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ME403 M5-Advanced Energy Engineering-Ktustudents - in
ME403 M5-Advanced Energy Engineering-Ktustudents - in
ME403 M5-Advanced Energy Engineering-Ktustudents - in
L-T-P-C
ME403 3-0-0-3
Prepared by:
Dr. Rejeesh C R, Asst. Professor,
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Federal Institute of Science and Technology 4
https://sites.google.com/site/rejeeshcrfisat
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clean, renewable resource that provides energy around the
world.
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600oC
Geopressurized 73,000 2,400
Upper Mantle
Hot Rock 1,410,000 14,100
Mantle 1200oC
Lava 3,500 35
Outer Core 4000oC
Inner
* The U.S. consumes 98 QBtu of energy per year
Core 5000oC
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– Direct Dry Steam Plants
❖ Vapor dominated systems – Flash Cycle Plants
❖ Liquid dominated systems – Binary Closed Cycle Plants
➢ Geopressured
➢ Magma resources
➢ Volcanoes
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• Commonly used geothermal power plant.
• Geothermal reservoirs containing both hot water & steam
is required.
• Pressure changing system is required.
• Operating at Hawaii, Nevada, Utah & some other places
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Binary Closed Cycle Plants Binary Closed Cycle Turbine At Chena Power Plant
in Alaska
Binary closed cycle plants use a working fluid (i.e. Freon-12) to spin
a turbine. The working fluid cycles through a heat exchanger where
it is evaporated by hot water from a geothermal reservoir.
working flow
fluid direction
condenser Cold
water
evaporator
pump
hot
water
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• Only the heat of the underground water is used.
• Vapourized hydrocarbons are used to spin the turbine.
• Hydrocarbons having lower boiling point such as isopentane,
isobutane and propane can be used.
• No harmful gas is emitted to the atmosphere because the
underground water is never disclosed to outside.
• This’s the worldwide accepted power plant.
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humans.
• Geothermal energy is relatively clean (Produces 12% of GHG emission
of fossil fuel plants) • Dating back to 787 A.D., tide mills were constructed, consisting
• Geothermal energy can be used for cooling and heating homes. of a storage pond and a sluice (gate that controls water flow).
• Not subject to the same fluctuations as solar or wind – During the incoming tide (flood), the sluice would open to
• Smallest land footprint of any major power source allow rising waters to fill the storage pond
• Inherently simple and reliable and could be built underground. – During the outgoing tide (ebb), the stored water would be
• Can provide base load or peak power released over a waterwheel
• Already cost competitive in some areas (~$0.07 per kWh) • In the early 1960’s, the 1st commercial scale tidal power plant
• Massive potential for the utilization of untapped sources with twenty four 10MW turbines was built in St. Malo, France.
• New technologies show promise to utilize lower water temperatures.
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of tides.
differential head due to tides into useful energy.
• Two types of tidal plant facilities.
• Only form of energy whose source is moon.
– Tidal barrages
• Tides are produced by gravitational attraction of moon and
– Tidal current turbines
sun on the water of earth.
• Tides are the rising and falling of Earth's ocean surface caused
• 2 high tides and 2 low tides occur in a lunar day. by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun acting on the
oceans.
• Time delay between successive tides is 6hrs.
• The tidal force is the vectorial difference between the
gravitational force of the Earth and the gravitational force of
the Moon.
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• As the tides rise and fall daily, basins along the shoreline naturally fill
and empty. A complete tidal cycle takes 12.5 hours, so there are two
high tides and two low tides a day.
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Tidal Turbines
• Efforts are underway to anchor turbines to the ocean floor to
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harness tidal energy. This concept is proven, and in practice in a
handful of locations on a small scale.
• This form of generation has many advantages over its other tidal
energy rivals. Turbines are submerged in water and are therefore
out of sight. They don’t pose a problem for navigation and
shipping and require the use of much less material in
construction.
• Tidal turbines are vastly better than wind turbines in terms of
efficiency. A tidal turbine produces 4 times the power output per
square meter of sweep area as a wind turbine, with a
substantially smaller environmental impact.
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Disadvantages
• Like wind and solar, tidal power is intermittent
– In addition, the hydraulic head obtained from tides is also variable
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They are further subdivided as one way or two way system as per
the cycle of operation for power generation.
Various types of tidal power plants are as follows:
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• Tides are predictable during the ebb tide, water flows from the basin to the sea through
the turbine and generates power.
• There is a vast potential for energy generation
The power is available for a short duration during ebb tide.
• With tidal turbines, the structures are out of sight
• Less required material for tidal turbines than wind
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Single basin, double effect tidal plant Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
• A two flow( reverse flow) low head turbine housed along with the generator is
installed in the dam structure.
(OTEC)
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• Electric generator and a number of turbine components are enclosed in a • The world’s oceans constitute a vast natural reservoir for
water tight bulb. Turbine is kept submerged in water.
receiving and storing heat energy from the sun.
• During the high tide period the water level in the sea is higher than the water
level in the tidal basin. Hence the water flows from sea into the tidal basin
through the water turbine, as the level of water in the sea is more than the • Nearly 75% of the surface area of Earth is water. Due to the high
level in the tidal basin. The generator connected with the turbine produces heat capacity of water, the water near the surface is maintained
electricity. at significant higher temperatures than water at greater depth.
• During the low tide period the water flows from tidal basin to the sea through
the turbine as the level of water in the tidal basin is higher than the level of
water in the sea. The generator coupled with the turbine generates electricity. • It is possible to extract energy from the oceans through the use
• The generation of power stops when the level of water in the sea and tidal of heat engines in order to exploit the temperature differences
basin are equal. between warm surface water and the cold, deep water.
• In Kerala, tidal system at Vizhinjam is an example.
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Solar heating of upper layer of ocean water combined with earth's rotation
produces large convection currents while the deep water remains relatively cold.
These temperature difference could be used to generate electrical energy. 55 58
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theoretical maximum efficiency.
• Based on closed Rankine cycle with ammonia as the working fluid. Relies on
temperature difference between deep sea water (7°C) and water surface (28°C).
• It consists of a vaporizer, turbine generator, condenser and pump. A low boiling
point liquid (ammonia/R134a), is fed to the vaporizer as working fluid. The upper
layers of ocean water heated by solar energy flows through the vaporizer.
• As a result, ammonia evaporates and flows to the turbine at high pressure and
propels it. Later, the low pressure exit ammonia vapour passes through a
condenser and is condensed to liquid ammonia.
• A large dia. intake pipe, submerged in the ocean for a depth of 1 kilometre or
more, brings cold water to the condenser. liquid ammonia is then pumped back
to the evaporator and the cycle repeats thereafter.
• In India, a floating 1 MW plant is commissioned at south east of Tuticorin, where
an ocean depth of 1200m is available from 40 km off the main land.
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– Lose energy slowly in deep water
– Lose energy quickly as water becomes shallower because of On-shore technologies
friction between the moving water particles and the sea bed
Advantages Disadvantages
• In order to extract this energy, wave energy conversion devices • Easier to access for construction • Limited number of suitable
must create a system of reacting forces, in which two or more and maintenance sites/high competition for use of
bodies move relative to each other, while at least one body the shoreline
• Less installment costs and grid
interacts with the waves. • Environmental concerns for on-
connection charges shore devices may be greater
• Wave energy conversion devices are designed for optimal • Could be incorporated into • Much less energy available to on-
harbor walls or water breaks, shore devices because water
operation at a particular depth range.
performing a dual service for the depth usually decreases closer to
community. the shore
The waves enter from the wide end of the channel, and as they
propagate towards narrower region, the wave heights get
amplified and spill over the walls to a reservoir which provides a
stable water supply to a low head turbine.
This can be implemented successfully at low tide sites only.
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Depending on the actuating motion used in capturing wave above a column of water.
power.
The column fills with water as the wave rises and empties as it descends. In the
➢ Heaving float type process, air inside the column is alternately compresses and de-pressurizes the
➢ Oscillating water column type air column. The air is then allowed to flow through a turbine, which drives the
generator.
➢ Surge devices
The axial flow Wells turbine, invented in
the 1970’s, is the best known turbine for
this kind of application.
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the surface of the water
column rises and compresses ❖ If such a gas is passed at a high velocity through a powerful
the volume of air above it. magnetic field, a current is generated and can be extracted by
• The compressed air is forced placing electrodes in suitable position in the stream.
into an aperture at the top of ❖ Follows Faraday’s principle. “An electric conductor moving
the chamber, moving past a through a magnetic field induces electric field and current.”
turbine.
• As the wave retreats, the air is
drawn back through the
turbine due to the reduced
pressure in the chamber.
Construction Continue…
Water cooler Thermal resistance sealing ➢ The charged gas particles with high velocity enters into the
Magnet
generator chamber via nozzle.
➢ The positive and negative charge moves to corresponding
electrodes and constitute the current.
➢ The direction of current is perpendicular to both the direction
S of moving gas particle and to the magnetic field.
combustion
Working Electrode
fluid Load ➢ The electrodes are connected to an external circuit to get a
Chamber Ionized Gas V output load output.
Inlet
N
➢ The current produced in the MHD generator are direct current
(DC).
Stream
out ➢ This DC current can be converted into alternative current (AC)
Nozzle using an inverter attached with the external circuit.
Continue….
Open cycle MHD system
➢ MHD generator consist of a combustion chamber and generator
chamber.
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➢ The fluid conductor is passed into the combustion chamber
where they are ionized at very high temperature.
➢ There is a nozzle through which the ionized gas pass into the
generator chamber.
➢ The generator chamber consist of powerful magnet and a
number of oppositely located electrode pair inserted in the
channel to conduct the electrical current generated to an
external load.
➢ Both combustion and generator chambers are surrounded by a
heat resistance material and water cooler.
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and aircrafts.
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and oxygen to create electricity by an electrochemical process. • In alkaline fuel cells, negative ions travel through the electrolyte to the
anode where they combine with hydrogen to generate water and
• A single fuel cell consists of an electrolyte sandwiched between electrons.
two thin electrodes (a porous anode and cathode).
• Alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) were one of the first fuel cell technologies
• Hydrogen, or a hydrogen-rich fuel, is fed to the anode where a developed, and they were the first type widely used in the U.S. space
catalyst separates hydrogen's negatively charged electrons from program to produce electrical energy and water onboard spacecraft.
positively charged ions (protons).
• These fuel cells use a solution of potassium hydroxide in water as the
• At the cathode, oxygen combines with electrons and, in some electrolyte and can use a variety of non-precious metals as a catalyst at
cases, with species such as protons or water, resulting in water or the anode and cathode.
hydroxide ions, respectively. • High-temperature AFCs operate at temperatures between 100ºC and
250ºC (212ºF and 482ºF). However, more-recent AFC designs operate at
92 lower temperatures of roughly 23ºC to 70ºC (74ºF to 158ºF). 95
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methane or natural gas. generation" of modern fuel cells. It is one of the most mature cell
types and the first to be used commercially.
• These fuel cells can work at up to 60% efficiency. In molten carbonate fuel
cells, negative ions travel through the electrolyte to the anode where they • They are 85% efficient when used for the co-generation of
combine with hydrogen to generate water and electrons. electricity and heat, but less efficient at generating electricity
• MCFCs are currently being developed for natural gas and coal-based alone (37 to 42%).
power plants for electrical utility, industrial, and military applications.
• PAFCs are also less powerful than other fuel cells, given the same
• MCFCs are high-temperature fuel cells that use an electrolyte composed of weight and volume. As a result, these fuel cells are typically large
a molten carbonate salt mixture suspended in a porous, chemically inert and heavy. PAFCs are also expensive.
ceramic lithium aluminum oxide (LiAlO2) matrix.
• Like PEM fuel cells, PAFCs require an expensive platinum catalyst,
• Since they operate at high temperatures of 650ºC and above, nonprecious which raises the cost of the fuel cell.
metals can be used as catalysts at the anode and cathode, to reduce cost.
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Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC) Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC)
• Unlike alkaline, phosphoric acid, and PEM fuel cells, MCFCs don't require • A phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) consists of an anode and a
an external reformer to convert more energy-dense fuels to hydrogen. cathode made of a finely dispersed platinum catalyst on carbon
• Due to the high operating temperatures, these fuels are converted to and a silicon carbide structure that holds the phosphoric acid
hydrogen within the fuel cell itself by a process called internal reforming, electrolyte.
which also reduces cost.
• In PAFC, protons move through the electrolyte to the cathode to
• Although they are more resistant to impurities than other fuel cell types, combine with oxygen and electrons, producing water and heat.
ways to make MCFCs resistant enough to impurities from coal, such as
sulfur and particulates are under research. • PAFC use liquid phosphoric acid as an electrolyte— the acid is
contained in a Teflon-bonded silicon carbide matrix—and porous
• The primary disadvantage of MCFC is durability. High temperature carbon electrodes containing a platinum catalyst.
operation and corrosive nature of electrolyte accelerates component
breakdown and corrosion, decreasing cell life. • This type of fuel cell is typically used for stationary power
generation, but some PAFCs have been used to power large
• Corrosion-resistant materials for components as well as fuel cell designs
are explored to increase cell life without decreasing performance.
vehicles such as city buses PAFCs are more tolerant of impurities
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through the electrolyte to the cathode to combine with oxygen and • They use a solid ceramic electrolyte, such as zirconium oxide
electrons, producing water and heat. stabilised with yttrium oxide, instead of a liquid and operate at
• PEMFC uses a polymeric membrane as the electrolyte, with platinum 800 to 1,000°C.
electrodes. These cells operate at relatively low temperatures.
• In SOFC, negative ions travel through the electrolyte to the
• These cells are best suited for cars, for buildings and smaller applications. anode where they combine with hydrogen to generate water
• PEM fuel cells—also called proton exchange membrane fuel cells— and electrons.
deliver high power density and offer the advantages of low weight and
volume, compared to other fuel cells. • Efficiencies of around 60% and are expected to be used for
generating electricity and heat in industry and potentially for
• PEM fuel cells use a solid polymer as an electrolyte and porous carbon providing auxiliary power in vehicles.
electrodes containing a platinum catalyst. They only use hydrogen,
oxygen from the air, and water to operate and do not require corrosive • Since electrolyte is a solid, the cells need not be constructed in
fluids like some fuel cells.
the plate-like configuration typical of other fuel cell types.
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using renewable energy
density
Water
142 MJ per
kg of H2! Wind power
Electrolysis
No carbon-containing
products
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High efficiency
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in the presence of impurities
(such as hydrogen sulphide or • The fossil fuel that has the best hydrogen to carbon ration is
carbon monoxide) natural gas or methane- CH4.
1.6 million fuel cell vehicles on 1,100 hydrogen refuelling 254,000 tonnes of hydrogen
the road in the UK stations in operation produced a year
CH 4 + H 2O ( gas) → CO + 3H 2 (1.3)
• Water shift gas reactions form CO2 and H2 using water and CO at elevated
temperature, as shown in equation 1.4. The reaction may be used with
catalysts, which can become poisoned by S if concentrations are high in the
feed gas. The water shift gas reaction is used as a secondary means of
processing syngas when greater amounts of H2 are desired from gasification.
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a reducing environment, producing CO and H2. A number of techniques are gasifying, resulting in a vapour.
utilized to separate H2 from the CO in syngas or to enrich the H2 content of the
syngas. These include H2 membranes, liquid adsorption of CO2 or other gas • The vapor condensed into oils, which are steam reformed to
impurities, and the water shift gas reaction. generate hydrogen.
x y • The feedstock can consist of woodchips, plant material, and
Cx H y + O2 → xCO + H 2
2 2 agricultural and municipal wastes.
• Autothermal reforming is a term used to describe the combination of steam • When biological waste is used as a feedstock-completely
reforming and partial oxidation in a chemical reaction. It occurs when there is renewable, sustainable method of hydrogen generation.
no physical wall separating the steam reforming and catalytic partial oxidation
reactions. In autothermal reforming, a catalyst controls the relative extent of
the partial oxidation and steam reforming reactions. Advantages of
autothermal reforming are that it operates at lower temperatures than the
partial oxidation reaction and results in higher H2 concentration.
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Photoelectrolysis
• The direct conversion of sunlight into electricity using a
photoelectrolyzer placed in water.
• The photovoltaics and the semiconductor power the electrolyzer by
generating electricity from the sunlight.
• When exposed to sunlight, begins to generate hydrogen which is then
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collected and stored.
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• Due to its poor energy density per volume (although it has good
energy density per weight), hydrogen requires a large storage tank.
• If the tank is of the same size, more hydrogen will be compressed into
the tank making it heaver AND losing energy to the compression step.
Liquid Hydrogen
• An alternative is to store hydrogen in its liquid state
• Liquid hydrogen’s boiling point of -423.1888 0F
• Low Temperature -> high energy loss
• The tanks must be well-insulated to prevent boil-off.
• Ice may form around the tank and corrode it further if the insulation
fails. Such insulation is expensive and delicate. 131
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Thank You
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