Any questions ???

GF, FRAMES &

UF

3
Types of building structures
The structure of buildings can be categorized as either one of the
following:

1. Load bearing structure

2. Framed structure

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Breakdown a PEN?
Breakdown a BURGER?
Breakdown a BUILDING?
What To Learn Today?
❖Framed structure
❖RC ground beams & ground floor slabs
❖RC frame & upper floor slabs
❖Types of floors: suspended vs. non-suspended
❖RC shear walls

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Framed structure
Substructure Foundations

Ground beams

Superstructure Columns &

RC shear walls
Beams & Slabs
(Floor + Roof)

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VIDEO
Ground beam
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-
ngTvrKNtY&list=RDCMUCgbEanVPqwClE-
nusgyw2qg&start_radio=1&t=2

38
RC Ground Beams
Construction sequence of ground beams (GB):
1. Laying of blinding
2. Placement of GB reinforcement
3. Placement of GB formwork
4. Casting of GB concrete
5. Removal of GB formwork

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The functional
requirements of
a floor:
➢Strength and stability
➢Resistance to weather
and ground moisture
➢Durability and free
from maintenance
➢Fire resistance
➢Resistance to passage
of heat
➢Resistance to passage
of sound

53
RC Ground Floor Slabs
Construction sequence of a reinforced concrete GFS:
1. Laying of hardcore
2. Laying of blinding
3. Laying of damp proof membrane (DPM)
4. Placement of GFS reinforcement
5. Casting of GFS concrete
6. Laying of finishes (Part of architectural works)

55
Laying crushed & graded stone
as hardcore

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Each layer must be well compacted using a vibrating roller,
to prevent any unacceptable settlement below the RC non-
suspended ground floor slabs.

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2. Blinding
Before the RC slab is casted, it is usual to blind the top
surface of hardcore.
Blinding consists of a layer of sand (with 25 – 50mm thick)
or a layer of weak/lean concrete (1:10) (with 50 – 75mm
thick).
If the hardcore is well graded and compacted, then blinding
is not necessary.

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3. Damp proof membrane (DPM)
As concrete is permeable to moisture, it is necessary to use a
DPM in the RC slab to prevent moisture rising from the
ground.
Suitable materials as DPM are:
◦ Polythene sheet
◦ Hot-poured/cold-applied bitumen
Polythene sheet is most commonly used as DPM. It is supplied
in rolls 4m wide by 25m long with at least 0.25mm thick,
which spread over the blinding and lapped 150mm at joints.

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Polythene sheet

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Hot-poured/cold-applied bitumen

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Casting of concrete slab

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Laying of floor screed

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6. Finishes
For workshops, stores and
garages, concrete slab is
sometimes used as the
finished floor surface to
save the cost of an applied
floor finish.
Extensive areas of concrete
slab may be levelled and
finished by power floating.

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 Typical section details of
RC ground floor slab & ground beams

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Framed structure
Substructure Foundations

Ground beams

Superstructure Columns &

RC shear walls
Beams & Slabs
(Floor + Roof)

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 Beams Shear
Columns
& slabs Walls

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VIDEO
Column
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lF3V4F7g3s0&list=RDCMUCgbEanV
PqwClE-nusgyw2qg&index=2

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VIDEO
Upper floor slab (Mars project)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MWE8z8A6tBQ&list=RDCMUCgbE
anVPqwClE-nusgyw2qg&index=9

Slab construction
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ditg6akoI38

Typical beam/slab & column formwork animation

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u9znpTdVqRI

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Construction sequence of frames and upper floors, i.e. RC
columns, beams and slabs:
1. Placement of columns reinforcement
2. Placement of columns formwork
3. Casting of concrete columns
4. Removal of columns formwork
5. Placement of beams and slabs formwork
6. Placement of beams and slabs reinforcement
7. Casting of concrete beams and slabs
8. Removal of beams and slabs formwork

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1.&2. Place reinforcement & formwork
(columns)

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 3. Cast concrete (columns)
4. Remove formwork (columns)

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5.&6. Place formwork & reinforcement
(upper floor beams & slabs)

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 7. Cast concrete (beams & slabs)
8. Remove formwork (beams & slabs)

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 Beams Shear
Columns
& slabs Walls

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Reinforcement of RC columns
Main bars in RC columns
The minimum number of main bars should not be:
➢Less than 4 for square or rectangular columns
➢Less than 6 for circular columns

Their minimum diameter is 12mm.

To prevent the slender main bars from buckling, and hence
causing spalling of concrete, links or binders are used as a
restraint.

107
Reinforcement details of RC columns

108
Insufficient links in columns caused
buckling of slender main bars and
spalling of concrete

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Reinforcement of RC columns
Columns are usually constructed in a storey height and
therefore the reinforcement must be overlapped to provide
structural continuity.
Where the junction between beams and columns occurs,
there could be a clash of steel, as bars from the beams may
well be in the same plane as bars in the columns.
To avoid this situation, one group of bars must be offset or
cranked into another plane.
The best practical solution is to crank the column bars to
avoid the beam bars.

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RC column and beam junctions

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 Typical section details of
a reinforced concrete column

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Formwork of RC columns
The formwork to column consists of 4 side panels that has
to resist considerable horizontal pressures in the early
stages of concrete casting.
The formwork should be located against a 75mm high kicker
that has been cast together with the ground floor slab.
The kicker not only accurately positions the formwork but
also prevents loss of cement grout from the bottom edge of
formwork.

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VIDEO
Concrete column construction process
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1xdXmPt_6xI

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Formwork details of
RC column

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Column formwork with timber yokes

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Column formwork with steel clamps

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Some temporary
raking strut is
required to
plumb and align
the free standing
formworks until
the concrete has
hardened.

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 Beams Shear
Columns
& slabs Walls

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1. Flat slabs
To reduce the overall depth of floor construction, flat
slabs can be used where the beam is incorporated
within the depth of slab.
This method usually results in a deeper slab with
complex reinforcement especially at the column
positions.
Flat slabs can be thick and heavy, but have the
advantage of giving clear ceiling heights as there are no
internal beams.

135
Flat slabs are generally economic up to spans of approximately
9m, and can be designed to span one way across the shortest
span or to span in two directions.

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Layout plan of flat slabs

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Q Q

145
Flat slabs with drop panels

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MORE READING
16 different types of slabs construction
https://civilread.com/16-different-types-slabs-construction/

150
2. Beams and slabs
A flat slab cast to act as a suspended floor is not usually
economical for spans over 9m.
To overcome this problem, beams can be incorporated into
the design to span in one or two directions.
Such beams usually span between columns which transfer
their loads to the foundations.
The disadvantages of introducing beams are the greater
overall depth of floor construction and the increased
complexity of formwork and reinforcement.

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By adopting this design, large spans are possible.

161
 Layout plan of beams and slabs
ONE WAY SPANNING TWO WAY SPANNING

162
 Beams and slabs
ONE WAY SPANNING TWO WAY SPANNING

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MORE READING
Differences between one way slab and two way slab
https://civilread.com/differences-one-way-slab-two-way-slab/

166
Formwork of RC beams and slabs
The formwork to beam consists of a 3-sided box, which is
supported by crossheads or headtrees, which are propped
to the underside of the soffit board.
In the case of framed buildings, support to the beam
formwork is also provided by the column formwork.

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VIDEO
Construction of Floor beams
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Rd1zgrkP0U

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Formwork details of RC edge beam and slab

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Formwork details of RC beams and slabs

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MORE READING
Formwork oil
https://theconstructor.org/building/formwork-oil-types-uses/32505/

When to remove concrete formwork?

https://civilblog.org/2015/03/16/when-to-remove-concrete-formwork/

Types of formwork (shuttering) and its properties

https://theconstructor.org/building/formwork-shuttering/types-
formwork-shuttering/3767/

176
 Formwork of RC slab:
Timber or steel propping
to support timber joists

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 Formwork of RC slab:
Timber joists to support plywood soffit

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 Formwork of RC slab:
Propping adjustment with
folding wedges and sole plate

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Reinforcement of RC beams
Main bars are constructed at the top and bottom of a beam
to resist both the compression and tensile forces.
Links or stirrups are provided in a beam to resist shear force
and to minimise shrinkage cracking.
Main bars and links are tied together with soft iron wire to
form a cage for easy handling.

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To prevent bond
failure, main bars
should be extended
beyond the section.
Bends and hooks can
be used to reduce this
anchorage length at
the ends of bars, and
should be formed in
accordance with the
recommendations of
BS EN ISO 4066.

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Reinforcement of RC slabs
In upper floors which are to take high loadings, the concrete
slabs are reinforced with steel bars or steel fabric.
Reinforcement in concrete slab is usually in the form of a
welded steel fabric to BS 4483.
If the concrete slab is overloaded, its tensile resistance may
be exceeded leading to structural failure.
Thus, reinforcement is placed as near to the outside fibres
as practicable with minimum concrete cover.

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To maintain the right amount of concrete cover during the
construction of RC slab, concrete spacer blocks may be
placed between the bottom reinforcement and the
formwork.

210
Where top reinforcement has to be retained in position in a
slab, chairs made from reinforcement steel bars may have to
be used.

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 BTBE1083
Building
Construction
Technology
LECTURE 4: GROUND FLOORS, FRAMES &
UPPER FLOORS
TYPES OF FLOOR: SUSPENDED VS. NON -
SUSPENDED
224
Types of Floors
Non-suspended floors Suspended floors
The underside of the floor is The structural elements of the floor
directly in contact with (and span between supports, not relying
is supported by) the ground. on the ground for support of the
floor structure.

This may result in the creation of a

void beneath the floor and the
ground.

225
Non-suspended floor

Suspended floor

226
 Beams Shear
Columns
& slabs Walls

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VIDEO
Lift core construction animation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGX6BP_3n5s

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RC hollow core shafts around the lifts also act as shear walls,
and should be taken advantage of to resist wind and
earthquake forces.

254
RC shear walls
In general, the wall reinforcement consists of two layers of
distributed reinforcement (horizontal and vertical)
throughout the wall length.
E.g. 12mm diameter vertical bars and 8mm diameter
horizontal bars with reinforcement spacing varies from
150mm to 250mm for walls in the longitudinal and
transverse directions respectively.
In addition, vertical reinforcement bars are provided close
to the door and window openings, as well as at the wall end
zones.

259
Placement of reinforcement
for RC shear walls

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Formwork to Shear Wall
System formwork, which comes in standardisation of forms
with easy methods of fixing, can be used to construct the RC
shear walls.
Tunnel formwork also can be used, at which the walls and
slabs are cast in a single operation using specially designed
half tunnel steel forms, thereby cutting the construction
time significantly.
Usually, the speed of construction allows for the completion
of approximately one floor per week.

262
Placement of system formwork
for RC shear walls

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Concreting of RC shear walls

268
Placement of tunnel formwork
for RC shear walls

269
Completed internal view of
RC shear walls

270
Completed external view of
RC shear walls

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293
Any questions ???

294
What To Learn Today?
❖Framed structure
❖RC ground beams & ground floor slabs
❖RC frame & upper floor slabs
❖Types of floors: suspended vs. non-suspended
❖RC shear walls

295