Review of the

Basic Concepts
of Inorganic
Chemistry

MODULE 1
Module 1: Review of the Basic
Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry
Objectives:
– 1. Explaining matter in terms of its states classifications, properties and the changes it
undergoes.
– 2. Explaining the structure of the atom in terms of the results of the scientific findings of
different scientists.
– 3. Predicting the position of elements on the periodic table based on electron distribution.
– 4. Explaining how bonds are formed and classifying the compounds formed from chemical
bonding.
– 5. Naming and writing chemical formula
– 6. Writing, balancing and predicting the products of chemical reactions
Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

– may be defined as the force of attraction which holds various constituents
entities (atoms or ions) together in different chemical substances.
– are formed when the outer most electron (valence electrons) on the elements
are in contact with each other.
– In order to keep track of the valence electrons, Gilbert Lewis a chemist
formulated the Lewis dot symbol.
– The symbol consist of an element and one dot for each valence electron in an
atom of the element.
Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

– Valence Electrons – electrons occupying
the outermost shell that will be used in
forming compounds.
– Concept of Valency
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ugSvI-F_
_I
Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Lewis Structure
– Electron dot formula
– is a very simplified representation
of the valence shell electrons in a
molecule. It is used to show how
the electrons are arranged around
individual atoms in a molecule.
– Electrons are shown as "dots" or for
bonding electrons as a line between
the two atoms.
 Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

How to draw Lewis Structure?

H2
O2
– Atoms share valence electrons in order
N2 to get a full octet
– 1 line = single bond = 2 electrons
– 2 lines = double bond = 4 electrons
– 3 lines = triple bond = 6 electrons
– 2 dots are called a lone pair of electrons
 Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

How to draw Lewis Structure?

H2 O – For simple molecules, follow these 5 steps:
– 1) count all the valence electrons
– 2) Determine the Central Atom
– Central Atom is the one that all of the other atoms will be
bonded to.
– Usually the element that there is only one of.
– put the singular atom in the middle
– 3) draw in single bonds
– 4) put remaining electrons in as lone pairs
– 5) give every atom an octet or duet by turning lone pairs into
double or triple bonds as needed
 Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

How to draw Lewis Structure?

– For simple molecules, follow these 5 steps:
CO2
– 1) count all the valence electrons
– 2) Determine the Central Atom
– Central Atom is the one that all of the other atoms will be
bonded to.
– Usually the element that there is only one of.
– put the singular atom in the middle
– 3) draw in single bonds
– 4) put remaining electrons in as lone pairs
– 5) give every atom an octet or duet by turning lone pairs into
double or triple bonds as needed
 Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

How to draw Lewis Structure?

– For simple molecules, follow these 5 steps:
COCl2
– 1) count all the valence electrons
– 2) Determine the Central Atom
– Central Atom is the one that all of the other atoms will be
bonded to.
– Usually the element that there is only one of.
– put the singular atom in the middle
– 3) draw in single bonds
– 4) put remaining electrons in as lone pairs
– 5) give every atom an octet or duet by turning lone pairs into
double or triple bonds as needed
Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Molecular Geometry
Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Molecular Geometry
Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Molecular Geometry
 Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Lewis Structure with Charges

PO4-3 – Follow these steps:
– 1) count all the valence electrons
– 2) Determine the Central Atom
– Central Atom is the one that all of the other atoms will be bonded to.
– Usually the element that there is only one of.
– put the singular atom in the middle
– 3) draw in single bonds
– 4) Put the charges of the atoms
– Negative (-) charge is belong to atoms outside the central atom.
– Positive (+) charge is belong to the central atom, the remaining valence
electron that do not bond
– 5) To cancel the charges, make another bond
– 6) Count and distribute the remaining valence electrons to atoms
surrounding the central atom.
 Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Lewis Structure with Charges

CrO4-2 – Follow these steps:
– 1) count all the valence electrons
– 2) Determine the Central Atom
– Central Atom is the one that all of the other atoms will be bonded to.
– Usually the element that there is only one of.
– put the singular atom in the middle
– 3) draw in single bonds
– 4) Put the charges of the atoms
– Negative (-) charge is belong to atoms outside the central atom.
– Positive (+) charge is belong to the central atom, the remaining valence
electron that do not bond
– 5) To cancel the charges, make another bond
– 6) Count and distribute the remaining valence electrons to atoms
surrounding the central atom.
 Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Lewis Structure with Charges

PbO2-2 – Follow these steps:
– 1) count all the valence electrons
– 2) Determine the Central Atom
– Central Atom is the one that all of the other atoms will be bonded to.
– Usually the element that there is only one of.
– put the singular atom in the middle
– 3) draw in single bonds
– 4) Put the charges of the atoms
– Negative (-) charge is belong to atoms outside the central atom.
– Positive (+) charge is belong to the central atom, the remaining valence
electron that do not bond
– 5) To cancel the charges, make another bond
– 6) Count and distribute the remaining valence electrons to atoms
surrounding the central atom.
 Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Lewis Structure with Charges

NO3-1 – Follow these steps:
– 1) count all the valence electrons
– 2) Determine the Central Atom
– Central Atom is the one that all of the other atoms will be bonded to.
– Usually the element that there is only one of.
– put the singular atom in the middle
– 3) draw in single bonds
– 4) Put the charges of the atoms
– Negative (-) charge is belong to atoms outside the central atom.
– Positive (+) charge is belong to the central atom, the remaining valence
electron that do not bond
– 5) To cancel the charges, make another bond
– 6) Count and distribute the remaining valence electrons to atoms
surrounding the central atom.
 Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Lewis Structure with Charges

AsO3-3 – Follow these steps:
– 1) count all the valence electrons
– 2) Determine the Central Atom
– Central Atom is the one that all of the other atoms will be bonded to.
– Usually the element that there is only one of.
– put the singular atom in the middle
– 3) draw in single bonds
– 4) Put the charges of the atoms
– Negative (-) charge is belong to atoms outside the central atom.
– Positive (+) charge is belong to the central atom, the remaining valence
electron that do not bond
– 5) To cancel the charges, make another bond
– 6) Count and distribute the remaining valence electrons to atoms
surrounding the central atom.
 Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Lewis Structure with Charges

HNO3 – Follow these steps:
– 1) count all the valence electrons
– 2) Determine the Central Atom
– Central Atom is the one that all of the other atoms will be bonded to.
– Usually the element that there is only one of.
– put the singular atom in the middle
– 3) draw in single bonds
– 4) Put the charges of the atoms
– Negative (-) charge is belong to atoms outside the central atom.
– Positive (+) charge is belong to the central atom, the remaining valence
electron that do not bond
– 5) To cancel the charges, make another bond
– 6) Count and distribute the remaining valence electrons to atoms
surrounding the central atom.
 Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Lewis Structure with Charges

C 2 H5 - – Follow these steps:
– 1) count all the valence electrons
– 2) Determine the Central Atom
– Central Atom is the one that all of the other atoms will be bonded to.
– Usually the element that there is only one of.
– put the singular atom in the middle
– 3) draw in single bonds
– 4) Put the charges of the atoms
– Negative (-) charge is belong to atoms outside the central atom.
– Positive (+) charge is belong to the central atom, the remaining valence
electron that do not bond
– 5) To cancel the charges, make another bond
– 6) Count and distribute the remaining valence electrons to atoms
surrounding the central atom.
 Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Lewis Structure with Charges

AlBr3 – Follow these steps:
– 1) count all the valence electrons
– 2) Determine the Central Atom
– Central Atom is the one that all of the other atoms will be bonded to.
– Usually the element that there is only one of.
– put the singular atom in the middle
– 3) draw in single bonds
– 4) Put the charges of the atoms
– Negative (-) charge is belong to atoms outside the central atom.
– Positive (+) charge is belong to the central atom, the remaining valence
electron that do not bond
– 5) To cancel the charges, make another bond
– 6) Count and distribute the remaining valence electrons to atoms
surrounding the central atom.
 Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Lewis Structure with Charges

SO3 – Follow these steps:
– 1) count all the valence electrons
– 2) Determine the Central Atom
– Central Atom is the one that all of the other atoms will be bonded to.
– Usually the element that there is only one of.
– put the singular atom in the middle
– 3) draw in single bonds
– 4) Put the charges of the atoms
– Negative (-) charge is belong to atoms outside the central atom.
– Positive (+) charge is belong to the central atom, the remaining valence
electron that do not bond
– 5) To cancel the charges, make another bond
– 6) Count and distribute the remaining valence electrons to atoms
surrounding the central atom.
Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Ionic Bond
– “Electron Transfer”
– involves the transfer of electron from a compound with low electronegativity to a
compound with high electronegativity.
– Usually occur between a metal / metalloid & a non-metal
– Is formed by a mutual attraction of oppositely charge ions
– Usually present in salts / ionic compounds
– Ex: NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, MgO2, CaO, NH4Cl, CaCl2
Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Covalent Bond
– “Electron Sharing”
– Usually occur between nonmetal molecules
– Formed when a paired of electrons is shared between 2 atoms and in the resulting
molecule each atom have the equivalent of a noble gas electron configuration or have
8 electrons or 4 pairs of electron around an atom, thus forming a complete octet.
– are indicated by a straight line or in Lewis dot structure as pair of dots.
– Examples: Water, Ammonia, Carbon Dioxide
Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Covalent Bond
– 2 types:
– Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is
unequally shared between two atoms.
– Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of chemical bond where two atoms share
a pair of electrons with each other. Two atoms that share their electrons
equally.
– the general rule is if the difference in electronegativities is less than about
0.4, the bond is considered nonpolar; if the difference is greater than 0.4,
the bond is considered polar.
– If the difference in electronegativities is large enough (generally greater
than about 1.8), the resulting compound is considered ionic rather than
covalent.
– An electronegativity difference of zero, of course, indicates a nonpolar
covalent bond.
Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Covalent Bond
Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Covalent Bond
Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Covalent Bond
Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Covalent Bond
Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Covalent Bond
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SiZXRScxbl0&t=58s
Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Chemical Bonds
Module 1: Review of the Basic Concepts of Inorganic Chemistry

Topic 3: Chemical Bonds

Metallic Bond
– is the sharing of many detached electrons between
many positive ions, where the electrons act as a
"glue" giving the substance a definite structure.
– force that holds atoms together in
a metallic substance
END