2

†i‡bmvum I g‡bvRM‡Zi cwieZ©b

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci D™¢‡ei †¶‡Î †i‡bmvum Z_v cyb©RvMiY AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq|
divwm D”Pvi‡Y e¨eüZ †i‡bmvum (Renaissance) kãwUi A_© n‡”Q cybRv©MiY| G‡Z
¯^vaxb, mvnmx I AbymwÜrmy g‡bve„wËi gvby‡li cyb©Rb¥‡KB †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cÖvPxb wMÖK
I †ivgvb mvwnZ¨, `k©b I wkíKjvq D¾xweZ gvby‡li AvMgb‡KB †i‡bmvu‡mi mvaKMY
Kvgbv K‡iwQ‡jb| KviY, ga¨hy‡M wMR©v I ag©hvRK‡`i evovevwoi d‡j ÁvbRM‡Zi
weKvk iæ× n‡q c‡o, ZvB gbxlxiv Zv‡`i †jLbx I wkíK‡g© gbl‡Z¡i Aegvbbvi
weiæ‡× Ges gvby‡li ¯^vaxb weKv‡ki c‡¶ Ae¯’vb MÖnY K‡ib| PZz`©k †_‡K †lvok
kZvãx ch©šÍ BD‡iv‡ci ivRbxwZ, wk¶v I ms¯‹…wZ‡Z †i‡bmvu‡mi eo ai‡bi cÖfve
c‡o| †h †Kv‡bv mgvR I ivóª e¨e¯’vq AvaywbK hy‡Mi ˆewkó¨gwÛZ cÖfv‡ei †¶‡Î
†i‡bmvu‡mi ¸iæZ¡ AZ¨šÍ Zvrch©gq welq| eZ©gvb BDwb‡U BD‡iv‡c †i‡bmvu‡mi D™¢e I
weKv‡ki cUf‚wg Ges ¯^iƒc Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q -

 cvV - 1 : †i‡bmvu†mi msÁv
 cvV - 2 : †i‡bmvu‡mi Avw`ce©
 cvV - 3 : BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k †i‡bmvum
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 1
†i‡bmvu‡mi msÁv
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb Rvbv‡Z cvi‡eb -
 †i‡bmvu‡mi msÁv;
 †i‡bmvum m¤ú‡K© cÖPwjZ Ges AvaywbK gZ;
 †i‡bmuv‡mi cÖK…Z ¯^iƒc|

cÂ`k kZ‡Ki BD‡iv‡ci mgvR, ms¯‹…wZ, ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ Ges gvby‡li Rxeb wRÁvmvq
†h e¨vcK cwieZ‡©bi m~Pbv N‡U, GUv‡K mvaviYfv‡e BD‡iv‡ci †i‡bmuvm ev beRvMiY
ejv n‡q _v‡K| GB wekvj cwieZ©b cÂ`k kZ‡K ïiæ n‡qwQj e‡j cÂ`k kZK‡K
beRvMi‡Yi kZvãx wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| beRvMiY BZvwj‡Z ïiæ n‡qwQj
e‡j BD‡iv‡ci A‡bK HwZnvwmK GwU‡K BZvwji †i‡bmuvm wn‡m‡eI AwfwnZ K‡i
_v‡Kb| BZvwj‡Z wK¤^v BD‡iv‡c n‡jI GB †i‡bmuvm mgMÖ gvbe mgv‡Ri AvaywbK
mf¨Zvi ‡MvovcËb K‡iwQj|

†i‡bmuv‡mi msÁv
†ibvBmvÝ (Renaissance) kãwUi AwfavwbK A_© n‡jv cybR©b¥| gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnvm
AZxZ †_‡K eZ©gvb Ges eZ©gvb †_‡K AvMvgxi c‡_ GwM‡q P‡j‡Q| mgvR, ms¯‹…wZ,
ivRbxwZ Avi A_©bxwZ BwZnv‡mi Kv‡ji cwimxgvq Ave×| BwZnv‡m †Kv‡bv NUbviB
cybive„wË GKB fv‡e wK¤^v GKB cš’vq wK¤^v avivq N‡U bv| †i‡bmuvm g~jZ GKwU
`xN©¯’vqx mgvR cwieZ©b cÖwµqv| GB †i‡bmuv‡mi †fZi w`‡q AvaywbK cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zvi
DÌvb N‡U‡Q, GKB m‡½ Aemvb N‡U ga¨hy‡Mi| ‡m Kvi‡YB †i‡bmuvm‡K GK K_vq
msÁvwqZ Kiv hvq bv; Gi wfZiMZ Ges evwn¨K gg© AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK|
cÖPwjZ A‡_© †i‡bmuv‡mi ej‡Z eySvq cÖvPxb hy‡Mi †MÖ‡Kv- †ivgvb ms¯‹…wZi cybiæÌvb
Z_v cÖvPxb wMÖK I †ivgvb mvwnZ¨, `k©b, weÁvb, wkíKjv, fv¯‹h©Kjv cÖf…wZ Aa¨qb K‡i
mZ¨ my›`i‡K MÖnY Kiv, Gi wfwˇZ Rxeb‡K cwiPvjbv Kiv| Z‡e msÁvwUi cÖavb
mxgve×Zv n‡jv ïaygvÎ cÖvPxb Ávb weÁvb Aa¨qb Ges cÖ‡qvM gvby‡li `„wówf½ MV‡b
mnvqK n‡jI mvgwMÖK mgvR e`‡ji cÖavb KviY n‡Z cv‡i bv|
†i‡bmuv‡mi cÖPwjZ msÁvi cÖvq wecix‡Z AvaywbK msÁvwU cÖwZ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| AvaywbK
BwZnvmwe` I mgvR weÁvbxiv g‡b K‡ib †h ga¨hy‡Mi mvgšÍ Av_©-mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvi
¯’weiZvi Aemvb NwU‡q bZzb Drcv`b e¨e¯’v, bZzb Drcv`b m¤úK© Ges Av_©-mvgvwRK
e¨e¯’vi D‡b¥l I weKv‡ki ga¨ w`‡q BD‡iv‡ci mgvR Rxe‡b †h e¨vcK cwieZ©‡bi m~Pbv
N‡U-GUvB †i‡bmuvm ev beRvMiY| D³ be Rxe‡bi Av‡jv‡K BD‡iv‡ci gvbyl Zv‡`i
AZxZ HwZn¨ Z_v wMÖK I †ivgvb hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨, `k©b, weÁvb, wkíKjv cÖf…wZ cv‡V
g‡bvwb‡ek Kivi gva¨‡g Rxeb I RMZ‡K hy‡Mi m‡½ m½wZ †i‡L M‡o Zzj‡Z DØy×

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvmb c„ôv - 25

Gm Gm GBP Gj

n‡e| Avi Gfv‡eB ïiæ nq BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡m GK bZzb ce©| ce©wUi DËiY N‡UwQj
mgvR, ms¯‹…wZ, wk¶v-mvwnZ¨, A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZmn ivóªe¨e¯’vi me©‡¶‡Î| cÂ`k
kZ‡Ki BD‡iv‡ci †i‡bmuvm‡K cÖK…Z A‡_©B BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡m ivóª I mgvR e¨e¯’vi
GK Ae¯’vb †_‡K ¸YMZfv‡e Ab¨ GK DËiYkxj ce© wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| GB
DËiY mg~n wQj wb¤œiƒct

(K) ga¨hyM †_‡K AvaywbK hy‡M DËiY

BD‡iv‡ci †i‡bmuvm n‡jv ga¨hyM †_‡K AvaywbK hy‡M DËiY| GB DËi‡Yi ga¨ w`‡q
GKw`‡K ga¨hy‡Mi ˆewkó¨ mg~‡ni cwimgvwß N‡U, Aciw`‡K AvaywbK hy‡Mi ˆewkó¨mg~n
my¯úó iƒc jvf K‡i| ga¨hy‡Mi mvgvwRK cÖ_v, ag©vÜZv, K‚cgÛzKZv, i¶YkxjZv, ˆ¯^i-
gvbwmKZv BZ¨vw` ga¨hy‡Mi ¯’wei Ae¯’v †_‡K we‡eK, hyw³, Ávb-weÁvb PP©v, D`viZv
Z_v GK K_vq MwZkxj avivq cÖevwnZ nq| cyi‡bv ms¯‹vi wQbœ n‡q hvq, bZzb Ávb-
weÁvb, wPšÍv-‡PZbvi Av‡jv‡K Rxeb n‡q D‡V MwZgq| †Kvb cÖKvi Ave×Zv bq, cÖvY
PvÂj¨ n‡q `vuovq Rxe‡bi ag©| ga¨hyM †_‡K AvaywbK hy‡M DËi‡Yi GB mvgwMÖK
cÖwµqvi g~‡j wQj †i‡bmuvm|

(L) †Mvouvgxc~Y© wPšÍv †_‡K hyw³ev‡` DËiY

†i‡bmuvm ev beRvMi‡Yi g~j gš¿wUB n‡jv hyw³ev`| ga¨hy‡Mi gvby‡li gb I †PZbv
AvewZ©Z nw”Qj evB‡ej‡K wN‡i| evB‡e‡j †bB Ggb †Kv‡bv welq mgv‡R M„nxZ n‡Zv
bv| AÜZ¡ Avi †Mvuovgx wQj ga¨hyMxq wPšÍvi g~j ˆewkó¨| cÂ`k kZ‡Ki BD‡ivcxq
†i‡bmuvm gvby‡li wPšÍv †PZbv‡K cÖPwjZ †Muvovgxc~Y© Ae¯’vb †_‡K hyw³ev‡` DËiY
NUvq| hyw³ev‡`i g~j K_v †h†Kv‡bv welq‡K cÖ‡kœi g‡a¨ w`‡q MÖnY Kiv Ges welqwU
m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvb cwiPvjbv Kiv| GB AbymwÜrmv I hyw³ev` gvby‡li wPšÍv, †PZbv I
gbb‡jv‡K e¨vcK cwieZ©b mvab Kivi gva¨‡g AvaywbK, AMÖmi wPšÍvkxj ˆZwi‡Z
hyMvšÍKvix f‚wgKv iv‡L|

(M) BD‡ivcxq mvgªvR¨ †_‡K RvZxq iv‡óª DËiY

ga¨hy‡M BD‡iv‡c ivóª ej‡Z wQj cweÎ †ivgvb mvgªvR¨| ivRZš¿ Ges †cvcZš¿- GB
`yB cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zv cweÎ †ivgvb mvgªvR¨| ga¨hy‡Mi nvRvi eQi GB
mvgªv‡R¨i cÖwZ ev kvmK mgv‡Ri cÖwZ gvby‡li Av¯’v AUzU wQj ejv hvq| cÂ`k kZ‡K
BD‡ivcxq †i‡bmuv‡mi cUf‚wg‡Z cweÎ †ivgvb mvgªvR¨ †f‡½ co‡Z ïiæ K‡i| mvgªv‡R¨i
†K›`ªxq kw³ `ye©j n‡q Avmvi m‡½ m‡½ wewfbœ A‡ji AvÂwjK ivRv Ges Rwg`viMY
µv‡g ¯^vaxb n‡q DV‡Z ïiæ K‡i| GBfv‡e BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡m mvgªvR¨ †_‡K ¯^vaxb
Ges RvZxq ivóª MV‡bi RvZxq ivóª AvaywbK ivóª wPšÍvi aviYv‡K AMÖmi K‡i wb‡Z
e¨vcK f‚wgKv iv‡L| cÖwµqv ïiæ nq|

BDwbU - 7 c„ôv - 26
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

(N) mvgšÍev` †_‡K ewYR¨ev‡` DËiY

ga¨hy‡M BD‡iv‡ci A_©bxwZ Ges Av_©-mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v wQj cy‡ivcywi mvgšÍev`x A_©bxwZ
†Kw›`ªK| GB e¨e¯’vq mK‡ji Dc‡i wQj ivRvi Ae¯’vb| ivRvi Aa¯Íb wQj wewfbœ
†kªYxi Rwg`vi| GB Rwg`vi ‡kªYxB wQj Rwgi gvwjK| Zv‡`i cÖ`Ë K‡ii A‡_©
mvgªv‡R¨i ivR I mgªvU‡`i cwieviI mvgwMÖK cÖkvmb cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| mgv‡Ri me©‡kl
¯Í‡i wQj mvd© ev f‚wg`vm| f‚wg`vm †kªYx wQj Drcv`bKvix| mvgšÍev`x e¨e¯’vq Giv wQj
civaxb| mycÖvPxbKv‡j BD‡iv‡ci mv‡_ Gwkqvi evwYR¨ cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv Avie mvMi I
f‚ga¨mvM‡ii c‡_| BD‡iv‡ci cY¨ evwYR¨ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Zv `w¶Y BD‡iv‡ci Z_v
f‚ga¨mvMixq A‡ji †d¬v‡iÝ, †fwbm, †R‡bvqv cÖf…wZ A‡ji ewY‡Kiv| PZz`©k kZvãx‡Z
BD‡iv‡c mvgšÍev` `ye©j n‡q co‡Z ïiæ Ki‡j GB mKj ewYKv A‡bKUv ¯^vaxbfv‡e
evwYR¨ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z _v‡K| Gi g‡a¨ w`‡q `w¶Y BZvjx‡K †K›`ª K‡i GKwU ¯^vaxb
evwYwR¨K A_©bxwZi Rb¥ wb‡Z| evwY‡R¨i cÖ‡qvR‡b D‡b¥l NU‡Z _v‡K †QvU †QvU
KviLvbvi| GB chvqwU‡K BwZnv‡m cÖv_wgK cyuwR-mÂq‡bi hyM wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq|
GBfv‡e †i‡bmuv‡mi cÖfv‡e BD‡iv‡c mvgšÍev‡`i ¯’‡j evwYR¨ev‡` D™¢e N‡U|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvmb c„ôv - 27

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. †i‡bmuvm ej‡Z wK eySvq?
2. BD‡ivc ga¨hyM †_‡K AvaywbK hy‡M Kxfv‡e DËiY N‡U?
3. mvgšÍev‡`i Aemvb I evwYR¨ev‡`i weKvk wKfv‡e ïiæ nq?

BDwbU - 7 c„ôv - 28
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 2

†i‡bmuv‡mi Avw`ce©
GB Aa¨vq c‡o Avcwb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb -
 †i‡bmuv‡mi Avw` c‡e©i mxgv‡iLv;
 †i‡bmuvi KviYmg~n;
 BD‡ivcxq ‡i‡bmuv‡mi gvbeZvev`x †jLK I wkíx‡`i Ae`vb;
 BZvwj‡Z †i‡bmuvm ïiæ nIqvi KviYmg~n|

cÂ`k kZ‡Ki BD‡ivcxq †i‡bmuvm ev beRvMiY ïay BD‡iv‡ci BwZnv‡mB bq, mgMÖ
gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m GKwU w`K cwieZ©bKvix Aa¨vq wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ| AvaywbK
mgvR, ms¯‹…wZ, mvwnZ¨, wPÎKjv, fv¯‹h©Kjv, m½xZ, ivRbxwZ, A_©bxwZ m‡e©vcwi gvby‡li
gbb I †gav PP©vi AwfhvÎv ïiæ n‡qwQj GB †i‡bmuvm †_‡K| ZvB HwZnvwmK,
mgvRweÁvbx, ivóªweÁvbx, A_©bxwZwe`, b„ZË¡we` cÖgy‡Liv GB †i‡bmuvm‡K AvaywbK
mf¨Zvi D‡b¥lce© wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i _v‡Kb| ga¨hy‡Mi BD‡iv‡ci mvgšÍ Av_©-mvgvwRK
KvVv‡gvi AwšÍgc‡e© GB †i‡bmuv‡mi m~ÎcvZ N‡U| GB †i‡bmuvm cÖ_‡g ïiæ n‡qwQj
cwðg BD‡iv‡ci BZvwj‡Z| µ‡g Zv Qwo‡q c‡o d«vÝ, e„‡Ub, Rvg©vwb, †¯úb, biI‡q,
myB‡Wb, †WbgvK© mn mgMÖ BD‡iv‡c| cieZ©x ch©v‡q BD‡ivc †_‡K GB AvaywbK
mf¨Zvi †XD Qwo‡q c‡o Gwkqv Ges Avwd«Kvi †`kmg~‡n| mg‡qi w`K †_‡K cÂ`k
Ges †lvok kZK‡K †i‡bmuvi Kvj wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq| †i‡bmuvm cÖ_g ïiæ
n‡qwQj BZvwj‡Z| ZvB BZvwj c‡e©i †i‡bmuvm†K †i‡bmuv‡mi Avw` ce© ev †i‡bmuv‡mi
cÖ_g ce© wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq| Avw` c‡e©i †i‡bmuv‡mi KviY mg~n wb‡æ ewY©Z n‡jvt

(K) Aviexq mf¨Zvi cÖfve

BD‡iv‡c †i‡bmuvm m„wói †cQ‡b cÖavb KviY wn‡m‡e Aviexq mf¨Zvi cÖfve‡K AwfwnZ
Kiv hvq| ga¨hy‡Mi mg„× I cÖfvekvjx mf¨Zv n‡jv Aviexq mf¨Zv| nRiZ †gvnv¤§‡`i
(mt) AvMg‡bi †fZi w`‡q my`xN©Kvj a‡i AÜKv‡i wbgw¾Z Avie Rb‡Mvôx †R‡M
D‡V| Bmjv‡gi gnvb mvg¨, ˆgÎx, ¯^vaxbZv, åvZ…Z¡, mnbkxjZv, AwaKvi, Ávb mvabv,
gvbeZv‡eva, ˆah© I mvnm‡K aviY K‡i Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ Avieiv Pvwiw`‡K Qwo‡q
c‡o| nRiZ †gvnv¤§`‡`i (mt) ci‡jvKMg‡bi kZvãxKv‡ji g‡a¨B Avieiv mgMÖ
cwðg Gwkqv AÂj, ga¨ Gwkqv, fviZel©, DËi Avwd«Kv Ges BD‡iv‡ci †¯úb `Lj
K‡i| GB weR‡qi cvkvcvwk ÁvbweÁv‡bi RM‡ZI Avie‡`i AmvaviY mvdj¨ mgMÖ
wek¦‡K AevK K‡i †`q| AveŸvmxq kvmbvg‡j ïiæ nq Avie‡`i Ávb mvabvi BwZnv‡m
GK ¯^Y©hyM| we‡klZ mvwnZ¨, MwYZ, wPwKrmvweÁvb, `k©b, ag©ZË¡ †R¨vwZwe©`¨v cÖf…wZ
Áv‡bi †gŠwjK kvLvq Avie‡`i Ae`vb BwZnv‡mi GK Awe¯§iYxq Aa¨vq|GKv`k
kZK †_‡K ·qv`k kZK ch©šÍ BD‡ivc I Gwkqvi g‡a¨ `xN©¯’vqx µz‡mW Awfhv‡bi

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvmb c„ôv - 29

Gm Gm GBP Gj

mgq BD‡ivcxqiv Aveie‡`i mf¨Zv I ms¯‹…wZi ms¯ú‡m© Av‡m| Avie mf¨Zv I

ms¯‹…wZ BD‡ivcevmx‡K RvMÖZ Ki‡Z e¨vcKfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i| GBfv‡e Avie mf¨Zv I
ms¯‹…wZ BD‡iv‡ci †i‡bmuvm m„wó‡Z cvjb K‡i GK BwZevPK f‚wgKv|

(L) Rxeb I RM‡Zi cÖwZ bZzb `„wóf½x

BD‡ivcxq †i‡bmuv‡mi Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY n‡jv BD‡iv‡ci gvby‡li Rxeb I RM‡Zi
cÖwZ bZzb `„wóf½x| ga¨hy‡Mi BD‡iv‡c agx©q kvmb I †kvl‡Yi d‡j gvby‡li wPšÍvi
†Kv‡bv cÖKvi ¯^vaxbZv wQj bv| PZz©`k kZK †_‡K mvgšÍev`x Av_©-mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv
`ye©j n‡q Avmvi cUf‚wg‡Z cweÎ †ivgvb mvgªvR¨ †f‡½ co‡Z ïiæ K‡i| GB mgq †_‡K
†cvcZ‡š¿i cÖfve Ges agx©q Abykvmb mgvR Rxe‡b `ye©j n‡q co‡Z _v‡K| cwiewZ©Z
Ae¯’vi †cÖ¶vc‡U Rxeb I RM‡Zi cÖwZ gvby‡li `„wóf½xi Avg~j cwieZ©b n‡Z _v‡K|
ARvbv‡K Rvbvi Ges A‡Pbv‡K †Pbvi Rb¨ gvby‡li g‡a¨ cÖej AvMÖn RvMÖZ nq| gvbyl
hyw³ Ges eyw× w`‡q †`k I mgvR‡K wePvi Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| BwZnv‡mi GB cÖwµqv
BD‡iv‡c beRvMi‡Y GK BwZevPK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

(M) bZzb mvwn‡Z¨i weKvk

cÂ`k kZ‡K BD‡iv‡ci †i‡bmuvm m„wó‡Z bZzb mvwn‡Z¨i weKvk GK we‡kl f‚wgKv
cvjb K‡i| GB‡¶‡Î me‡P‡q AMÖYx f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i divwm †`‡ki PviY KweMY|
Zviv ivRv Av_©vi, kvj©v‡gb, †nvwj ‡MÖj cÖgyL‡`i Dci MxwZ iPbv K‡i mvaviY gvby‡li
gv‡S cÖPjb K‡ib| †¯ú‡bi Kweiv GK ai‡bi †jvKR HwZn¨vkªqx KweZv iPbv ïiæ
K‡i| GB ai‡bi KweZv‡K ejv n‡Zv wmW| BZvwji Kwe `v‡šÍ Zvi iwPZ ÕwWfvBb GÛ
K‡gwWÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’ BZvwji K_¨ fvlv‡K mvwnZ¨ iPbvi fvlv wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡ib|
Bsj¨v‡Û P¨mvi Ô†K›Uvi‡ewi †UjmÕ MÖ‡š’ †ivgvb I m¨vKmb fvlvi GK Ac~e© mgš^q
NwU‡q AvaywbK Bs‡iwR fvlvi cÖK…Z iƒc`vb K‡ib| GB fvlv I mvwn‡Z¨i weKvk
BD‡iv‡ci †i‡bmuvm†K bZzb MwZ `vb K‡iwQj|

(N) BZvwji kni¸wji Ae`vb

BZvwj Z_v BD‡iv‡c †i‡bmuv m„wó‡Z BZvjxi kni¸wji Ae`vb Aek¨B ¯§iYxq|
BZvwji `w¶Y AÂj f‚ga¨mvMixq ZxieZ©x A‡j GB kni¸wj M‡o D‡VwQj| GB
kni ¸wji A_©‰bwZK wfwË wQj evwYR¨| evwY‡R¨i cÖ‡qvR‡b GB kni¸wj‡Z M‡o D‡V
†QvU †QvU KviLvbv| BD‡iv‡ci mvgšÍev`x Av_©-mvgvwRK KvVv‡gvi cÖfve mvMi ZxieZx©
GB kni¸wj‡Z LyeB `ye©j wQj| d‡j GB kni¸wj‡Z ¯^vaxb wPšÍv - †PZbv, e¨w³‡Z¡i
weKvk Ges bvMwiK Av`k© m„wói GK AbyK‚j cwi‡ek wQj weivRgvb| Dciš‘ gvby‡li
Z¥wbf©ikxj nIqvi gZ my‡hvM GLv‡b eZ©gvb wQj| d‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡e gvby‡li gb I
gvbwmKZvq D`vi‰bwZK fvebv, ag©wbi‡c¶ `„wóf½x, mvwnZ¨, wkíKjvi cÖwZ Mfxi
AvKl©‡Yi m„wó n‡qwQj| e¯‘Z †R‡bvqv, †d¬v‡iÝ, †fwbm cÖf…wZ kni BD‡iv‡c †i‡bmuvm
m„wó‡Z Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj|

BDwbU - 7 c„ôv - 30
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

(O) gvbeZvev`x †jLK‡`i Ae`vb

BD‡iv‡c †i‡bmuv‡mi †cQ‡b gvbeZvev`x cwÛZ‡`i Ae`vb Acwimxg| Áv‡bi mvaK GB
mKj cwÛ‡Ziv gvby‡li mvgwMÖK Kj¨v‡bi Rb¨, gvbyl‡K gvby‡li gh©v`vq cÖwZôv Kivi
Rb¨ AvRxeb KvR K‡i †M‡Qb| AZxZ hy‡Mi BwZnvm, `k©b, weÁvb, mvwnZ¨, wkíKjv
cÖf…wZ Aa¨qb K‡i AwR©Z Ávb mvaviY gvby‡li gv‡S weZiY Kiv wQj Zv‡`i Rxe‡bi
g~j j¶¨| Ávb RM‡Z Zv‡`i wePiY wQj wLª÷vb ag©wfwËK wPšÍv fvebvi evB‡i cÖavbZ
wMÖK I †ivgvb wkí, mvwnZ¨, BwZnvm, weÁvb I Ges `k©‡b| wPšÍv I gb‡b GB mKj
cwÛZ wQ‡jb D`vi‰bwZK, mnbkxj I ag©wbi‡c¶ gvbyl| Zv‡`i GKwU cÖavb KvR wQj
cÖvPxb cvÛzwjwc msMÖn I cÖPvi Kiv| gvbeZvev`x cwÛZ‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨
wQ‡jb †cÖÎvK© Ges †evK&Kv‡Pv|

(1) d«vwÝm †cÎvK© (1304-1374)

BZvwji gvbeZvev`x cwÛZ‡`i gv‡S cÖ_g D‡jøL‡hvM¨ e¨w³Z¡ n‡jb d«vwÝm †cÎvK©
(1304-1374)| Zuvi †QvU†ejv m¤ú‡K© D‡jøL‡hvM¨ †Kv‡bv Z_¨ Rvbv hvq bv| wZwb
A‡bK cwikªg K‡i cÖvPxb wMªK I †ivgvb hy‡Mi cÖvq `yBkZ cvÛzwjwc msMÖn K‡ib|
we‡klZ Zvui msM„nxZ †cø‡Uvi MÖš’vejx Ges †nvgv‡ii gnvKve¨ ZiæY mgvR‡K
e¨vcKfv‡e Av‡›`vwjZ K‡i| BZvwji kZ kZ ZiæY cÖPwjZ we`¨vwk¶v †Q‡o w`‡q
†cÎv‡K©i kxl¨Z¡ MÖnY K‡i| d‡j Ávb weÁv‡b GK cÖej hyw³ev‡`i avivi m„wó nq|
†cÖÎv‡K©i Ávb mvabvi me‡P‡q eo K…wZZ¡ GB †h wZwb ZiæY‡`i g‡b bZzb bZzb
wRÁvmv I AbymwÜrmv RvwM‡q Zzj‡Z m¶g nb| wZwb m‡bU bvgK †PŠÏ jvB‡bi
KweZviI RbK| GB KweZvi aviv cieZ©xKv‡j c„w_exi me mvwn‡Z¨i Kwe‡`i Kg‡ewk
cÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q|

(2) †evK&Kv‡Pv (1313-1375)

GB mg‡qi GKRb Ab¨Zg gvbeZvev`x †jLK n‡jb wMIfvwbœ †evK&Kv‡Pv (1313-
1375)| wZwb BZvwji M`¨ mvwn‡Z¨i RbK| Zuvi wjwLZ Õ†WKv‡g‡ibÕ MÖš’ BZvwji M`¨
mvwn‡Z¨i c_ cÖ`k©‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| wZwb wMÖK fvlv wk¶v K‡ib Ges gnvKwe
†nvgv‡ii `ywU gnvKve¨ ÕBwjqWÕ I ÕI‡omvÕ jvwZb fvlvq Abyev` K‡ib| †evK&Kv‡Pvi
Av‡iKwU K…wZZ¡ n‡jv wMÖK I †ivgvb hy‡Mi cÖvPxb cvÛzwjwc msMÖn Ges G¸wji Kwc
cÖ¯‘Z K‡i ZiæY wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡a¨ weZiY Kiv| gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Ûi Ici Mfxifv‡e
Av¯’vkxj, gvby‡li AwgZ m¤¢vebv kw³‡Z wek¦vmx †evK&Kv‡Pvi †jLbx I wPšÍvaviv BZvwji
ZiæY‡`i‡K Mfxifv‡e Av‡›`vwjZ K‡iwQj|

(P) gvbeZvev`x wkíx‡`i Ae`vb

cÂ`k kZ‡Ki gvbeZvev`x wkíxiv †i‡bmuv‡mi m„wó Ges weKv‡k GK Af‚Zc~e© f‚wgKv
cvjb K‡iwQj| ga¨hy‡Mi wkíKjvi welqe¯‘ wQj Ck¦i Ges whï| gvbeZvev`x wkíx‡`i
wkíKv‡h©i welqe¯‘ wQj gvbyl I c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li Rxeb| c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li `ytL Kó
Avb›` †e`bv cÖf…wZ dzwU‡q †Zvjvi ga¨ w`‡q GB mKj wkíx wkíKjvi BwZnv‡m GK

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvmb c„ôv - 31

Gm Gm GBP Gj

wecøe mvab K‡ib| GB mKj wkíxi Kg©ZrciZvi d‡j wk‡íi welqe¯‘ n‡q `vuovq
gvbyl I cÖK…wZ| gvbeZvev`x wkíx‡`i g‡a¨ me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jb- wjIbv‡`©v `¨v
wfwà (1452-1519)| wZwb GKRb ˆeÁvwbK, Kwe Ges m½xZwekvi`| Z‡e wkíx
wn‡m‡eB wZwb mgwaK cwiwPZ| wkíKjvi `ywU kvLv- fv¯‹h©Kjv Ges wPÎKjvq wZwb
Aev‡a wePiY K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi Õ†gvbvwjmvÕ Ges BZvwji wgjvb wMR©vi †`qv‡j Aw¼Z Õ†kl
†fvRÕ Qwe `ywU mviv c„w_exi wPÎ wkíx‡`i Kv‡Q we¯§‡qi e¯‘| Ab¨ weL¨vZ wkíxiv n‡jb
i¨vdv‡qj (1483-1520), gvB‡Kj G‡Á‡jv (1475-1564), wUwkqvb (1477-1476)
cÖgyL| i¨vdv‡q‡ji ÕKzgvwiÕ wPÎ Ges gvB‡Kj G‡Ä‡jvi Õ†kl wePviÕ mviv c„w_exi wkí
fvÛv‡ii Ag~j¨ m¤ú`| GB mKj wkíx‡`i cÖqvm I cÖ‡Póvq wk‡íi welqe¯‘ n‡q `vuovq
Rxeb I RM‡Zi m‡½ gvby‡li m¤úK©| Zvu‡`i Kg©, wPšÍv Ges `k©b AvaywbK wkíKjvi
wfwË ˆZwi K‡i|

(Q) KÝUvw›U‡bvc‡ji cZb t 1453

cÂ`k kZvãxi BD‡ivcxq wK¤^v BZvwjq †i‡bmuv‡mi GKwU cÖavb KviY n‡jv c~e© †ivgvb
mvgªv‡R¨i ivRavbx KÝUvw›U‡bvc‡ji cZb| 1453 mv‡j Dmgvbxq ZzwK© myjZvb wØZxq
†gvnv¤§` GB kniwU `Lj Ki‡j GLvbKvi cwÛ‡Ziv BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡k we‡klZ
BZvwj‡Z cvwo Rgvq| GB mKj cwÛ‡Ziv BZvwji wewfbœ ¯‹zj I wek¦we`¨vj‡q Aa¨vcbv
†ckvq †hvM`vb K‡i| ga¨hy‡Mi Ab¨Zg cÖavb mvs¯‹…wZK †K›`ª KÝUvw›U‡bvc‡ji
cwÛ‡Ziv HwZn¨MZfv‡eB wMÖK Ávb weÁv‡bi aviK I evnK wQ‡jb| BZvwj‡Z Zv‡`i
AvMg‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cÖvPxb wMÖK I †ivgvb hy‡Mi mvwnZ¨, `k©b, MwYZ, BwZnvm, weÁvb
cÖf…wZ Áv‡bi e¨vcK cÖPvi I cÖmvi N‡U| Zv‡`i cÖ‡Póvq cÖvPxb Áv‡bi mv‡_ we`¨gvb
Ávb-weÁv‡bi mgš^‡qi †fZi w`‡q Ávb-weÁvb, wPšÍv - †PZbv Ges gbb mvabvi avivq
GK ¸YMZ cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q gnv Av‡jvo‡bi m„wó nq| cwiYv‡g ïiæ nq †i‡bmuvm ev
beRvMiY|

(R) gy`ªYh‡š¿i Avwe¯‹vi

BD‡ivcxq †i‡bmuv‡mi GKwU Kvh©Ki KviY n‡jv gy`ªYh‡š¿i Avwe®‹vi| Rvg©vb †`‡ki
Awaevmx Rb ¸‡Ub evM© (1400-1368) 1450 mv‡ji w`‡K wmmvi UvBc Avwe¯‹vi
K‡ib| ¸‡Ubev‡M©i gy`ªv hš¿ Øviv 1454-56 mv‡j cÖ_g evB‡ej gyw`ªZ nq| GB j¨vwUb
fvlvq evB‡ej Qvcv nIqvi c~‡e© eB Ges ag©MÖš’ nv‡Z wj‡L cÖwZwjwc cÖ¯‘Z K‡i cÖPvi
Kiv n‡Zv| GB Rb¨ we‡klZt Rbmvavi‡Yi gv‡S evB‡e‡ji †Kv‡bv cÖPjb wQj bv|
¸‡Ubev‡M©i Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j evB‡ej mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q hvq| GUv ZrKvjxb
mgvR Rxe‡b GK hyMvšÍi NwU‡q †`q|

(S) cÖvPxb cvÛzwjwc D×vi I msi¶Y

cÖvPxb cvÛzwjwc Avwe®‹vi, D×vi Ges msi¶Y BD‡iv‡c beRvMiY m„wó‡Z mnvqK f‚wgKv
cvjb K‡iwQj| cÂ`k kZ‡K BD‡iv‡c cÖvPxb cvÛzwjwc D×v‡ii KvR ïiæ nq| GB
KvRwU wQj cwikªg mv‡c¶ Ges Avw_©K w`K e¨qeûj| hv‡`i c„ô‡cvlKZvq GB

BDwbU - 7 c„ôv - 32
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvÛzwjwc msMÖn Ges msi¶‡Yi welqwU mdj n‡qwQj Giv n‡jb †cvc cÂg wb‡Kvjvm
(1447-1455), †cvc wØZxq Rywjqvm (1503-13) Ges †cvc `kg wjI (1513-
1521)| Zv‡`i cÖ‡Póv I Avw_©K mvnv‡n¨ †iv‡g †ek K‡qKwU cÖš’vMvi wbwg©Z n‡qwQj|
jvB‡eªwi‡Z msiw¶Z GB mKj cÖvPxb cvÛzwjwc †ivg‡K GK ÁvbPP©vi †¶‡Î cwiYZ
K‡iwQj| Gi d‡j †eMevb n‡qwQj †i‡bmuv‡mi MwZ|

(T) BZvwj‡Z †i‡bmuvm ïiæ nIqvi KviY

GK_v c~‡e©B Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q †h BZvjxq †i‡bmuvm‡K †i‡bmuv‡mi Avw` ce© wn‡m‡e
wPwýZ Kiv nq| GB †i‡bmuvm BZvwj‡Z ïiæ nIqvi K‡qKwU KviY we`¨gvb wQj|
cÖ_gZ, BZvwji †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb| f‚ga¨ mvM‡ii ZxieZx© †`k nIqvi Kvi‡Y ga¨hy‡M
BZvwj e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki †P‡q AMªMvgx wQj| Dciš‘ mvMi
ZxieZx© Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y BD‡iv‡ci g~j f‚L‡Ûi mvgšÍ Av_©-mvgvwRK KvVv‡gv
BZvwj‡K ZZUv cÖfvweZ K‡iwb| d‡j †i‡bmuvm m„wói AbyK‚j cwiw¯’wZ GLv‡b weivRgvb
wQj|

wØZxqZ, BZvjxqiv eiveiB cÖvPxb wMÖK I †ivgvb hy‡Mi BwZnvm, HwZn¨ Ges ms¯‹…wZi
aviK evnK wQ‡jb| GB cÖvPxb mf¨Zvi HwZn¨ Zv‡`i‡K beRvMi‡Y DØy× K‡iwQj|
Z…ZxqZ BZvwji ag©vwaôvbmg~n wQj Ávb-weÁvb PP©vi †K›`ª| GB Rb¨ †`Lv hvq †h
cÖvPxb cvÛzwjwc msMÖ‡n †cvcMY c„ô‡cvlKZv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| GUvI BZvwj‡Z †i‡bmuvm
ïiæi Ab¨Zg KviY| PZz_©Z BZvwj wQj wewfbœ RvwZi wgjb †¶Î| GLv‡b d«v¼, Rvg©vb,
bg©vb, M_ cÖf…wZ RvwZ emevm Ki‡Zv| GB eû RvwZi mnve¯’v‡bi d‡j GLvbKvi
mvgvwRK Rxe‡b mngwg©Zv weivR Ki‡Zv| GB Rb¨ BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ AÂj †_‡K
cwÛ‡Ziv GLv‡b AvMgb K‡iwQ‡jb|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvmb c„ôv - 33

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb

K. ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| †¯ú‡bi Kweiv iPbv K‡ib -
(K) †cÖ‡gi KweZv (L) ivR‰bwZK KweZv
(M) †jvKR HwZn¨vkªqx KweZv (N) AvaywbK KweZv|

2| †d¬v‡iÝ kniwU Aew¯’Z -

(K) `w¶Y BZvwj‡Z (L) DËi BZvwj‡Z
(M) `w¶Y d«v‡Ý (N) DËi d«v‡Ý

3| †WKv‡g‡ib iPbv K‡ib -

(K) †cÎvK© (L) †evK&Kv‡Pv
(M) †nvgvi (N) †m·wcqi

4| †gvbvwjmv Qwei wkíx †K?

(K) wjIbv‡`©v `¨v wfwà (L) wUwkqvb
(M) i¨vdv‡qj (N) gvB‡Kj G‡Ä‡jv

5| gy`ªYh‡š¿i Avwe®‹viK -
(K) ¸‡UbevM© (L) Av_©vi
(M) RywjqU (N) `kg wjI|

DËi : 1| (M) 2| (L), 3| (L), 4| (K), 5| (K)|

(L) iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| BD‡iv‡c †i‡bmuvm m„wó‡Z gvbeZvev`x †jLK‡`i Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb
2| †i‡bmuvm hy‡Mi wkíx‡`i Kg©Kv‡Ûi weeiY cÖ`vb Kiæb
3| BZvjx‡Z †i‡bmuvm ïiæ n‡qwQj †Kb?

(M) msw¶ß cÖkœ

1| †i‡bmuv‡mi Avw` ce© ej‡Z wK eySvq?
2| KÝUvw›U‡bvc‡ji cZb nq KLb ?
3| ¸‡UbevM© †K?

BDwbU - 7 c„ôv - 34
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 3

BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k †i‡bmuvm

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
 BZvwj‡Z †h †i‡bmuv‡mi m~Pbv n‡qwQ‡jv Zv Kxfv‡e BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k Qwo‡q
c‡owQj †m m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 BZvjxq †i‡bmuv‡mi m‡½ BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki †i‡bmuv‡mi Kx cv_©K¨ Zv Rvb‡Z
cvi‡eb|
 BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki gvbeZvev`x †jLK‡`i wPšÍvaviv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡ki †i‡bmuvm wPšÍvwe`iv wK K‡i ‡cÖv‡U÷v›U Av‡›`vj‡bi c_‡K
myMg K‡i w`‡q‡Q †m e¨vcv‡i AewnZ n‡Z cvi‡eb|

BZvwj‡Z †i‡bmuvm ïiæ nq| Kvjµ‡g Avj&cm ce©Z AwZµg K‡i Gi cÖfve we¯Í…Z n‡Z
_v‡K Ges ¯’vbxq wkí, ms¯‹…wZi m‡½ wgwjZ n‡q Avjv`v ˆewkó¨ wb‡q weKwkZ nq| †m
Rb¨ GB me †i‡bmvum divwm †i‡bmuvm, Bs‡iR †i‡bmuvm, Rvg©vb †i‡bmuvm BZ¨vw` bv‡g
cwiwPZ|

BZvwji evB‡i †i‡bmuv‡mi we¯Í…wZi KviY

BZvwj‡Z †h †i‡bmuv‡mi Rb¥ nq Zv cÂ`k kZvãxi ci BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨ me †`‡k
Qwo‡q c‡o| cy‡iv cÂ`k kZvãx Ry‡o BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ GjvKvi QvÎiv BZvwj‡Z
co‡Z Avm‡Zv Ges BZvwji ej‡Mvbv A_ev cv`yqvi g‡Zv wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© n‡Zv|
BZvwj †_‡K Avjcm ce©Z AwZµg K‡i Kv‡jf‡`ª `yÕPviRb BZvjxq †jLK A_ev
wPÎwkíx BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨ †`‡k †h‡Zb| GB fv‡e †hvMv‡hv‡Mi d‡j fv‡ei Av`vb -cÖ`vb
I bZzb wPšÍv-†PZbv weKwkZ n‡Z _v‡K| wKš‘ 1500 mv‡ji ciB A_©vr †lvok
kZvãx‡ZB DËi BD‡iv‡c wkí-mvwn‡Z¨i e¨vcK cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ Dchz³ cwi‡ek M‡o
D‡V| KviY Gi g‡a¨ H A‡j ivR‰bwZK ¯’vqxZ¡ I A_©‰bwZK mg„w× †`Lv †`q| 1494
mv‡ji c‡i Áv‡bi Av`vb-cÖ`vb Av‡iv e¨vcKZi nq| KviY H mgq BZvwji gvwU‡Z
d«vÝ Ges †¯ú‡bi g‡a¨ †NviZi hy× PjwQ‡jv| BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki gvbyl
BZvwjqvb‡`i Kvh©µg mP‡¶ †`Lvi my‡hvM cvq| GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †¯úbxq
ivRvi ˆmb¨iv ïay †¯úb †_‡KB Av‡m wb Zviv Rvg©vwb, †b`vij¨vÛ, ‡WbgvK© Ges
†ejwRqvg †_‡KI G‡mwQ‡jv| Aciw`‡K wjIbv‡W©vi g‡Zv BZvjxq wPšÍvwe‡`iv DËi
BD‡iv‡ci ivRv ev AwfRvZ‡`i ˆmb¨ wn‡m‡e †hvM w`‡qwQ‡jv| GBfv‡e BZvjxq
†i‡bmuvm GK mgq BZvwj‡Z `ye©j n‡q G‡jI GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK Av‡›`vjb wn‡m‡e
BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ †`‡k µgvš^‡q †Rvi`vi n‡q D‡V|

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvmb c„ôv - 35

Gm Gm GBP Gj

BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k †i‡bmuv‡mi ˆewkó¨

BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k weKwkZ †i‡bmuvm BZvwji gZ †Kv‡bvfv‡eB GKiKg Ges
GKB ˆewkó¨gwÛZ wQj bv| BZvwj‡Z †i‡bmuvm M‡o D‡VwQ‡jv ag©‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i,
wKš‘ BZvwji evB‡i weKwkZ †i‡bmuvm wQj ag© †Kw›`ªK| Gi eo KviY n‡jv ga¨hyM
†_‡K BZvwj Ges Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivcxq †`‡ki wfbœ wfbœ mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨
jvjb K‡i AvmwQ‡jv| ga¨hy‡Mi †kl w`‡K BZvwji cÖvYešÍ bMi Rxe‡b GK ag©wbi‡c¶
wk¶v e¨e¯’v weKwkZ nq| Gi cÖfv‡ei m‡½ cÖvPxb wMªK I †ivgvb mvwnZ¨ PP©v wgwjZ
n‡q Rb¥ n‡qwQ‡jv bZzb Ges ag©wbi‡c¶ †PZbvi| BD‡iv‡ci Acivci GjvKv¸‡jv
BZvwji †P‡q evwYR¨ Ges kni wfwËK A_©bxwZi w`K w`‡q A‡bK wcwQ‡q wQ‡jv|
†d¬v‡iÝ, †fwbm Ges wgjvb †h fv‡e PZ©ycv‡ki MÖvgvÂj‡K ivR‰bwZK w`K w`‡q wbqš¿Y
KiZ BD‡iv‡ci †Kv‡bv kni †mfv‡e Zv Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv bv| Gme A‡j ivR‰bwZK
¶gZv †Kw›`ªf‚Z nw”Qj Ggb me ivRv‡`i nv‡Z hviv †¯^”Qvq hvRK‡`i wk¶vMZ Ges
mvs¯‹…wZK AvwacZ¨ †g‡b wbw”Qj| d‡j BD‡iv‡ci DËivs‡ki †`k¸‡jv‡Z
wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv g~jZ ag©wk¶vq we‡klvwqZ n‡q D‡V| wMR©v¸‡jvB wQj Gme †`‡ki
cÖavb BgviZ|
mnRfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j Gme A‡j †i‡bmuvm wQj ¯’vbxq HwZ‡n¨i Ici BZvjxq
†i‡bmuv‡mi wKQy ˆewk‡ói ms‡hvRb| DËi-BD‡iv‡ci †`k¸‡jv‡Z †i‡bmuvm ej‡Z †h
Av‡›`vjb M‡o D‡V Zv wQj Avm‡j wLª÷vb gvbeZvev` ev wLª÷vb wnDg¨vwbRg| BZvjxq
gvbeZvev`x‡`i g‡Zv ZvuivI wek¦vm Ki‡Zb †h, ga¨hyMxq `vk©wbK gZev` hyw³we`¨vi
Pzj‡Piv we‡køl‡Y Ggb fv‡e ew›` n‡q †M‡Q †h Gi †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe cÖv‡qvwMK g~j¨ GLb
Avi †bB| wKš‘ BZvjxq †i‡bmuvm cwÛ‡Ziv hv Ki‡jb Zv DËi-BD‡ivcxqiv Ki‡jb bv,
A_©vr BD‡ivcxqiv evB‡ej, ag©xq Abykvmb, bxwZevK¨ BZ¨vw`‡K ev¯Íe Rxe‡bi
c_cÖ`k©K wn‡m‡e wb‡jb| BZvjxq mgmvgwqK‡`i g‡Zv ZvuivI Áv‡bi Rb¨ cÖvPxb hy‡Mi
w`‡K ZvKv‡jb, wKš‘ Zv‡`i `„wó wbe× wQj wLª÷vb HwZ‡n¨i w`‡K, wMÖK I †ivgvb
mvwnZ¨, `k©b I wkíKjvi w`‡K bq| BZvwji evB‡ii BD‡iv‡ci †`k¸‡jv‡Z wkíxiv
BZvjxq wkíx‡`i g‡Zv ga¨hyMxq †Mvw_K wkí aviv‡K eR©b K‡ib Ges Gi cwie‡Z©
cÖvPxb Kjv‡KŠkj Kxfv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡bv hvq Zvi Rb¨ †Póv Ki‡jb| ZviciI G
wkíxiv BZvjxq wkíx‡`i Zzjbvq cÖvPxb welqe¯‘ Zv‡`i wk‡íi DcRxe¨ wn‡m‡e Lye KgB
e¨envi K‡i‡Qb| wLª÷vb g~j¨‡ev‡ai cÖwZ HwZn¨MZ fv‡e †ewk `vqe× _vKvi Kvi‡Y
Zviv KL‡bv bMœ Qwe AvuK‡Z mvnm K‡ib wb|

Bsj¨v‡Û †i‡bmuvm
Bsj¨v‡Û †i‡bmuvm A·‡dvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi GK`j cwÛ‡Zi Kv‡Q Gi ïiæi Rb¨ FYx|
Rb K‡jU (1467-1519) GKRb weL¨vZ Bs‡iR gvbeZvev`x| wZwb evB‡e‡ji Av¶wiK
A‡_©i Ici A·‡dv‡W© e³…Zv w`‡Zb| gvbeZvi avivq wZwb jÛ‡bi †m›U cj wMR©vi
m‡½ jvMv‡bv weL¨vZ we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ K‡ib| GLvbKvi cvV¨m~wP‡Z wZwb j¨vwUb I wMÖK

BDwbU - 7 c„ôv - 36
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

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AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvmb c„ôv - 37

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1553 wLª÷v‡ã hLb †i‡e‡jqvm gviv hvb ZLb gvB‡Kj gbUvBMwbi (Michel
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BDwbU - 7 c„ôv - 38
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

evm¯’vb cwieZ©b K‡ib| cÖvqB wZwb Bsj¨v‡Û †h‡Zb Ges †ek wKQy w`b BZvwj‡Z
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wQ‡jb hy×s‡`nx| Rvg©vb mvs¯‹…wZK RvZxqZvev‡`i cÖwZ wb‡ew`Z cÖvY GB †jLK †ivgvb

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvmb c„ôv - 39

Gm Gm GBP Gj

HwZnvwmK †UwmUv‡mi eB Abyev` K‡i †`Lvb †h ¯^vaxb I †MŠie`xß Rvgv©b wewfbœ †MvÎ
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BDwbU - 7 c„ôv - 40
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

eiY K‡i †bb| wKš‘ Zvi †ek wKQy `yf©vMv Abymvix‡K †¯úbxq ag©xq wePvivj‡qi nv‡Z
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AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvmb c„ôv - 41

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BDwbU - 7 c„ôv - 42
 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
1| BZvwji evB‡i BD‡iv‡c †i‡bmuvm weKwkZ nq
(K) †lvok kZvãx‡Z (L) cÂ`k kZvãx‡Z
(M) PZ©y`k kZvãx‡Z (N) ·qv`k kZvãx‡Z

2| ga¨hy‡Mi †kl w`‡K BD‡iv‡c wk¶v e¨e¯’v wQj

(K) ag©wbi‡c¶ (L) ag©‡Kw›`ªK
(M) wKQyUv ag©wbi‡c¶ wKQyUv ag©wfwËK (N) wbR¯^ mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨ wfwËK

3| _gvm gy¨i Bsjvv‡Ûi ivRvi mnvbyf‚wZ nviv‡jb - †Kbbv

(K) wZwb ÕÕBD‡UvwcqvÕÕ bvgK eB wj‡Lb
(L) wZwb evB‡e‡ji mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib
(M) wZwb ivRvi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib
(N) wZwb ivRv‡K Bsj¨v‡Ûi wMR©vi cÖavb wn‡m‡e ¯^xKvi K‡ib wb|

4| †i‡e‡jqvm Gi MÖ‡š’i bvg

(K) BD‡Uvwcqv (L) MviMvbUzqv I c¨vbUvMÖv‡qj
(M) G¨v‡e Ae _vjwg (N) †cÖBR Ae dwj

ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi

1| (K), 2| (L), 3| (L), 4| (L)

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| BZvwji evB‡i BD‡ivcxq †`k mg~‡ni m‡½ BZvjxq †i‡bmuv‡mi cv_©‡K¨i Ici
Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| BD‡ivcxq †i‡bmuv‡m G- Bivmgv‡mi Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Kiæb|

msw¶ß cÖkœ
1| Kx Dcv‡q BZvjxq †i‡bmuvm BD‡iv‡ci Ab¨vb¨ †`k‡K cÖfvweZ K‡iwQ‡jv?
2| DËi-BD‡iv‡c wLª÷vb gvbeZvev`x Av‡›`vjb Kx fv‡e gvwU©b jy_v‡ii Av‡›`vjb‡K
mnvqZv K‡i‡Q?

AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci BwZnvmb c„ôv - 43