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Earth and Environmental

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 4
Week 4- Volcanoes

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC

Science Electives (Environmental Science) – Grade 7
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 4: Volcanoes
Second Edition, June 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Schools Division Superintendent: Rhea Mar Angtud, CESO VI

Development Team of the Module

Writer/Compiler: Joy Gumalal Donque, Teacher III, Apas National High School

Content Editors/Reviewers:

Jocelyn L. Magdalaga ,HT-V, Abellana National High School

Minerva M. Ardaba, Asst. SH/HT III Agsungot Integrated School
Jacqueline M. Gabucan, MT-II, Tisa National High School
Leonora I. Micame MT-I, Pardo National High School

Management Team:

Chairperson: Dr.Rhea Mar Angtud, Schools Division Superintendent

Members : Dr.Bernadeth A. Susvilla, Asst.SchoolsDivision Superintendent
Mrs. Grecia F. Bataluna, CID Chief
Mrs. Vanessa L. Harayo, EPS-LRMS
Dr. Raylene S. Manawatao, EPS-Science

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 What I Need to Know

Volcanoes are Earth's geologic architects. They've created more than 80

percent of our planet's surface, laying the foundation that has allowed life to thrive. Their
explosive force crafts mountains as well as craters. Lava rivers spread into bleak
landscapes. But as time ticks by, the elements break down these volcanic rocks, liberating
nutrients from their stony prisons and creating remarkably fertile soils that have allowed
civilizations to flourish.

In this module we will learn more about volcanoes: its nature, dangers, and benefits
and how we can gain out of this innate energy.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

▪ Discuss the formation of each type of volcano, the effect and
product of eruption
▪ Trace locations of active and inactive volcanoes in the Philippines
▪ Relate the existence of active volcano in the place with its
potential geothermal energy
▪ Evaluate the effect of having the Philippines within the Pacific ring
of fire
▪ Discuss the works of a volcanologist and demonstrate how a
volcanic eruption is being predicted

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 What I Know (Pre-Test)

Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer and write it in
a separate sheet of paper.

Mt. Pinatubo in Philippines

1. What type of volcano is shown in the picture above?
A. dome volcano C. shield volcano
B. composite volcano C. supervolcano
2. What part of the volcano releases magma?
A. crater B. vent C. cone D. magma chamber
3. Which of the following are warning signs of a volcanic eruption?
A. gas emission C. increased seismic activity
B. ground deformation D. all are warning signs
4. What is volcanic lava?
A. Gas clouds created by volcanoes.
B. Molten rock deep in the Earth’s crust.
C. Magma that erupts onto the Earth’s surface.
D. Ash that is spewed out onto Earth’s surface.
5. What characterizes a cinder cone volcano?
A. has powerful eruptions
B. alternating layers of materials
C. rapid growth and single eruption cycle
D. very wide base and much flatter on the top
6. What is a dormant volcano or an inactive volcano? A volcano that ____________.
A. erupts occasionally C. will never erupt again
B. has erupted recently D. has not erupted in recorded history
7. What type of volcano is Mauna Kea in Hawaii?
A. supervolcano C. dome volcano
B. shield volcano D. composite volcano
8. Which of the following is the most convincing evidence of a supervolcano?
A. presence of volcanic ash
B. abundance of igneous rock
C. caldera that can only be seen by satellite
D. All of the above
9. Which does NOT belong to the group of active volcanoes?
A. Mt. Abunug B. Mt. Canlaon C. Mt. Mayon D. Mt. Taal
10. Why people living near a volcano must adhere to advanced warnings given by
PHILVOLCS? People must adhere to advanced warnings to _______________.
A. protect properties
B. prevent loss of lives
C. pinpoint volcanic danger zone
D. both A and B

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 11. When is an area surrounding a volcano NOT considered a danger area? When it
__________
A. is buried in lava
B. experience land slides
C. is stable and far from crater.
D. experience a range of earthquake shock.
12. A bulletin was issued to warn people that a volcano may erupt within the week.
What should the people living in danger areas do?
A. Wait for the next bulletin. C. Cover the roof with wet sacks
B. Follow orders to evacuate. D. Reinforced the roof of their houses.
13. Ashes from an erupting volcano are all over your place. What should you do to
protect yourself?
A. Wear a hat.
B. Wear sunglasses.
C. Stay inside the house.
D. Cover the nose with a wet cloth or mask.
14. Your family is going to evaluate. You are told to bring along a few things. Which
of these will you bring?
A. Pet, toys, and books C. Food, water, and clothes
B. Chair, table, and closet D. Candies, rags, and matches
C. Food, water, and clothes
D. Candies, rags, and matches
15. Which is TRUE?
A. Before volcanic eruption clear roofs of ashfalls.
B. Before eruption avoid driving on heavy ashfalls.
C. Follow evacuation orders issued by the authorities.
D. None of these.

Volcanoes
What’s In

Study the diagram below and answer the questions that follow on a separate sheet of paper.

Plate Tectonics
Source: https://bit.ly/3BR5nbB
a)____________ b)____________ c)____________

Q1. What type of plate boundaries are shown above? ________, ________, ________
Q2. Which plate boundary volcanoes form? _______________________

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 What’s New

Activity 1
Four Picture One Word

Directions: Using the pictures as clue identify the word.

https://tinyurl.com/4t5v3u7t
https://tinyurl.com/edptjk4r

https://tinyurl.com/287bxvbx
https://tinyurl.com/yzyjtuyc

__ __ L __ __ N __ C __ R __ __ T __ __ N

What Is It

When most people think of volcanoes, they think of a tall mountain with a crater on the
top, maybe a little snow at the summit, and some trees scattered around the base. There are
many volcanoes like this, but volcanoes exist in many other forms as well. Volcanoes
are openings, or vents where lava, tephra (small rocks), and steam erupt on to the Earth's
surface. Each type of volcano has characteristic features that distinguish it from other types.
Volcanoes differ in appearance because of the composition of their magma and the processes
that originally created them.

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 The tall cone shape you usually think of when you think of a volcano describes a
composite volcano, one common form of volcano. Other types of volcanoes include the shield
volcano, the cinder cone, and the supervolcano.

Strato-volcano or Composite Volcano

The picture below shows Mt. Fuji, a classic

example of the strato-volcano also known as
a composite volcano (Figure 1). This is the type of
volcano many people think of when they imagine
volcanoes. These volcanoes have broad bases and
sides that get steeper and steeper as you get closer
to the top. They frequently have a large crater at the
top created during its last eruption.

Composite volcanoes are also called

stratovolcanoes because of the alternating layers,
or strata, of which they are made (Figure 2). The magma
that creates stratovolcanoes tends to be more viscous, or
thick. Viscous lava creates greater pressure which, in turn,
tends to create explosive eruptions. In addition, the
viscous lava cannot travel far down the sides of the
volcano before it solidifies. This viscous lava thus creates
steep sides on stratovolcanoes.

When a stratovolcano erupts, it ejects a great deal of pyroclastic material into the air,
which then settles back down on the Earth. After an initial explosion, lava then flows from the
volcano creating a second layer of material. As these layers solidify, they create alternating
levels, or strata, of material. Ash from the volcanic eruption is also present between the lava
layers along the edge of the volcano. Composite volcanoes are common along the Pacific
Ring of Fire and other major tectonic plate boundaries where the presence of water in the
magma chamber creates explosive eruptions.

Shield Volcanoes

Shield volcanoes get their name from their shape—a huge shield laid on its side. Figure
3A shows the Mauna Loa Volcano in Hawaii which is the largest shield volcano on Earth. You
can see that shield volcano do not have the steep mountainous sides of composite volcanoes.
They have a very wide base and are much flatter on the top than a composite volcano.
Although they are not steep, they may be very large. The Mauna Loa Volcano has a diameter
of over 112 kilometers (70 miles) and forms a significant part of the island of Hawaii. The
Mauna Kea Volcano, also in Hawaii, is another shield volcano that is over ten kilometers (6
miles) high from its base below sea level to its peak.

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Figure 3A: The Mauna Loa Volcano in Hawaii 3B. Layers of volcanic materials in a shield volcano
Source: https://tinyurl.com/9v37h9f6 Source: https://tinyurl.com/3embcwd4

Shield volcanoes are more common at spreading centers or volcanic hot spots in the
middle of tectonic plates. The magma that creates shield volcanoes is less viscous, so it flows
much more easily. For this reason, the eruptions of shield volcanoes are non-explosive. In
addition, the less viscous lava spreads out more, which makes shield volcanoes much larger
and flatter than stratovolcanoes. Although shield volcanoes are built by many layers over time
(Figure 3B), the composition of the layers does not alternate between ash and lava, as they
do in stratovolcanoes.

Cinder cones are both the most common type of volcano and also the smallest. The
cinder cone resembles a composite volcano but on a much smaller scale. They rarely reach
even 300 meters in height but have even steeper sides than a composite volcano. They
usually have a crater at the summit. Cinder cones are composed of small fragments of rock
piled on top of one another. These volcanoes usually do not produce streams of lava.

In 1943, a farmer in Mexico witnessed the first

eruption of a cinder cone in his field (Figure 4). Within a year,
the cinder cone Paricutín grew to 336 meters high. By 1952,
it grew to a peak of 424 meters tall, and then stopped
erupting. This rapid growth and single eruption cycle are
characteristic of cinder cones. For this reason, cinder cones
do not reach the sizes of stratovolcanoes or shield
volcanoes. Often, cinder cones appear near larger
volcanoes, but they also may be found away from all other
volcanoes, as was the case with Paricutín. The exact
composition of a cinder cone depends on the composition of
the lava ejected from the Earth.

Supervolcanoes

Supervolcanoes represent the most dangerous type of volcano. An eruption from a

supervolcano could change life on Earth as we know it for many years. Supervolcanoes were
not even accepted in volcanology until this millennium. Many supervolcano eruptions are
thought to have occurred, the most recent in New Zealand less than 2000 years ago. That
explosion was thought to have ejected about 100 cubic kilometers of material. A supervolcano
eruption near what is now Colorado was thought to have let loose over 5,000 cubic kilometers

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of material millions of years ago. In comparison, the Mt. Saint Helens eruption ejected about
1 cubic kilometer of material.

The eruptions from supervolcanoes can be so large that the ash ejected into the air
blocks the Sun and lowers the temperature on the entire planet. The lowered temperatures
caused by these eruptions are called volcanic winter. A supervolcano eruption at Lake Toba
in northern Sumatra may have annihilated about 60% of the world’s human population about
75,000 years ago. One can only imagine how such a huge
eruption would change the world in modern times.

In certain areas of the world, huge calderas have been

found to be the remains of volcanic eruptions of enormous
scale. The caldera at Santorini in Greece is so large that its
circular shape can only be seen by satellite (Figure 5). These
calderas are volcanic features that are formed by the collapse
of a huge amount of land due to powerful eruptions. Caldera
comes from the Latin word caldaria, meaning cauldron which
are circular-shaped geographic formations like the picture in
figure 3A.

Nature of Volcanic Eruption

Volcanic eruption is a natural phenomenon that happens in different places on the
planet, and this commonly produces earthquakes. A few large regional earthquakes (greater
than magnitude 6) are related to a subsequent eruption or some type of unrest at a
nearby volcano. However, volcanoes can only be triggered into eruption by nearby
tectonic earthquakes if they are already poised to erupt.

A Volcanic Eruption is like an earthquake, ultimately results from the earth’s internal
heat. This heat causes the local melting or partial melting or partial melting of rocks below the
surface to form a liquid called magma. The magma, being liquid, is less dense than the
surrounding solid rocks and rises because of buoyancy. It pushes its way upward, often
actually lifting the surface, and moves along fractures produced by the upward buoyant forces
and other tectonic activity.

Once the magma comes sufficiently close to the earth’s surface, a new mechanism
takes over to drive the upward motion and ultimately, to cause the volcanic eruption. As the
magma cools it crystallizes minerals, and its dissolved gases, predominantly water and carbon
dioxide (CO2), are concentrated in the remaining liquid. Then, as the surrounding rock
pressure is lowered when the magma approaches the surface, these gases expand.

When pressure is released from the rising magma, the same process occurs except
that the material that splatters over the countryside consists of molten rock, solid fragments,
and gases at a temperature approaching 8000 to 10000C.

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 Figure. 6 Lava flow oozing out from Kilauea fissures in Hawaii
Source: https://tinyurl.com/hb879m4f

Materials that are ejected from a volcano include lava flows and gases.

Lava is molten rock (figure 6). Some lavas, generally basalts (with SiO2 content) are
quite fluid and capable of traveling at velocities of 10 to 30 mph for a distance as great as 30
to 90 miles from the vent.

Tephras are fragments of molten lava and solid rocks blown out from the volcano.
They form when gas-rich and viscous magma come near the surface and explode through the
volcano top or nearby fractures, where they sometimes excavate a new crater. Fine-grained
ash can form clouds that rise as high above a volcano as 10 to 12 miles into the stratosphere.
The melting gas flows at a speed up to 150 mph. Gases emitted by volcanoes are usually
water in the form of steam. The white plume that you often see in photos of erupting volcanoes
is just a cloud of steam (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Mount Pinatubo eruption releasing tremendous amount of steam

Source: https://tinyurl.com/wj6s2hbd

When a photo shows gray or black plumes above a volcano, this indicates significant
qualities of tephra in the rising plume. Many volcanoes, in addition, also emit large volumes of
other gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide,
sulfur dioxide (SO2), and hydrochloric acid (HCl). These are, if not poisonous at least
capable of asphyxiating any oxygen-breathing animal.

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Volcanoes in the Philippines

Tectonic setting of the Philippines

The tectonic setting of the Philippines is complex. It is characterized by a number of

small plates squeezed between 2 convergent plate margins, separated by small subduction
zones and major transform faults. The currently active volcanoes in the Philippines are found
on several corresponding volcanic arcs, which can be simplified into two major N-S trending
arcs, the Luzon and Mindanao Volcanic Arcs. The volcanoes of the Philippines are produced
at the junction of the Philippines tectonic plate and the Eurasian plate.

The volcanoes of the Philippines rank as the most deadly and costly in the world: about
13% of its historic eruptions have caused fatalities, most notably at Taal and Mayon, and 22%
of its eruptions caused significant damage. Lahars (mudflows) are very common in the
Philippines because the archipelago has often heavy rains.

Tsunamis accompany eruptions in the Philippines more often than in any other
volcanic region. Since the establishment of PHILVOLCS (the Philippines Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology), the impact and damage of the eruptions have been significantly
reduced.

The currently active volcanoes in the Philippines are found on several corresponding
volcanic arcs, which can be simplified into two major N-S trending arcs, the Luzon and
Mindanao Volcanic Arcs. The volcanoes of the Philippines are produced at the junction of the
Philippines tectonic plate and the Eurasian plate.

Volcanoes are determined by their type as mentioned in the discussion above while
we can also classify these volcanoes according to their eruptive history. The Philippine
Institute of Volcanology classifies volcanoes as Active Volcanoes, Potentially Active
Volcanoes, and Inactive Volcanoes.

Active Volcanoes

Erupted within historical times (within the last 600 years), accounts of these eruptions
were documented by man erupted within the last 10,000 years based on the analyses of
material from young volcanic deposits. These volcanoes are under close monitoring and
observations for possible eruption that may cause earthquake, tsunami and other disasters
that may vastly affect people within the perimeter.

Volcanoes develop when one of the two converging plates subduct. This is true in
many places surrounding the Pacific. The Philippines belongs to the Pacific Ring of Fire where
the oceanic Philippine plate and several smaller microplates are subducting along the
Philippine Trench to the East, and the Luzon, Sulu, and several other small Trenches to the
West. This condition accounts the countries number of active volcanoes (Figure 8). The most
commonly known ones include Mt. Mayon , Taal, Hibok-hibok and Kanlaon to name a few.

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Figure 8 . Map of volcanoes in the Philippines and major tectonic features (PHILVOLCS
2008). Source: https://tinyurl.com/hpww583d

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Potentially Active Volcanoes

Volcanoes under this category are morphologically young-looking but with no historical
or analytical records of eruption. Examples of potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines,
as classified by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology are ,Arayat in
Pampanga, Isarog in Camarines Sur Cuernos de Negros in Negros Island and Apo in Davao
del Sur among others.

Inactive Volcanoes

On the other hand, volcanoes classified under this showed no recorded eruptions',
physical form has been intensively weathered and eroded, bearing deep and long gullies.
Examples of this type are the those found in Leyte like Mt. Abunug, Mt. Alto, Mt. Canandag,
Mt. Aquiting to name a few.

Predicting Volcanic Eruption

Studying all aspects of volcanic phenomena are dealt with in vulcanology. It is the
volcanologist who specializes in this particular field of science. Volcanologists attempt to
forecast volcanic eruptions, but this has proven to be nearly as difficult as predicting an
earthquake. Many pieces of evidence can mean that a volcano is about to erupt, but the time
and magnitude of the eruption are difficult to pin down. This evidence includes the history of
previous volcanic activity, earthquakes, slope deformation, and gas emissions.

Factors to be considered in predicting a volcanic eruption

1. History of Volcanic Activity
A volcano’s history, how long since its last eruption and the time span between its
previous eruptions, is a good first step to predicting eruptions. If the volcano is
considered active, it is currently erupting or shows signs of erupting soon. A dormant volcano
means there is no current activity, but it has erupted recently. Finally, an extinct volcano
means there is no activity and will probably not erupt again. Active and dormant volcanoes
are heavily monitored, especially in populated areas.

2. Earthquakes
Moving magma shakes the ground, so the number and size of earthquakes increase
before an eruption. A volcano that is about to erupt may produce a sequence of earthquakes.
Scientists use seismographs that record the length and strength of each earthquake to try to
determine if an eruption is imminent. Magma and gas can push the volcano’s slope upward.
Most ground deformation is subtle and can only be detected by tiltmeters, which are
instruments that measure the angle of the slope of a volcano.

3. Gas Emission
Gases may be able to escape a volcano before magma reaches the surface. Scientists
measure gas emissions in vents on or around the volcano. Gases, such as sulfur dioxide
(SO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and even water vapor (H2O) can be

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measured at the site or, in some cases, from a distance using satellites. The amounts of gases
and their ratios are calculated to help predict eruptions.

4. Remote Monitoring
Some gases can be monitored using satellite technology. Satellites also monitor
temperature readings and deformation. As technology improves, scientists are better able to
detect changes in a volcano accurately and safely. However, scientists continue to work to
improve the accuracy of their predictions.

Volcanic Geothermal Energy

Volcanos are one of the most evident manifestations of the Earth’s energy. Volcanic
eruptions are fascinating natural phenomena, which have attracted the curiosity of humans
since the earliest times. Volcanos have created spectacular landscapes that today attract
millions of visitors from around the world. However, volcanic eruptions may have significant
impacts on society and the environment, showing us the worst face of the Earth’s power.
However, this same power may also show a very different side when we consider its role in
creating the Earth’s atmosphere, allowing life to develop on our planet, and the important
energy and mineral resources associated with volcanoes. The energy that can be harnessed
from volcanoes is geothermal energy.
Geothermal energy is a form of renewable
energy produced by heat from the earth. It is
contained in the rocks and fluids beneath the
earth's crust and is found as far down to the
Earth's hot molten rock, called magma. It is
considerably safer than most other energy
sources. Unlike fossil fuel plants, geothermal
power does not produce greenhouse gases
(GHG) that are harmful to the environment. The
most common way of getting the energy from
geothermal sources is to tap the hot water under
the ground. Once this heated water is forced to
the surface, the steam is captured and used to
drive the turbines for generators to produce
electricity (figure 9).

The Philippines is one of the world’s top

producers of geothermal power, as it is located
along the Ring of Fire zone of Pacific volcanoes.
Currently, the country has seven geothermal
fields which supply about 12 percent of the
nation’s energy, with a long-term plan to nearly
double capacity by 2040. These geothermal
resources are spread among 7 specific regions:
Leyte, MakBan, Tiwi, South Negros, BacMan,
Mindanao, and the Northern Negros. Figure 10
shows Palinpinon geothermal plant in Negros
Oriental.

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 What’s More

Activity 2
Keep Watching

Directions: Read the excerpt about the recent activity of Taal volcano and answer the
questions that follows.

Excerpt: Will Taal Volcano Explosively Erupt? Here’s What Scientists Are Watching

Philippines’ Taal volcano, spews ash last January 13, 2020, Sunday, and is under monitoring if
eruption will intensify—threatening lives and property—or sputter out. Volcanoes are notoriously
unpredictable, but there are seismic signs and others that geologists will be watching for
indications of what this one will do.

Taal is the second most active volcano in the Philippines Islands, which are situated at the
confluence of several tectonic plates. The volcano has erupted 33 times since 1572—most
recently in 1977. Since then, it has seen numerous periods of what volcanologists call unrest—
seismic rumblings and up-and-down ground movements indicating that magma and other fluids
are shifting below the surface.

There are, however, particular signs among the symptoms of unrest that volcanologists can look
for in order to shed light on what outcomes are more likely. GPS instruments around the volcano
can detect whether the ground is expanding—an indicator that magma, gases or fluids are
pushing their way toward the surface, which would suggest the eruption will continue and
potentially intensify.

Tracy Gregg, a volcanologist at the University of Buffalo. If magma is indeed pushing its way
toward the surface—and is doing so through a new pathway—“it does that by breaking the rock,
and that makes a particular kind of earthquake,” she explains. If those earthquakes are getting
closer to the surface, magma is doing so as well.

The second signal is called harmonic tremor, because “as magma moves through the rock at a
certain speed, and if the rock pathway is a certain shape, it makes a note,” just like air being
pushed through your throat when you sing, Gregg says. Detecting harmonic tremor “tells us that
magma has an established pathway, and it’s moving through that established pathway,” she
adds. For many volcanoes, this situation means an eruption is imminent.

Source: https://bit.ly/3FTP9kl

GUIDE QUESTIONS :
1. List at least 3 main roles of a volcanologist as presented in the article above .
_______________________, _____________________, _____________________
2. What are the predictive factors that one must look into considerations when a volcano
is about to erupt?
___________________________________________________________________
3. If you are living near Taal volcano , what must you do upon knowing the possible
eruption anytime.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

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 What I Have Learned
Activity 3
Volcanic Trivia 101

Direction. Write true if the statement is correct and false if the statement is not correct. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper

____________ 1. Strato-volcano is also known as a composite volcano.

____________ 2. The Mauna Loa in Hawaii is an example of a shield
volcano.
____________ 3. The smallest and most common type of volcano is the
supervolcano.
____________ 4. Caldera is a large cauldron-like hollow that forms after the
emptying of magma in a volcanic eruption.
____________ 5. Lavas are molten rocks.
____________ 6. Mt. Mayon is an inactive volcano.
____________ 7. Several factors are considered in predicting volcanic
eruption these are the present volcanic activity,
earthquakes, gas flow, and remote monitoring.
____________ 8. Volcanoes are a good source of hydroelectric energy.
____________ 9. There are about 36 geothermal power plants found in the
country.
____________ 10. There are three types of volcanoes as follows, active
volcanoes, potentially active volcanoes, and inactive
volcanoes.

What I Can Do
Activity 4
Volcano Alert

Though there is no volcano in the island of Cebu, but it is a fact that Cebuanos are mobile
people. Many are travelling anywhere in the country for personal reasons, businesses, tourism
and etc. If for instance your family plan to have a vacation somewhere in the Southwestern
part of Cebu facing Mt. Canlaon or perhaps have a schedule for a trip to visit Negros Oriental
where Mt. Canlaon is situated, then you got a news below about the volcano’s recent activity.

Instructions:
Read the news of Mt. Canlaon’s volcanic activity and evaluate whether it is safe to pursue
your trip for a vacation. Answer question that follows on a separate sheet of paper.

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Questions:
Will you go on with the trip or cancel it? _________________________________________
Explain your answer. ________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Multiple Choice: Read the questions carefully. Choose the letter of the correct
answer and write it on a separate sheet of paper.

1. How does the abundance of volcanoes in the Philippines help address energy
crises? Volcanoes in the country can be tapped as sources of _______________
to generate electricity.
A. tidal power C. nuclear power
B. hydropower D. geothermal power
2. Who monitor volcanic activity and forecast possible eruptions?
A. geologist B. paleontologist C. seismologist D. volcanologist
3. What is the name of scale that measures the intensity of volcanic eruptions?
A. Mercalli Scale C. VEI Scale
B. Richter Scale D. Eruption Scale

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4. Why is it not possible for Cebu to have a geothermal power plant? Geothermal
power is not available in Cebu because there is no _______________________.
A. budget or fund B. approval from local government
B. volcano that supplies heat D. exploration done for its possibility
5. When can we say that a volcano is considered active? A volcano is active if
it____________________________.
A. is currently erupting
B. has no record of eruption
C. has no current activity but has erupted recently
D. has no activity and will probably not erupt again
6. What does it mean when there are black plumes observed during a volcanic
eruption?
A. It has a lot of steam.
B. It is a smog all over the area.
C. It indicates significant quantity of tephra.
D. All of these.
7. What are the gases emitted by volcanoes during eruption?
A. sulfur dioxide C. hydrogen sulfide
B. carbon dioxide D. all of these
8. What type of volcano has a very wide base and much flatter on the top?
A. cinder B. composite C. shield d. supervolcano
9. What makes the cinder volcano different from the other types of volcanoes? Cinder
cone volcano is composed of _________________ piled on top of one another.
A. hardened lava C. ashes and hardened lava
B. small fragments of rock D. ashes and rocks fragments
10. Which of the following observations volcanologists have to pay attention?
A. ground deformation
B. high level of sulfur dioxide (SO2)
C. frequent earthquakes in places surrounding a volcano
D. All of the above
11. Which of the following geologic phenomena cannot be directly connected to the
Philippines’ location along the Pacific ring of fire?
A. the existence of faults C. formation of abundant volcanoes
B. presence of active volcanoes D. occurrence of frequent earthquakes
12. What is the source of energy in a geothermal power?
A. steam B. fossil fuel
B. earthquake D. heat from within the earth
13. What is the best thing to do during a volcanic eruption?
A. Avoid areas near the volcano.
B. Follow evacuation orders by the authorities.
C. If caught areas near stream be aware of mud flow.
D. All of these
14. What should be avoided during volcanic eruption?
A. Stay calm.
B. Locating safe places.
C. Listen to news reports.
D. Staying inside an enclosed area.
15. Where are active volcanoes mostly located? Active volcanoes are mostly situated
near a/the_________.
A. fault B. trench C. edge of an island D. All of the above

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REFERENCES

Books:

Greenwood, T., Pryor, K., Smith, L., Allan, R.,(2013), Environmental Science Student
Workbook, Biozone International Ltd.
Mc Graw Hill Education Asia., Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., (2013) Metro Manila,
Philippines.
Villamarin,N., Cauguiran,C., Evarle,D., Flores,M.L.,(2003).Science_HS General Science,
Bookman Inc., Quezon City, Philippnes
Villamil,S., Integrated Science Aviba Publishing House INC., Philippines

Internet:

https://tinyurl.com/9kdwtkah
https://tinyurl.com/hu2nta7j
https://tinyurl.com/wj6s2hbd
https://tinyurl.com/hb879m4f
https://www.travelers.com/quiz/weather/earthquakes/earthquake-safety
https://tinyurl.com/3hk2bz3d
https://reviewgamezone.com/mc/candidate/test/?test_id=24586&title=Volcanoes
https://www.dkfindout.com/us/quiz/earth/take-volcanoes-quiz/
https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/volc/types.html
https://tinyurl.com/3embcwd4
https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/philippines.html
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcanoes-of-the-philippines
https://brainly.ph/question/12613557
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/geophysical/chapter/predicting-volcanic-eruptions/
https://tinyurl.com/4r8aa9ac
https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/volcanoes-geothermal-energy/14541/
https://tinyurl.com/yv6eyw9a
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/
https://tinyurl.com/bbda37b6
https://tinyurl.com/2ur5x2vp

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What I have Learned
Activity 3 – Volcanic Trivia 101
1. True
What I can Do 2. True
Activity 4- Volcanic Alert 3. False
4. True
Answers may Vary 5. True
6. False
7. False
8. False
9. False
10.True
What’s More
Activity 2
1. Answers may Vary
2. answers may include the following terms ground
shaking , earthquake, harmonic tremor , seismic
rumblings , up and down ground movement, ashes
from the crater of the volcano
3. answers may vary
What’s New What’s In
Activity 1
1. a. divergent
1. VOLCANIC b. convergent
ERUPTION
c. strike-slip / transform
2. convergent
Key to Answers
 For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Division of Cebu City

Office Address: New Imus Road, Barangay Day-As, 6000 Cebu City
Telephone Nos.: (032)255 1516
E-mail Address: cebucity@deped.gov.ph

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