FIGURE 7-1 Angle-modulated wave in the frequency domain.

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FIGURE 7-2 Angle modulation in the time domain: (a) phase changing with time; (b) frequency changing with time

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TABLE 7-1 Equations for Phase- and Frequency-Modulated Carriers

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FIGURE 7-3 Phase and frequency modulation of a sine-wave carrier by a sine-wave signal: (a) unmodulated carrier; (b) modulating
signal; (c) frequency-modulated wave; (d) phase-modulated wave

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FIGURE 7-4 Relationship between modulation index, frequency deviation, and phase deviation in respect to modulations signal
amplitude and frequency: (a) modulation index versus amplitude; (b) frequency deviation versus modulating frequency; (c) phase deviation
versus amplitude; (d) frequency deviation versus amplitude

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TABLE 7-2 Angle Modulation Summary

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TABLE 7-3 Bessel Functions of the First Kind, Jn(m)

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FIGURE 7-5 Jn(m) versus m

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FIGURE 7-6 Frequency spectrum for Example 6-2

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FIGURE 7-7 Frequency spectrum for Example 7-3

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FIGURE 7-8A Output frequency spectrums for Example 7-5: (a) frequency spectrums for FM and PM; (b) frequency spectrums for FM
and PM; (c) frequency spectrum for FM; (d) frequency spectrum for PM

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FIGURE 7-8B Output frequency spectrums for Example 7-5: (a) frequency spectrums for FM and PM; (b) frequency spectrums for FM
and PM; (c) frequency spectrum for FM; (d) frequency spectrum for PM

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FIGURE 7-8C Output frequency spectrums for Example 7-5: (a) frequency spectrums for FM and PM; (b) frequency spectrums for FM
and PM; (c) frequency spectrum for FM; (d) frequency spectrum for PM

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FIGURE 7-8D Output frequency spectrums for Example 7-5: (a) frequency spectrums for FM and PM; (b) frequency spectrums for FM
and PM; (c) frequency spectrum for FM; (d) frequency spectrum for PM

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FIGURE 7-9 Angle modulation phasor representation, low modulation index

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FIGURE 7-10 Angle modulation phasor representation, high modulation index

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FIGURE 7-11 FM noise triangle

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FIGURE 7-12 Interfering sinusoid of noise: (a) before limiting; (b) frequency spectrum; (c) after limiting

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FIGURE 7-13 FM signal-to-noise: (a) without preemphasis; (b) with preemphasis

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FIGURE 7-14 Preemphasis and deemphasis: (a) schematic diagrams; (b) attenuation curves

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FIGURE 7-15 Figure for Example 7-8: (a) S/N without preemphasis and deemphasis; (Continued)

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FIGURE 7-15 (Continued) (b) S/N with preemphasis and deemphasis

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FIGURE 7-16 Simple direct FM modulator

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FIGURE 7-17 Varactor diode direct FM modulator

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FIGURE 7-18 Varactor diode VCO FM modulator

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FIGURE 7-19 JFET reactance modulator: (a) schematic diagram; (b) ac equivalent circuit

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FIGURE 7-20 LIC direct FM modulator--simplified block diagram

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FIGURE 7-21 MC1376 FM transmitter LIC: (a) schematic diagram; (b) VCO output-versus-input frequency-response curve

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FIGURE 7-22 Direct PM modulator schematic diagram

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FIGURE 7-23 Transistor direct PM modulator

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FIGURE 7-24 Frequency up-conversion: (a) heterodyne method; (b) multiplication method

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FIGURE 7-25 Crosby direct FM transmitter

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FIGURE 7-26 Phase-locked-loop FM transmitter

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FIGURE 7-27 Armstrong indirect FM transmitter

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FIGURE 7-28 Phasor addition of Vc, Vusf, and Vlsf : (a) carrier phasor; (b) sideband phasors; (c) - (f) progressive phasor addition. Part (d)
shows the peak phase shift.

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