Energetics

Heat:

Flow of energy
• Measure in J or KJ (joules)

1 KJ = 1000 J

Temperature:

Measure of kinetic energy measured in oC or K

K= oC +273 Measure of kinetic energy

Add heat (Energy) --> Heat energy converted to kinetic energy --> Kinetic energy of particles increases :. Temp increases

Stability in chemistry

Stable= low energy

• Calm
Unstable = high energy
• wobbles around

Bonds in chemical reactions Breaking bonds require energy

Forming bonds releases energy
Law of conservation of energy: energy cant be created or destroyed, only transferred

Low energy state ----------------------------------------> high energy state

Unbonded atom Extra energy must come from surroundings
(energy input)
Partially filled valance shell
=
Unstable High energy state -------------------------------------> Low energy state
:. Higher energy Extra energy released to surroundings
(energy output)
Energy Energy
Energy input output

Bonded atom Bonded atom

Full valence shell

=
Stable
:. Lower energy

Reactants ---------> products

E.g.

H2 + Cl2 ----------------> 2HCl

H - H Cl - Cl H - Cl
Bonds break Energy is released
Energy is absorbed (require H - Cl
energy)
New bonds form
Called (releases
activation energy)
energy
EA

Endothermic Vs Exothermic rxns

Endothermic: rxns that has an overall absorption of energy from

surroundings

Exothermic: rxns that has an overall release of energy into

surroundings

More energy is absorbed by reactants in endo

More energy is released by products in exo

Energy level diagrams

IB: know how to draw your diagrams!

• Exothermic energy diagram

Energy input Unbonded atoms (Less stable than

(Activation
energy) reactants :. Higher energy)
Have high energy
EA

Reactants Energy output

H = Overall enthalpy difference between reactants and products

Excess energy
Energy released
(exo) H

Products

rxn For an exothermic rxn

• Reactants have higher energy than products
:. Reactants are less stable than products

For an exothermic rxn

• Reactants have lower energy than products
• Endothermic energy level diagram :. Reactants are more stable than products

Endo

Unbonded atoms Output energy Delta H = over all energy absorbed from surroundings Reactant + heat -->

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 • Reactants have lower energy than products
• Endothermic energy level diagram :. Reactants are more stable than products

Endo

Unbonded atoms Output energy Delta H = over all energy absorbed from surroundings Reactant + heat -->
Input energy products
Energy • Temp of system increases
Products
EA rxn

reactants H (overall energy absorbed)

Exo

Delta H = overall energy released into surroundings

Energy
Reactants --> products +
rxn • Temp of system decreases heat

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