– Decision-making is constantly tested
during the climb in calculating risks and
Mount Pulag – is one of the highest mountains in
the Philippines. It is the highest peak in Luzon,
with an elevation of 2 922 meters above sea level.
Mount Apo – also known locally as Apo
Sandawa, is a large solfataric, dormant
stratovolcano on the island of Mindanao,
Philippines. With an elevation of 2 954 meters
above sea level.
Mount Dulang-dulang – dubbed by Filipino
mountaineers as "D2," is the highest elevation
peak (2 938 meters) in the Kitanglad Mountain
Range, located in the north central portion of the
province of Bukidnon in the island of Mindanao.
Mountaineering is a physical activity where
participants try to reach the summit of a
mountain.
– It refers to the sport of mountain climbing.
– A mountain is a large landform that rises
more than 500 meters above the
surrounding plains.
– Mountaineering is also called alpinism
which refers to climbing the mountains in
the Alps in Europe.
– People who engage in this sport are called
mountaineers.
– Mountaineering is physical and mental
activity that requires skills, experience,
common sense, and guts in ascending
and descending mountains.
– Mountaineering as an activity requires
physical strength as one needs to trek
kilometers of terrain to reach the
mountain peak.
– Aside from physical skills, mental skills
are also required to climb mountains.
ensuring safety. Mental skills are also
needed in making sound judgments as
well as in being resourceful and creative
to survive the challenges of a climb.
Ever since the beginning of time, people have
always climbed mountains, especially since
many of these landforms are naturally
accessible.
People climbed mountains for economic gain
and survival, and sometimes, to fulfill some
spiritual activities.
18th century – people began climbing mountain
for scientific studies.
1786 – earliest recorded mountaineering sports
activity.
Dr. Michel-Gabriel Paccard and his porter,
Jacques Balmat, climbed Mont Blanc – the tallest
peak in Western Europe; 4 808m (15 774ft) above
sea level.
1953 – it became even more popular when Sir
Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay conquered
Mt. Everest – considered the highest peak (8
849m) in the world.
Romi Garduce – became the first Filipino to top
out an 8 000m peak on September 26, 2005. On
May 19, 2006, he climbed the summit of Mount
Everest.
Early Filipinos had been traversing mountains
centuries before European colonizers set foot in
the archipelago.
One proof is the discovery of the Tabon Man in
the caves of Tabon in a mountain in Palawan.
Another proof is the civilization established in the
mountains by the indigenous people of the
Cordillera region.
1852 – earliest record of mountaineering in the
country.
Don Jose Oyanguren – then governor of Davao,
aimed to climb Mt. Apo. He organized a group of
people and climbed the mountain, but they failed
because of the difficulty in the ascent. They
retreated, with 20 members dying in the failed
endeavor.
2. Natural hazards
– Caused by natural occurrences.
– They are also called objective hazards.
– They are caused by the natural
environment in the mountain and by the
weather. Some natural hazards include
weather hazards, altitude, strong winds,
rock falls, and visibility. Dangerous
animals, plants, and other organisms are
also natural hazards.

1880 – Don Joaquin Rajal, together with Father

Mateo Gisbert and Dr. Joseph Montano. The Early mountaineers classify mountains as level I,
three were able to successfully reach the summit II, or III.
of Mt. Apo with the help of the Bagobos, the I. Level I mountains are those whose height
indigenous people in the area. are 1 000 meters above sea level and
below.
1990s – golden age of mountaineering.
II. Level II mountains, 1 000–2 000 meters
– Formal training and courses.
above sea level.
– Different clubs and societies opened. III. Level III mountains, over 2 000 meters
above sea level.

This early classification system, which used

height as the sole criterion, but there are some
examples of level I mountains that is hard to
climb compared to a level III mountain.
Mountaineering is a dangerous physical activity.
To make the classification more relevant:
Exploring the wilderness of the mountains poses
– Minor Climb - requires a maximum of a
hazards that can cause injuries or serious
one-day hike to climb the summit.
consequences such as death.
– Major Climb - requires an overnight stay
1. Man-made hazards or camping for several days.
– Also called subjective hazards.
– Caused by lack of preparation and
carelessness. Poor judgment and
unsound decisions can also put one's
health and life in danger.
– Dehydration, falling, and overexertion are
some common consequences of man-
made hazards. Careful preparation and
planning are the antidotes to the
subjective hazards in the mountains.
 6. Fire starter, i.e. matches or lighters
7. Utility knife
8. Trail food
Trekking – is a series of hiking activities minus 9. Water
the pre-charted trails; it is a longer journey on an
uncharted path within a challenging Extras:
environment. 1. Insect repellant
– Normally, people trek in places where 2. Tissue
means of transportation are absent. They
walk through paths that people don’t
normally cross.

Hiking – is walking in a natural environment

through pre-charted paths and man-made trail
roads.
– Hiking is usually longer than walking on
city streets or similar pathways.
– Tramping is another term for hiking and
is being used in New Zealand.
Hiking Trekking
1. Physical preparation – you must prepare your
body physically before your scheduled hike. You
can do so by engaging in other physical activities
to develop necessary physical skills.
– You can do regular brisk walking, running,
jogging, biking, swimming, & stairs
climbing.

2. Psychological preparation – determination to

Refers to making a
Refers to going on finish the hike is important. A half-hearted hiker
long journey across
long walk, especially would most likely come down the mountain
difficult destinations
for pleasure or halfway the trail because of discouragement and
on foot. Usually for
exercise. pressure.
pleasure.
– You may engage your fellow climbers so
Half-day or full-day. Many days. that each of you can set goals & objectives
for the climb. For newbies in mountain
Involves pre-made Involves a wide range
trails and roads. of terrains. climbing, joining a support group is
highly recommended.
Does not involve too Requires many 3. Organizing the climbing team – regardless of
much necessities. equipment.
the size of the climbing group, it is important that
there is an organized setup for the roles of each
member.
A step up in difficulty
Great for beginners. a. Leader – she or he should be in charge in
from hiking.
making decisions, emergencies, and
when there are second thoughts on the
decisions of the group, especially during
difficult times.
b. Pacer – she or he ensures that all
members of the group walk in the correct
1. Headlamp trails and in the right pacing.
2. First aid kit & duct tape
3. Poncho or rain jacket
4. Cellphone
5. Sunblock
Follow the Mountaineer’s Creed: “Take nothing
but pictures, leave nothing but footprints, kill
nothing but time.”

1. Do not throw your trash anywhere, instead

place it in your trash bag and bring it down the
mountain, then dispose it accordingly.
2. Be considerate of other visitors and
mountaineers.
3. Leave what you find.
4. If you see something that is beautiful, by all
means just leave it there and do not bring it home
with you.
5. Follow the “leave no trace” principles.

1. Protein Bars
2. Food that will make you feel comfortable
3. Nuts
4. Meat

Camping is an essential component of
mountaineering as in some cases, it may take
someone a few days to climb a mountain and
reach the summit.
– It is not only a component of
mountaineering but can also be a
separate outdoor recreational activity that
people can enjoy.
– Participants are called campers.
– Spend a few days out of the urban life,
away from civilization & enjoy nature by
living a few nights at a campsite.
– The term camping has no universal
definition. It is comprised of a range of
outdoor activities, often involving hiking,
backpacking, mountain climbing, and
fishing, among many others.
For shelter, campers may use:
– Tent
– Caravan
– Primitive shelter made out of wood and
leaves
Two variations for camping are:
1. Survivalist camping – rely completely on
resources found in nature.
2. Recreational camping – bring their own
sources of electricity and heat, and other
equipment to spend their nights comfortably in a
campsite.
19th century – hiking became popular.
Thomas Hiram Holding – the Father of Modern
Camping, is a British traveling tailor wrote the
Camper Handbook in 1908.
– Was also responsible for developing a
different form of camping which became
popular in the early 20th century.
– He went cycling and camping with four
friends across Ireland.
– Then he wrote a book titled Cycle and
Camp in Connemara based on his
experience. The book included an open
invitation for other outdoor enthusiasts to
contact him.
This event led to the formation of the first
camping group: The Association of Cycle
Campers in 1901.
↑ Camping and Caravanning Club
1910 – the association merged with the National
Camping Club.
Robert Baden-Powell – president of the National
Camping Club.
1932 – the International Federation of Camping
Clubs was established.
1960s – camping had become a regular holiday
activity among families in European and North
American countries.
1. Tent – a water-proof tent serves as the primary
temporary shelter for campers in campsites. A
caravan is occasionally used for large family
camping trips.
2. Sleeping bag – provides insulation for warmth
and comfort for campers during the cold night.
3. Sleeping mats or pads – are often placed
underneath the sleeping bag to serve as
cushioning from grass, twigs, and stones on the
ground.
4. Portable stove – is used to cook meals and
prepare hot drinks when campfire is restricted in
the campsite or is impractical.
5. Safe food and water – are primary needs of
campers to keep their bodies nourished and
hydrated.
6. Extra clothing – camping can be done in any
season of the year. Depending on the season and
the campsite's living conditions, appropriate
clothing must be able to sufficiently protect a
camper from cold or hot temperatures and other
environmental elements.

7. Flashlight – is the most convenient light source

for campers when electricity is not readily
available in campsites.

8. Duct tape, matches, and a knife – are tools that

can come in certain situations.

9. Trash bags – are used to keep the camp clean.

1. Look for a suitable campsite

2. Make a list of things you need to bring
3. Practice creating fire and pitching a tent
4. Be ready for the unexpected

1. Stay away from wild animals and be wary of

poisonous plants
2. Be careful with fire
3. Adapt and extend yourself
4. Enjoy the experience

1. Make an inventory
2. Leave nothing but footprints
3. Revisit your list