Module 7

Pulse Modulation Systems

 Sampling
• Sampling is the transformation of a continuous time signal into a
discrete time signal

xa(t) xa(t) x[2] x[3]

x[5]
x[1]
X[0]
x[-1]

-3T -2T
t -T T 2T 3T 4T 5T t
x[-2]
x[-3]
 Sampling frequency
t

yS(t)

• The number of samples recorded each second is defined as the

sampling frequency (fs)
 Resemble Sampling Data
Original signal Sampled signal

• If a signal is sampled and recorded relative rapidly, the sampled data

will closely resemble the original signal
 Under Sampling of Test Data

Original signal Sampled data

• If we sampled too slowly, a recorded data will present a distortion from

the original signal. Such distortion will introduce some measurement
errors
 Nyquist sampling theorem
• A continuous signal can be represented by, and reconstituted from, a
set of sample values providing that the number of samples per second
is at least twice the highest frequency presented in the signal

• fmax is the signal frequency (or the maximum signal frequency if there is
more than one frequency in the signal)
• fs is the sampling rate
 Aliasing
• The side frequencies from one harmonic fold over into sideband of
other harmonic
• The frequency that folds over is an alias of input signal

Without aliasing

With aliasing
 Types of sampling
• Natural sampling

• Flat top sampling

 Types of sampling

Natural sampling Flat top sampling

 Sample and Hold circuit

• Q1 – Sample circuit, C1 – Hold circuit

• FET act as a analog switch
• Aperture error can be reduced in flat top sampling
Pulse Modulation Techniques
 Pulse Code Modulation

• PCM – Digitally coding analog signals