transationalization (Technological Innovations).
• The emergence of a new international division of labour and unequal and polarised global economy that
seeks to integrate all other local economies through a process of trade liberalization and deregulation
(Economic Liberation).
This research focuses on these two major components of Globalization in relation to building project delivery.
TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
Technology was defined as “a system created by humans that uses knowledge and organization to produce objects
and techniques for the attainment of specific goals” (Volti 2009). Technology is the skillful application of scientific
knowledge, planned towards helping, solving and discovering lasting solutions to the numerous problems faced by
humans. It has to do with the utilization of little resources, for the production of effective and efficient goods. When
technology is properly deplored, it saves valuable time and resources. Construction technology therefore, is the

technology used for the building of both residential and industrial structures. The skills, equipment and materials
applied in the designing and creation processes is what is referred to as construction technology. Kendell, (2020)
defines construction technology as "the collection of innovative tools, machinery, modifications, software, etc. used
during the design and construction phase of a project that enables advancement in field construction methods,
including semi-automated and automated construction equipment". Construction Technology therefore, entails the
usage of scientific tools and processes that are well adapted during a building development. The whole purpose of
construction technology is to help push for safety and efficiency project delivery. Some of these innovations are
available to Africa and Nigeria in particular through globalization. According to Tijani, (2017), for the built
construction industry to grow in Nigeria, it will require advanced construction technology which covers a wide range
of modern techniques and practices that encompasses the latest development in materials technology, design
procedures, facilities management, services, structural analysis, design and management studies. Tijani further
opined that incorporating advanced construction technology into practice, can increase level of quality, efficiency,
safety, sustainability and value for money. However, there is often a conflict between traditional methods and
innovative practices and this is often blamed for the relatively slow rate of technology transfer in the Nigerian
building industry. Nevertheless, the fact remains that Nigeria still lacks the autonomy to have proactive response to
the challenges of globalization particularly in the realm of technology. Today, all technologically intensive sectors
of our socio- economic life are dominated by expatriates, who sell archaic and outmoded technologies. The
knowledge for the operations, maintenance and service resides outside the shores of the country (Abe, 2004). The
problem is further compounded by the lack of appropriate infrastructure that can enhance vibrant industrial policy.
The construction industry has been characterized by being very traditional and resistant to change, but many
emerging technologies have promising applications in building projects. Some of the technological innovations that
impact on building project delivery are reviewed below:
Augmented Reality (AR)

AR offers a different way to experience construction projects. It is essentially a copied view of the real-world
environment, whose elements are augmented or added with computer-generated inputs. It is often compared with
virtual reality which replaces the real world with a simulation, whereas AR shows the real world but adds to it,
providing you with a three-dimensional model of the design you are working with. AR software derives actual
coordinates to provide an interactive experience. It also provides the ability to identify clashes in designs, which
make it easier to make design choices or alterations. It is available for all types of projects, big or small, so even the
smallest of projects can utilize the power of AR (Autodesk, Inc., 2020). With augmented reality, a particular lens can
overlay essential information during project site visits or when inspecting existing buildings. This is very useful
during all stages of the building life cycle: design, construction, maintenance and renovations. With AR, unbalanced
structures and safety risks before occurring can be identified accurately because of the built-in sensors and footages
that updates the progress of the construction operations.
Building Information Modelling (BIM)

BIM is a process with a smart three-dimensional model as a foundation. It provides construction professionals with
tools and insights to be more effective during the planning, executing, controlling, and managing of structures,
including buildings and infrastructure. BIM in construction has gained momentum within the past five years. Much
of the power in BIM is the ability to collaborate through each phase of the construction process. This smart process
helps to identify clashes early on with the help of the entire team instead of just one segment. In short, it helps
visualize two-dimensional plans. In large, it has the potential to transform the Architecture, Construction and
Engineering industry by facilitating better communication and estimation, clash identification, risk and cost reduction
and smoother handovers (Autodesk, Inc., 2020). It is the process of generating and managing computer
representations of the projects before they are built. Architects and builders can use the models to show how building
materials will hold up over time, while building managers can also create maintenance schedules with BIM models.
Drone – Based Supervision and inspection

Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles, are an ET that have a direct impact on construction teams. Drones
collect data from above in real time, which can be particularly useful in site management for progress tracking
purposes. This can help identify problems become they become bigger issues, and it is done by using GPS ground
markers to calculate actual positioning. Additionally, drones are useful on construction projects in other areas, such
as surveying, safety management, and providing measurements. For instance, real-time measurement of the volume
of materials on site, such as soil, can be detected by drones. Overall, drones can help save resources and time on

construction projects (Drone Deploy, 2020). Since some areas of the worksite are not visible for supervision and
inspection, a flexible and speedy technology has emerged which is drone. Drones can be programmed to sweep a
large project in a matter of hours. This particular tool can gather data volumes that would require many days or weeks
to be collected by foot.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)

The construction industry is characterized by its high exposure to risk and uncertainty, but this can start to change
with AI services. By shifting from a reactive to an AI- powered proactive approach in project risk management,
construction companies can reduce costs while improving safety. AI is the ability of a computer to perform tasks in
a similar way that humans do, providing a similar level of intelligence to complete these tasks. This requires learning
from historical data. To date, there are no AI systems available that can match human ability. AI uses two different
types of approaches to gaining intelligence: a top-down and a bottom-up approach. The goal of the top-down
approach is more symbolic, as it tries to replicate intelligence independently of the brain structure. The goal of the
bottom-up approach is more about connections, which is to create artificial neural networks which imitate the brain
structure. These approaches can be used to learn from historical construction data to identify efficiencies that can
assist with decreasing time and cost (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2020).
Robotics
Robotics are the essence of the automated world, bringing big opportunity to the construction industry. Robots can
automate several types of roles typically done by labourers. Robots are particularly common in 3DP, facilitating the
construction of buildings, homes and even bridges. Demolition robots can even make the process of crushing concrete
and gathering debris (among other things) more efficient. Robotics in brick laying is also common these days, where
entire houses can be brick-laid in just a few days. Robotics are one sure fire way for project managers to enable lean
construction practices on projects, especially given the high-quality output of work that robots produce (Construction
World, 2020).
Virtual prototyping (VP)

VP is a computer aided design process that allows construction teams to enhance design communication without
producing a material sample. This can be done throughout the following phases: project information collection,
three-dimensional model building, and process simulation. This is done by integrating different design software at
each stage, which allows for early detection of design issues. Teams can use VP to visualize and simulate sites at
each phase, which can help with construction safety as well. This is done by detecting factors that are likely to cause
an accident in advance so they can be prepared for or eliminated by re-working the design. Additionally, VP makes
it easy to understand the life cycle information for buildings, which also benefits design (Aneesh & Vasudev, 2014).
Mobile Technology
MT is available in construction projects as a collaborative software that is available for use in any geographical
location. This is highlighted by the ability to send data from any location back to a central database. MT also
highlights the ability for several users to communicate and collaborate via mobile devices simultaneously. Given the
increasingly growing mobile workforce in construction, company executives have wanted to find ways to make
teams more efficient. MT solutions create ways for teams to be more interactive, efficient, communicative, and
collaborative, which assist in achieving project management goals. The biggest takeaway is the ability of MT to
provide real-time project information to project managers who can make decisions faster as a result (eSUB, Inc.,
2020).
3D Printing (3DP)
3DP, also known as additive manufacturing, has been presented to deliver innovative projects in the construction
industry. It is a method of building that involves the sequential layering of materials, usually metallic, concrete or
plastics, to create a geometric components or entire structures. It can also be used to create prototypes. 3DP only
works when it is powered with a data source. Within construction projects, a common source is computer-aided
design, which is used to create three-dimensional digital models. This model powers 3DP and allows the printer to
read the instructions which create the output of the successive layers that are fused together to create the physical
structure or model. The emergence of building information modelling can provide new ways to facilitate 3DP
(Designing Buildings Wiki, 2020).


STAGES OF BUILDING PROJECT DELIVERY AND TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS
IMPACTING THEM
According to the National Building code of Nigeria (2007), the entire building process is divided into four (4)
convenient stages. These stages include:
i. Pre - design stage
ii. Design stage
iii. Construction stage
iv. Post - construction stage
Pre – Design Stage

This is the initiating stage of building project. It is the formal recognition of the beginning of a building project.
Activities involved in this stage include: identification of project stakeholders (client, designer and the constructor)
and developing a project charter (Project Management Institute, 2017). No technological innovations are reviewed
in this section, as no literature was found showing the impact of technological innovations in this stage.
Design / Planning Stage
The design and planning Stage of a building project is defined as creating a workable design and plan to accomplish
the purpose of the project. The design team and the project management team work together at this stage to develop
a project management plan which encompasses all of the project knowledge areas (Project Management Institute,
2017). The different aspects of the planning stage are reviewed as follows:
i. Project Scope Management
This area has been identified as an impactful area for technological innovation within the planning stage. Virtual
prototyping is a proven innovation that assists with design management. Specifically, the designing of smart building
envelopes. This innovation has the ability to use parametric techniques to generate related alternatives in the design
by making subtle changes to the prototype model. They were also being able to assess physical impact of building
envelope performance on a physical model, derived from the virtual prototype (Kim & Kim, 2017). Augmented
Reality is another innovation proven to assist with design management. (Gheisari et al., 2016). It is also useful for
moving away from two-dimensional paper plan documentation for decision making, to a more automated task
system. According to Chalhoub & Ayer (2019), those using AR were able to complete tasks sixty percent faster, all
while having to think less in the process, compared with those completing the same task using paper plan
documentation.
BIM is also applicable to design management. The collaborative nature of BIM allows for multiple consultants
(designers), contractors and project managers to access an up-to-date design simultaneously so that it can be
effectively carried out (Li et al., 2018). Lastly, Drone is another impactful technology in this area. It can impact scope
by surveying land to identify site boundaries. This technology replaces the need for bulky tools and equipment that
otherwise would be needed to carry out the task. This brings an opportunity for faster services at a lower cost. (Li &
Liu, 2019).
ii. Project Time / Schedule Management
The Project Schedule Management knowledge area has also been identified as an impactful area for technological
innovation within the design / planning stage. 3DP offers the opportunity to reduce the amount of time spent on the
project. According to Buchanan & Gardner (2019), for 3DP metal structural components, total time can be reduced
by 35% to produce a conventional wall. To date, this technology is far more common for off-site manufacturing to
ensure high- quality production
iii. Project Cost Management
The Project Cost Management has also been identified as an impactful area for innovations within the planning stage.
In this case, BIM is proven to assist with the analysis of cash flows and choosing financing options based on a
multiple design options. Traditionally, these were time-consuming processes which needed manual intervention,
comparing schedules with cost plans. Because BIM allows for detailed levels of project information in one integrated
model, analyzing cash flows can be mostly automated (Lu et al., 2016). AI is another technological innovation that
has proven to assist with cost management. It has the capacity to estimate a bill-of-quantities with improved level of
accuracy in the planning phase. (Dimitriou et al., 2018). Above all, 3DP, partly due to its impact on time reduction,
offers the opportunity to save on project costs. This is due to the decrease in labour required because of increased
automation of production. This also impacts a decrease in re-work, which would generally add to project costs
(Buchanan & Gardner, 2019).

iv. Project Risk Management
The Project Risk Management has also been identified as an impactful area for technological innovation within the
planning stage. BIM can be used to provide project teams with an early-warning system for cost and schedule
overruns (Sun et al., 2015).
v. Project Quality Management
The Project Quality Management has also been identified as an impactful area for technological innovation within
the planning stage. AI, in this case, can be used to ensure structural steel adheres to guidelines put forth by Standards
Building Codes for fire resistance and safety (Naser, 2018). Additionally, AI can be used to understand what will
happen to different types of materials – such as concrete, masonry, steel, and timber – under extreme temperature
conditions. This is critical to understand during the project planning phase (Nazer, 2019). VP has also proven to
assist with quality management, specifically with continuous process improvement (Fukuda et al., 2016).
vi. Project Resource Management
The Project Resource Management has also been identified as an impactful area for technological innovation within
the planning phase. BIM, in conjunction with computer based simulation software, can be used to effectively plan
for the occupational health and safety (OHS) of labourers on construction sites, by simulating labour-based scenarios
for emergency evacuation that could occur under various conditions during the project executing phase. These
simulations can also be created to portray different construction methods. The result provided is the approximate
total evacuation times for each floor for all labourers and highlights areas of congestion (Marzouk & Al Daour,
2018). With four-dimensional BIM models (three-dimensional model plus scheduling data), it provides a visual
understanding of the construction site prior to the project executing stage. Thus, BIM can help plan for future
potential hazards. The opportunities increase when combining BIM with other innovations, such as AR (Martinez-
Aires et al., 2018).
vii. Project Procurement Management
The Project Procurement Management has also been identified as an impactful area for technological innovation
within the planning stage. It has been uncovered that BIM can help project teams create sustainable procurement
practices. Changes need to be made to the assessment of sustainability criteria within the BIM system, and an
innovative procurement system would need to be created to serve these changes (Chong et al., 2017).
Construction Stage
The construction / executing stage is defined as carrying out the project plan. This involves directing and managing,
monitoring and controlling of project and taking corrective action when necessary, with a focus on quality, time,
cost, communications, risk, procurement and stakeholder engagement (Project Management Institute, 2017). The
different aspects of the construction stage are systematically reviewed as follows:
i. Project Quality Management
The Project Quality Management has been identified as an impactful area for technological innovations within the
construction stage. MT offers a vast number of mobile applications (apps) available to construction teams, all of
which have been developed to reduce process complexity. These apps impact the areas of safety, project
management, cost management, site operations, computer aided design, BIM and estimating. (Li & Liu, 2019).
Lastly, AR also has a positive effect in this stage, specifically with reducing process complexity (Koseoglu & Nurtan-
Gunes, 2018). AR has been researched and identified as impactful for site and building inspections through an
interactive, intuitive approach. Data can be captured instantly, which will ultimately reduce response time for
resolving inspection matters that require immediate action. This is possible due to an integration between BIM and
the AR platforms (Machado & Vilela, 2020). Robotics is another type of innovation that impacts quality control,
specifically in the inspection of structures. Given the time and resource intensive nature of building inspections,
robotics offers efficiencies in these areas. It exposes hard-to-reach areas during inspection (Almadhoun et al., 2016).
ii. Project Resource Management
The Project Resource Management is also an impactful area for technological innovation within the construction
stage. Drones and related technologies are known for impacting the area of occupational health and safety (OHS) in
construction. This is done through drone collecting and relaying real-time video to construction managers, for the
purposes of site safety inspection. Drones were tasked with collecting data on whether workers were wearing hard
hats or not, and the results were positive (Li & Liu, 2019). Moreover, AR has been identified as useful in OHS
scenarios, specifically hazard recognition and avoidance. By using a wearable device, the worker can receive
information on dangerous situations without the need to analyze the data they receive in their device. There were

positive results with the on-site hazard identification system, which uses an image capturing device to collect pictures
of the construction site. This information is fed to the wearable device and notified the worker (Kim & Kim, 2017).
AR has also been reviewed for its impact in other OHS areas, specifically in safety training, site safety inspection
and instruction (Li et al., 2018). Additionally, VP provides opportunity for more efficient work, cost savings and
fewer injuries (Zuluaga & Albert, 2018). Lastly, MT also has an impact in OHS, specifically by predicting the
movement of workers on site. Workers wear mobile sensors which monitor body posture to identify when issues
arise, such as body postures that result in work-related injuries. The goal of actively collecting and monitoring this
data is to enhance safety by preventing work-related injuries (Nath et al., 2017).
iii. Project Communications Management
The Project Communications Management is also an impactful area for technological innovation within the
construction stage. VP can be used as a part of the project management information system. In this case, the VP
model can be used to provide documentation to the labourer. Using the model to create pictographic instructions,
the labourer can work toward a prefigured goal, without verbal communication, all while minimizing error, which
without instructions, leads to inefficiencies and could create issues of delivering scope (Johnston et al., 2016).
Mobile AR also aids in progress reporting. The application uses BIM as a foundation to gain a real- life view of the
project in real-time. Then, teams can control the project and provide real-time updates on actual versus planned
progress using AR on-site in real-time. Overall, this system provides a more effective way to control projects (Zaher
et al., 2018).
iv. Project Schedule Management

The Project Schedule Management is also an impactful area for technological innovation within the construction
stage. AR is known to provide a sense of realism to projects. In this case, an intuitive experience is created where
four- dimensional scheduling information is attached to AR objects and displayed for the user. This helps with the
controlling of schedule, all in a real-life type of simulation. This can be particularly helpful for long-distance
managers who need to be updated on timelines. This is an improvement on completing the same type of tasks through
physical field work (Kim & Kim, 2017).
v. Project Procurement Management

The Project Procurement Management has also been identified as the final impactful area for technological
innovation within the construction stage. Drones are proven to assist with supply chain management on construction
sites. They help manage this by transporting goods from one point on site to another. Once the supplies are dropped
at the site, they are detected, identified, and tracked using GPS. Then, they are automatically moved to their
appropriate location (Li & Liu, 2019). Additionally, MT is used in supply chain management as well (Shi et al.,
2016). 3DP is also proven to be impactful in this area, specifically with materials supplies. Using 3DP technology,
particles of different size, material and overall design can be created for different scenarios, which creates new
opportunity for structural design and construction (Lowke et al., 2018). Printing cementitious materials provides
advantages of being cost effective, flexible in design, high-efficiency and environmentally friendly (GuoWei et al.,
2018). Robotics have also been shown to play important role in procurement of construction projects during the
executing stage. The automation of works such as bricklaying, where a robotic system can lay one thousand bricks
per hour, and glazing machines, where the robots installs glass panels and windows more than one thousand
kilograms, are also on the market now. Robotic 3DP has also been happening for years; however, it is still a novel
concept in the industry (Bogue, 2018). Additionally, robots are enhancing construction techniques by providing the
ability to automatically assemble parts of a modular structure by providing specific markers on site (Feng et al.,
2015). Robots can also undertake the construction of walls and even high-rise buildings. For wall construction, a
scaffolding rail system is set up on site, and a mobile robot is attached to it, moving along the scaffolding while it
injects concrete to create a composite wall (Więckowski, 2017). For high-rise building construction, a robotic
assembly system (RAS) has been developed, which involves three sub-systems – a robotic bolting device, a control
system, and a robotic transport system. These sub-systems together help perform tasks such as steel beam erection,
placement, alignment and bolting in place (Casi et al., 2019). Cable-driven robots are known in the industry for their
ability to move hazardous materials throughout construction sites, which benefits supply chain management (Pinto
et al., 2017).
Drones, like robotics, can make an impact in this area as well. Drones weighing just twelve kilograms can lift concrete
blocks, and lay them down in place, with no human interaction, using a laser-based positioning system. This
technology shows promise of building walls without the use of scaffolding (Goessens et al., 2018). Lastly, AI is
known to assist with contract management in construction, particularly with managing disputes (Chou et al., 2016).

Post construction Stage
At this stage, the project is fully completed and handed over to the operations / facilities management team. It
involves the facility management, maintenance, and renovation of building facilities for full satisfaction of the end
users. The different aspects of the post construction stage are reviewed as follows:
i. Project Communications Management
The Project Communications Management is an impactful area for technological innovation within the post
construction stage. BIM has been tested to enhance facilities management by providing documentation control and
sharing information from previous project phases into the maintenance and operations phase. This is particularly
useful for large scale projects in the mechanical, electrical, and plumbing applications. These applications are
visualized not only for the construction team but for the operations team moving forward into the building’s life
cycle (Hu et al., 2016).
ECONOMIC LIBERATION
No doubt globalization has eradicated barriers, thus allowing the free flow of capital, technology, skilled workforces,
improved and highly affordable goods and services. The primary purpose of recent globalization process in the world
today is economic liberalization, which is welcomed everywhere by all nations and industries. It is basically, the
process toward accomplishing unhindered economic activities. It tries to eliminate all hindrances to business,
manufacturing and investment, with emphasis on free trading and capitalism, and separation of the economy from
the state (Telema & Ogohi, 2020). It is the procedure whereby international economies allow for privatization and
deregulation of their economies for increased profit and more cooperation among private organizations. It encourages
government to withdraw from participating directly in business activities, and engaging business regulators to control
and partner with investors by providing a level playing ground for organizations and industries to flourish.
With the freedom of trade in international boundaries, companies are relied upon to increase their productivity by
getting important economic movement of money, innovations in technology and human capital. Knowing that if
economic activities increase it empowers organizations to raise supply of profitable capital. They additionally state
that with liberalization, most governments’ policies reduced restrictions to control trade and capital and services
transfer which allows the forces of market to play out. Capital flow that is unhindered is a necessary objective for
economic liberalization. This is done by removing protectionist strategies, like custom duties, trade laws and other
international trade barriers. One primary impacts of this increased capital flow into nations is that it makes it less
expensive for organizations to get capital from investors. Low capital cost enables organizations to attempt
productive businesses that they might not have engaged in considering the high cost of capital involved, prompting
higher development growth (Telema & Ogohi, 2020).
From these reviews; economic liberation has the capacity of impacting the Nigerian building industry both positively
and negatively.
Positive Impact of Economic liberation on building project delivery
The possible positive impact of economic liberation as identified from literatures includes: improved quality of
building due to the use of high quality imported materials, increased activity in the industry due to foreign finance
involvement, enhanced value for money due to competition among foreign companies, increase in opportunity for
technology transfer and development of local companies, improved safety management by using innovative
technologies, building construction standardization through adoption of uniform international standards, growth in
application of innovative technologies among indigenous companies and professionals, and increase in clients’
satisfaction (Mbamali, 2012 & Idoro, 2009).
Negative Impact of Economic liberation on building project delivery
The possible negative impact of economic liberation as identified from literatures includes: increased cost of
construction due high cost of engaging foreign contractors, building material import decreases the value of the
nation’s GDP, professional services import much greater than the export, foreign companies win a larger share of
available building construction jobs, Less opportunities for local professionals’ development, extinction of some
local skills due to changes in technology (Mbamali, 2012 & Idoro, 2009). All these impacts are assessed and rated
through a well-structured questionnaire distributed to professionals in the Nigerian building industry.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A survey method was adopted for the collection of primary data through a well-structured questionnaire distributed
to forty (40) professionals in the building industry and interview with five (5) consultants in building design and
construction in the South East region of Nigeria. The professionals include: Architects, Builders, Quantity Surveyors


and Structural Engineers. Out of the forty (40) questionnaires distributed, thirty-seven (37) representing 92.5% were
properly completed and returned. However, the secondary data was obtained from detailed literature reviews. The
literature covers, the entire scope of the research, which includes: globalization, technological innovations and
economic liberation in relation to building industry.
Methods of Data Analysis
The questions in the questionnaire involve assessing the identified indices / factors on a five (5) point likert scale and
using Weighted Mean and Relative importance index (RII) for their analysis. The five likert scale is rated as follows:
strongly disagree = 1, disagree = 2, neutral = 3, agree = 4, strongly agree = 5. The computing formula is as follows:
i. Weighted mean (X) = 𝚺ƒx / 𝚺ƒ Where: x = points on the Likert’s scale (1, 2, 3, 4 & 5) and ƒ = frequency
of respondents’ choice of each point on the scale.
ii. RII = Mean / K. where K is the maximum point on the likert scale (5).
Rule for rating of indices: The item with the highest RII is ranked first and so on. Interpretation of RII value is as
follows: if RII < 0.60, item is assessed to have low rating. If 0.60 ≤ RII <0.80, item assessed to have high rating and
if RII ≥ 0.80, item assessed to have very high rating.
DATA ANALYSIS
From the experience and knowledge of the consultants in building design and construction, the following
technological innovations as summarized in the table below were identified as been useful at different stages of
building project delivery.
Table 1: Summary of Interview from Five (5) Consultants in Building Design and Construction
Stages of Building Technological Areas of impact / usefulness
Project delivery Innovations
Pre Design - -
Design / planning stage Virtual Prototyping Scope management and quality management
Augmented reality Scope management
BIM Scope, cost, risk, resource and procurement management
Drone Scope management
3D Printing Schedule management and cost management
Artificial Intelligent Quality management and cost management
Construction stage Mobile Technology Quality management, resource management, and

procurement management
Augmented Reality Quality, resource, communication, and schedule

management
Robotics Quality and procurement management
Drone Resource and procurement management
Virtual Prototyping Resource and communication management
3D Printing Procurement management
Artificial Intelligent Procurement management
Post construction stage BIM Facilities management

Field study (September – December, 2021)


The data obtained from the thirty-seven (37) respondents to the questionnaire were analyzed and presented in the
tables below:
Table 2: Analysis of the Positive Impact of Economic Liberation on Building Project Delivery
Positive Impact of Economic Liberation 1 2 3 4 5 𝚺ƒx 𝚺ƒ Mean RII Rank
improved quality of building due to the use of high 2 1 1 9 24 166 37 4.49 0.90 2nd
quality imported materials
increased activity in the industry due to foreign 1 5 7 10 14 142 37 3.84 0.77 5th
finance involvement
enhanced value for money due to competition among 3 4 3 16 11 139 37 3.76 0.75 6th
foreign companies
increase in opportunity for technology transfer and 0 1 5 12 19 160 37 4.32 0.86 3rd
development of local companies
improved safety management by using innovative 2 6 0 17 12 142 37 3.84 0.77 5th
technologies
building construction standardization through 0 2 4 4 27 167 37 4.51 0.90 2nd
adoption of uniform international standards
growth in application of innovative technologies 0 0 0 12 25 173 37 4.68 0.94 1st
among indigenous companies
increase in clients’ satisfaction 1 1 0 23 12 155 37 4.19 0.84 4th
Table 3: Analysis of the Negative Impact of Economic Liberation on Building Project Delivery
Negative Impact of Economic Liberation 1 2 3 4 5 𝚺ƒx 𝚺ƒ Mean RII Rank
increased cost of construction due high cost of 1 0 2 9 25 168 37 4.45 0.91 1st
engaging foreign contractors
building material import decreases the value of the 0 5 7 15 10 141 37 3.81 0.76 3rd
nation’s GDP
professional services import much greater than the 2 6 5 11 13 138 37 3.73 0.75 4th
export
foreign companies win a larger share of available 3 4 0 12 18 149 37 4.03 0.81 2nd
large building construction jobs
Less opportunities for local professionals’ 4 6 2 10 15 137 37 3.70 0.74 5th
development
extinction of some local skills due to changes in 3 5 3 14 12 138 37 3.73 0.75 4th
technology
Eradication of indigenous cultural identity 1 7 4 15 10 137 37 3.70 0.74 5th
expressed in building and built environment
Discussion of findings
From table 2, the following positive impacts have RII ≥ 0.8 and thus are rated very high. These are listed accordingly:
growth in application of innovative technologies among indigenous companies, improved quality of building due to
the use of high quality imported materials, building construction standardization through adoption of uniform
international standards, increase in opportunity for technology transfer and development of local companies and
increase in clients’ satisfaction. However, the following positive impacts have 0.6 ≤ RII < 0.8 and are thus rated high.
These are listed accordingly: increased activity in the industry due to foreign finance involvement, improved safety
management by using innovative technologies and enhanced value for money due to competition among foreign
companies. None of the identified impact has a low rating. This implies that globalization has a very high positive
impact on building project delivery especially on application of innovative technologies and improved quality of
building due to the use of high quality imported materials.
From table 3, two of the negative impacts have RII ≥ 0.8 and are thus rated very high. These are: increased cost of
construction due to high cost of engaging foreign contractors and foreign companies win a larger share of available
large building construction jobs. However, the following negative impacts have 0.6 ≤ RII < 0.8 and are thus rated


high. These are: building material import decreases the value of the nation’s GDP, professional services import much
greater than the export, extinction of some local skills due to changes in technology, less opportunities for local
professionals’ development, and eradication of indigenous cultural identity expressed in building and built
environment. None of the assessed negative impact has a low rating. This implies that globalization also has a high
negative impact on building project delivery in Nigeria especially on increased cost of construction due to high cost
of engaging foreign contractors and foreign companies winning a larger share of available large building construction
jobs.
CONCLUSION
Although globalization has both positive and negative impact in the building project delivery in Nigeria, however,
the positive impact far outweighs the negative impact. The application of the current innovative technologies
identified in this study (Virtual Prototyping, Augmented reality, BIM, Drone, 3D Printing, Artificial Intelligent,
Robotics and Mobile technology) at different stages of building project will confront the constant problems of cost
overrun, time overrun and poor quality delivery and safety in most public and private building projects in Nigeria.
RECOMMENDATION
The study recommends that professionals in the Nigerian building industry should embrace the opportunities offered
by globalization through innovative technologies and economic liberation. This requires a lot of training and skill
acquisition to enable them compete effectively with their foreign colleagues. To achieve this, the study further
recommends that the professional bodies in the industry should incorporate the training of professionals in innovative
technologies in their professional development programmes.
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