MSS SP-91-2009 Guidelines for Manual Operation of Valves Standard Practice Developed and Approved by the Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry, Inc. 127 Park Street, NE Vienna, Virginia 22180 Phone: (703) 281-6613 yww.mss-hq.orgMss STANDARD PRACTICE SP-91 ‘This MSS Standard Practice was developed under the consensus of the MSS Technical Committee 306 and the MSS Coordinating Committee, The content of this Standard Practice is the result of the efforts of competent and concermed volunteers to provide an effective, clear, and non-exclusive specification that will benefit the industry as a whole, This MSS Standard Practice is intended as a basis for common practice by the manufacturer, the user, and the general public. The existence of an MSS Standard Practice does notin itself preclude the manuf tute, sale, or use of products not conforming to the Standard Practice. Mandatory conformance is established only by reference in a code, specification, sales contract, or public law, as applicable. Unless otherwise specifically noted in this MSS SP, any standard referred to herein is identified by the date of ‘issue that was applicable to the referenced standards) atthe date of issue of this MSS SP. In this Standard Practice all notes, annexes, tables, and figures are construed to be essential to the understanding of the message of the standard, and are considered part of the text unless noted as "supplemental". All appent ‘ces appearing in this document are construed as "supplemental". Supplemental” information does not include ‘mandatory requirements, USS. customary units in this Standard Practice are the standard; metrie (SI) units are for reference only. Substantive changes in this 2009 edition are “flagged” by parallel bars as shown on the margins of this paragraph. The specific detail of the change may be determined by comparing the material flagged with that in the previous edition, Any part of this Standard Practice may be quoted. Credit lines should read ‘extracted from MSS SP-91, 2009 with permission of the publisher, the Manufacturers Standardization Society. ' Reproduction prohibited under copyright convention unless written permission is granted by the Manufacturers ‘Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry Inc Originally Approved 1980 Copyright ©, 1984 by Manufacturers Standardization Society ofthe Valve and Fittings Industry Ine Printed in US.AMss STANDARD PRACTICE FOREWORD ‘The handwheels or handles provided with manually actuated valves are designed so that reasonable effort exerted by the operator(s) is sufficient to actuate. However, operability of manually controlled valves is dependent ‘on many factors, such as fluid pressure and temperature, location of valve in relation to operators, desired speed of operation, physical capabilities of operators, ambient conditions, and frequency of operation. The purchaser, based upon anticipated on-site conditions, should therefore evaluate suitability of valves with manual actuators, This document was prepared to assist users in establishing actual requirements relative to valve operation. Most valves can be provided with actuators suitable for specific service conditions, regardless of severity, when conditions are defined.Mss STANDARD PRACTICE PURPOSE. SCOPE, DEFINITIONS OPERATOR'S ABILITY TO APPLY FORCE... MULTIPLYING FACTORS... ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS... VALVE OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVES... 0 1 3 4 5 6 1 Input Factor Multipliers os se os se rose 4 1 1 1 2 2 3 EIGURE Lever Type Manual Actuator Handwhee! Type Manual Actuator. T-Lever Type Manual Actuator. Globe-Sliding Stem, Flow under Dise. Globe-Sliding Stem, Flow over Dise Threaded Stem, Flow under Dise. hhreaded Stem, Flow over Dise Diaphragm & Pinch Valves. Butterfly Valves. 0 Ball & Plug Valves. 1 Gate Valves, Rising or Non-Rising StemMss STANDARD PRACTICE SP-91 Guidelines for Manual Operation of Valves 0, PURPOSE, ‘The purpose of this Standard Practice is to provide valve users with information for use in evaluating the manual operation of valves. It must be understood that this information is general in nature and must be supplemented by specific operational data for the valve and service conditions to be experienced. The maximum and minimum torque ratings of specific valve and actuator types are not covered by this Standard Practice, but must be considered when applying ‘manual input devices to any specific valve. Data from the valve and actuator manufacturers should be consulted regarding valve and actuator types and ratings. L, SCOPE This Standard Practice provides guidelines for the operation of manually actuated valves as affected by the valve operator's input. DEEINITIONS 2.1 Manual Actuator & device requi force to provide the torque and/or thrust required to operate a valve, including levers, T-levers, T-chain- levers, handwheels, chainwheels, worm gear/spur gearftraveling nut units, and manual override units ‘on power actuators. 22 Manual-Impact Device A hammerblow handwheel or chainwhee! device that momentarily increases the breakloose seating and unseating tonque capability of handwheels or chainwheels by the application of impact forces. 2.3 Power Actuator A mechanism for actuating valves using other than manual input to apply force ‘or energy, such as pneumatic, electric, and hydraulic units 24 Operator Person or persons who apply manual force to an actuating device. A typical operator is ‘one who is capable of exerting approxiamately 150 pounds of force (670 N) on a lever with an effective Tength of 12 inches (300 mm) at waist level. If the intended operators or the system requirements differ, specific information should be obtained from the valve supplier. 2.5 Effective Lever or Effective T-Lever Length The actual lever length measured from the stem-center to the center of force application, 1 1/2 inches (38 mm) from the lever end, or the total T= lever length less 3 inches (76 mm). 2.6 Effective T-Chain-Lever Length The length from stem center to the center of the chain attachment multiplied by the sine of the angle included between lever and chain in the position under consideration, 2.7 Available Lever Torque ‘The product of a force exerted on a lever at the effective lever-length, ‘multiplied by the effective lever-length. 28 Handwheel Rim-Force The total rim-force exerted on the rim of a handwheel or on the spokes, ofa capstan handwheel, which is the sum of a push- and-pull force. 2.9 Available Handwheel Torque A product of the handwheel rim force multiplied by the hhandwheel radius (handwheel diameter divided by 2), or if a capstan handwheel, spoke forces multiplied by the length of one spoke, measured from the center of the handwheel less 1 1/2 inches (38 mm). 2.10 T-Chain-Lever or Chainwheel Torque The product of the total pull force exerted by the operator multiplied by the chainwheel radius (effective chainwheel diameter divided by 2) or multiplied by the effective T-chain lever length. 2.11 Normat Operating Conditions This refers to the conditions experienced by one operator when attempting to apply force to an actuating device Normal conditions are with the manual actuator at waist level and the plane of rotation of the lever, handwheel, or chainwheet located vertically or horizontally, with temperature at 70°F (20°C), good footing, and with no space restrictions. 2.12 Momentary Force If an operator must apply a high forve to @ manual actuator to cause a valve to break loose, but may exert relatively lower forces to continue actuation of the valve, the initial high force is referred to as a momentary force.Mss STANDARD PRACTICE SP-91 2.13 Short-Term Force The force an operator could be expected to exert on an actuating device for a small portion of the total valve travel such as for seating and unseating. 2.14 Uniform Force The force that an operator could be expected to exert for a period of up to 5 minutes, May be used on certain valves that require aan operator to exert a relatively constant force on an actuating device throughout the valve travel. 2.15 Long-Term Force ‘The force an operator could be expected to exert on an actuating device for extended periods of time. 2.16 Valve Operating Characteristics Forces developed on the valve stem, hence the actuator, during the closed-open-closed operating cycle are indicated in terms of: 2.16.1 Torque A turing moment developed on stems of valves such as quarter-tur ball, plug, and butterfly or on the stem nuts of globe or gate valves. 2.16.2 Thrust Axial force developed on valve stems, such as globe or gate valves, 217 Net Mechanical Advantage A multiplying factor for gearing that includes both the gear ratio and the efficiency of the device. OPERATOR'S ABILITY TO APPLY FORCE 3.1 Discussion The selection of manual actuators fn valves should take into consideration the ability of operators to apply adequate force to the device. This ability is dependent upon several factors, such a) Space available and position of the device to which force is applied b) Operator's physical strength, weight, and height. ©) Nature of force required such as momentary, short-term, uniform long-term, or sudden unexpected. d) Environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, footing, bracing, and protective clothing. ©) Frequency of operation and urgency of, operation. 3.2 Figures Figures 1, 2, and 3, represent operator capabilities as related to manual actuator dimensions and are not intended to cover all possible valve service and differential pressure conditions. Information presented in these figures must be tempered to account for operating conditions in Section 3.1 3.3. Chainwheels No figure is included for chainwheel size vs. force input capability, as the input to a chainwheel depends upon operator weight and is not related to chainwhee! size alone. MULTIPLYING FACTORS AL Input Factors As indicated in Section 3.1, certain factors affect the ability of an operator to apply force to an actuating device. AA list of these factors is provided in Table | along with a multiplier that may be used in conjunction with Figures 1, 2, and 3. To use, refer to the applicable Figure as determined by the actuating device, locate the ‘operator force input capability and multiply this input capability by the factor given in Table 1 for the position factor. Multiply that result by the smallest factor found for all other input ‘considerations. 42 Mechanical Advantage Depending on the torque or thrust necessary t0 operate the valve, the ‘operator input force may be amplified, typically through the use of gearing. In these cases, the force capability is muhiplied by the appropriate net mechanical advantage of the gearing. ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS In addition to the multiplying factors provided in Table I, other factors contribute to the limitations of ‘manual valve operation. These include’ 5.1 Speed of Operation Manual operation may actuate a valve too slowly in an emergency {uation. Rapid manual valve operation such as is possible with a lever actuator, may cause system ‘damage through “water hammer”.Ms: (OPERATOR MOMENTARY TOTAL INPUT FORCE CAPABILITY -pounds +N) STANDARD PRACTICE sp-91 TOTAL FORCE (2000) LEVER |- ettective-=| 200 LENGTH: | “actuat™ EXAMPLE s oe ee (800) 100. (400) 300) 6 12 18 24 30 36 EFFECTIVE LEVER LENGTH - Inches Figure 1. Lever Type Manual Actuator (cfiective lever length vs. fore input capability with normal operating conditions) ONE HALF OF TOTAL FORCE ONE HALF OF (1500) TOTAL FORCE: 300: EXAMPLE (1000) === 200. =~ 1007590) (200) (400) (600) (800) OPERATOR MOMENTARY TOTAL INPUT FORCE CAPABILITY - pounds 6 12 18 24 30 36 HANDWHEEL DIAMETER - inches tem) Figure 2 Handwheel Type Manual Actuator (handwheel diameter vs. force input capability with normal operating conditions) 3Mss =n) ( 200: OPERATOR MOMENTARY TOTAL INPUT FORCE CAPABILITY - pounds 1500) (1000) (200) STANDARD PRACTICE SI ONE HALF OF TOTAL FORCE i —— To mettective Tlever length” Lt “setuat T-lever length” —-| Cone ALF oF TOTAL FORCE EXAMPLE - — = a, ee eee oe (400) (600) (800) 12 18 24 30 36 EFFECTIVE T-LEVER LENGTHS - inches (mm) Figure 3. T-Lever Type Manual Actuator (T-lever lengts vs. fore input capability wth normal operating conditions) Note: Data displayed in Figures | thru 3 is based upon combined test data furnished by several valve manufacturers for typical operating input force capabilities. Table 1_ Input Factor Multipliers 91 Note Environmental Considerations Must be considered on an individual basis ‘The effectiveness of impact devices is dependent on the diameter and length of the stem shaft and the Input Factor Multiplier Position ‘Shoulder level to hip level 1 Below hip level 05 ‘Above shoulder level 05 ‘Manual Impact Devices” | 12° diameter (300 mm) 2 24° diameter (600 mm) 3 36” diameter (900 mm) 4 | ‘Space Available ‘Must be considered on an individual basis) Momentary Force 1.0 i Short-Term Force Oss | Uniform Force 07 i Long-Term Force 0.25, ‘mass of the handwheel. Consult the valve manufacturer for recommendations for using impact devices. 4Mss STANDARD PRACTICE 5.2 Sudden, Unexpected Forces Sudden, unexpected forces can be encountered on quarter- turn valves which may develop high dynamic forces at certain angles of opening at high-flow velocity. The ability of an operator to apply foree to a manual actuating device is dependent upon the operator's ability to react to the force requirement. Given a sct of operating conditions, a maximum capability to apply force exists for each operator, However, if the force is unexpected and sudden, sch as to allow litle time for reaction, the operator's ability. to respond is hampered. VALVE CURVES Figures 4 through 11 indicate typical operating characteristics for commonly used styles of general- purpose valves. The curves indicate the torque or thrust needed to move the closure member from closed-to-open-to-closed position. Positive values of torque or thrust indicate that the closure member resists the operating of closing effort. Negative values indieate that the closure member aids that effort PERATING CHARACTERISTIC ‘The actual curve for a specific valve is dependent upon a number of factors and can vary according to valve geometry and operating conditions. Hence, only a broad-band curve is shown for each valve style SP-91 Factors affecting specific valve characteristic curves include: a) ») ° ¢ ° Direction of flow, particularly in valve styles which may be sensitive to flow direction, such as globe or offset-dise butterfly Pressure drop, flow medium and/or flow rate, which affect the amplitude of the curves. Valve size, since curve shape and amplitude fora valve style may change as the size Factors Of various valve components change. Frequency of operation may affect seating and unseating forces, particularly if valves are ‘operated infrequently Unique design features of any particular valve style or manufacturer may change the shape and/or amplitude ofthe characterSTANDARD PRACTICE & gt zo zo = - 1 = ' 4 ! { 1 1 ( 1 | 1 I CLOSED OPEN CLOSED CLOSED OPEN CLOSED Figure 4 Globe-Sliding Stem, Figure 5 Globe-Sliding Stem, Flow under Disc! Flow over Dis” TORQUE TORQUE cLoseD OPEN CLOSED cLoseD ‘OPEN cLoseD Figure 6 Globe-Threaded Stem, Figure 7 Globe-Threaded Stem, Flow under Disc!” Flow over Disc” Note: (1) Single seated globe valvesTHRUST STANDARD PRACTICE y 3 2 ee ae tS CLOSED OPEN CLOSED CLOSED OPEN CLOSED Figure 8 Diaphragm & Pinch Valves Figure 9 Butterfly Valves 1 4 8 3 2 Ss 2 g* & PTT 3 - = | 1 | | a ehSerD pean Ghoseo CLOSED OPEN CLOSED Figure 10 Ball & Plug Valves Figure 11 Gate Valves, Rising or Non-Rising Stem‘ Note: " Negative values are not applicable to torque characteristics for threaded stem valves.SP. 1e66 SP toe ane se1it2001 Setar Se.ttoa0 Setiea009 Sp. 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