STANDARD REQUIREMENTS AND

REGULATIONS FOR THE PROTECTION OF

KOC SERVICES

KOC Standard 381113 (Part 1)

CROSSING OF ROADS AND

MOTORWAYS UNDER CONSTRUCTION

STANDARDS & INSPECTION DEPT.

MARCH, 1983 AHMADI

KUWAIT.
 KOC STANDARD 3 8 1 113, Pt. 1

FOREWORD

Early in 1979, it became apparent that many KOC service lines would
be affected by the large road building programme that was underway.
Accordingly, a special technical committed was constituted t o produce a
document that would define KOC requirements t o ensure the protection and
maintenance of all KOC services t o be crossed by the motorways. In May
1979, the publication "Standard Rules and Regulations For The Protection
of KOC Services - Road and Motorway Crossings" was issued.

It had been obvious for sometime that there was a need for the
original document t o be revised and updated in the light of experience in its
application. A decision was taken to redraft the original specification as a
Company Standard.

This standard, however, wold be in a special category, since it would

define engineering requirements that would be financed from resources
outside the Company. For this reason, it was considered requisite for the
document to establish and justify the key engineering principles involved.

In the interests of expediency, the specification has been published

as Part 1 of a series of standards t o be prepared relating t o the protection
of KOC services. In due course, ,Part 2 will be issued to cover KOC services
crossing all types of roadway/track other than major highways under
construction. The present document will then be the subject of a major
review and revised as necessary.

ANYS E. RASHID
GEN. SUPDT. STANDARDS & INSPECTION DEPT.

February, 1983
 KOC STANDARD 3 8 1 / 1 3 PT. 1

STANDARD REQUIREMENTS AND REGULATIONS

FOR THE PROTECTION OF KOC SERVICES

PART 1 - CROSSINGS OF ROADS AND MOTORWAYS

UNDER CONSTRUCTION

FOREWORD

INTRODUCTION

SCOPE

APPLICATION

COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

4.1 EXISTING LINES

4.2 PROVISION FOR EXTENSION OF SYSTEM

4.3 THIRD PARTY INVOLVEMENT

ELECTRICAL POWER LINES AND CABLES

5.1 CLASSIFICATION

5.2 CABLE DUCTS AND CULVERTS

5.3 KOC RESPONSIBILITY

REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPELINE CROSSINGS FOR

MAJOR HIGHWAYS UNDER CONSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION

LINE CLASSIFICATION

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR LIQUID

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND CRUDE OIL PIPELINES

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR TRANSMISSION

PIPELINES
 6.6 PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS

6.6.1 BRIDGING

6.6.2 CULVERTS

6.6.3 CASINGS (OR SLEEVES)

6.7 DIVERSIONS

6.8 KOC PIPELINE RESERVATION

6.9 KOC RESPONSIBILITIES

7. CLEARANCES BETWEEN BURIED PIPELINES, SERVICE

CABLES AND UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 PIPELINES AND UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES NOT

CATHODlCALLY PROTECTED

7.3 CATHODlCALLY PROTECTED PIPELINES AND

UNPROTECTED UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES

7.4 PIPELINES AND UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES

BOTH CATHODlCALLY PROTECTED

7.5 PIPELINES, ELECTRICAL POWER CABLES

AND TELECOMMUNICATION SIGNAL CABLES

8. PROTECTION DURING CONSTRUCTION PERIOD

8.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

8.2 TEMPORARY CROSSING POINTS

9. FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS

10. INTERCOMMUNICATION

11. CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS

11.1 KOC SPECIFICATIONS OR REGULATIONS

1 1 . 2 NATIONAL CODES
Figure 1 - PIPE SUPPORTS 24 - 27
Figure 2 - TYPICAL CROSSING OF 28
PIPELINES WITH STANDARD CLEARANCE

Figure 3 - ACCEPTABLE MEANS FOR PROVIDING 29

"SLACK" IN ELECTRICAL POWER CABLES
AND TELECOMMUNICATION LINES.

Figure 4 - CABLE AND PIPELINE CROSSINGS 30

Appendix 'A' - SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS FOR 31

PIPELINES

A. 1 FAILURE PROBABILITY 31

A.2 INCIDENT SEVERITY 31

A.3 DESIGN CODE CONSIDERATIONS 32

A.4 SUMMARY

Appendix '8' - CERTIFICATE OF INDEMNITY 35

 'Should' is used where a provision is advisory only.

'Shall' is used where'a provision is mandatory.

'Shall normally' is used where an element of choice will be permitted

providing that an acceptable, technical justification can be made.

in the text the Kuwait Oil Company (KSC) is referred to as "the

Company" or "KOC" and the road building contracting group as the
"Highway Contracting Company" or "HCC".

2. SCOPE

2.1 This standard identifies the various categories of KOC services

likely to be affected by highway construction programmes and
specifies the type or class of protection required by the Company.

2.2 It demarcates the responsibilities of the groups involved and

summarises the regulatory arrangements necessary to ensure
compliance.

3. APPLICATION

These requirements are intended t o serve as guidelines for the

Highway Design Authority and Highway Contracting Company in the
preparation of initial design schemes and associated budget
estimates. Whilst they are t o be considered as mandatory, a degree
of flexibility will be exercised in their application when the specific
circumstances clearly justify some variation. Project staff of the
Highway Contracting Company are therefore advised to discuss the
highway scheme and detail proposals for the protection of KOC
services with Company engineers at the earliest opportunity.

Whilst the treatment of electrical and telecommunication

service lines require the application of conventional, good engineering
practices, the preparation of the schemes for hydrocarbon pipelines
are influenced by safety considerations. Accordingly, Appendix 'A'
has been included t o provide general guidance on these aspects.
 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

The following general requirements will apply to KOC Communication

Systems.

4.1 EXISTING LINES

It is not practicable to classify individual lines or sections and

therefore all KOC communication lines shall be considered as essential
services, which, if at all possible, remain uninterrupted at all times
during road construction. In certain instances a diversion may be
acceptable and in such cases, KOC will assume the full responsibility
for the design, procurement and construction of the diversion. The
Highway Contracting Company shall assume responsibility for the
implementation of protection measures at the highway crossing.

It is not considered necessary for these Regulations to specify

in detail the arrangements t o be made at all road crossings. It is
required that the provisions made shall be in accordance with good
engineering practice and be adequate for the environmental conditions
that exist.

All protection schemes relating to communication systems shall

be submitted for approval by KOC, at which stage, the division of
responsibilities between KOC and Highway Contracting Company will
be clearly defined.

PROVISION FOR EXTENSION OF SYSTEM

A t points where existing lines cross motorways or other

roadways, spare ducting capacity shall be provided t o allow for a
future extension of the system.

It must be anticipated also that requests will be made for spare

ducting to be positioned at other points within the road system where
it may be expected that a future need may develop.

4.3 THIRD PARTY INVOLVEMENT

In certain areas, the responsibilities for the maintenance of the

communications system will be shared with other parties, e.g.
Ministry of Communications. In these cases, schemes will require to
be formally approved by both (or all) parties involved.
 5. ELECTRICAL POWER LINES AND CABLES

5.1 CLASSIFICATION

The following classifications are provided for general guidance.

Each crossing point, however, requires t o be given individual
consideration, since certain vital services (hospital, computer,
control/warning systems, etc.) may constitute exceptions t o the
general rules. It is essential, therefore, that the KOC department
concerned is consulted at as early a stage as is practicable.

5.1.1 Maior Power Lines and Cables

Major Power Lines consist of underground cables or

overhead lines, namely SGKV, 33KV and 1 1KV systems, which
are considered t o be essential to Company operations.

5.1.2 Minor Power Lines and Cables

Minor Power Lines consist of underground cables or

overhead lines supplying 3.3KV and 440V systems. These
lines are not as critical as those classed as "Major", but, even
so, shutdowns must be minimized, as far as possible.

CABLE DUCTS AND CULVERTS

It is the responsibility o f the Highway Contracting Company t o

provide a suitable size o f culvert or duct(s) for any underground
cables. Spare ducts should be provided, subject to KOC approval, for
any future expansion o f the system.

All drawings and specifications relating t o this work shall be

submitted to KOC for formal approval.

Where overhead lines exist, underground cables will normally

be required at crossing points o f motorways or major highways.

KOC RESPONSIBILITY

The full responsibility for preparing cost estimates for the

modifications andlor diversions o f the existing power lines shall rest
w i t h the Company. KOC, therefore, will assume responsibility for all
aspects o f the work involved covering design, procurement,
inspection, installation, erection and testing of the replaced or
modified system.
 6. REQUIREMENTS FOR PIPELINE CROSSINGS
FOR MAJOR HIGHWAYS UNDER CONSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION

The types of protection considered appropriate t o major highways

and motorways is effectively limited t o bridginglculverting construction or
t o the installation of a protective casing around the carrier pipe.

Safety of the public is a prime consideration and this is best served

by the erection of bridges or culverts that allow direct access t o the
pipeline. However, pipelines of secondary importance that are
conservatively designed and n o t subject t o significant corrosion may be
cased, since, in these circumstances, adequate safety factors can be
achieved.

T w o factors influence the type of protection considered necessary.

Namely, the importance of the pipeline t o Company operations and the
safety of both public and KOC staff.

I t is the responsibility of KOC engineers t o determine the existing

state of the pipelines and assess operational exigencies. Since the Company
assumes this responsibility, i t s decision on the form of protection t o be used
will be final and no appeals will be considered.

LINE CLASSIFICATION

Each KOC pipeline will be allocated t o one of three classifications as

defined below. The Company will advise the HCC of the classification of
lines at any particular crossing point.

6.2.1 P r i n c i ~ aLines
l

Lines of major importance t o KOC operations will be classed

as "Principal Lines". Roadway construction must impose minimum
restraints on the continuous use of any line so classified. Where
shutdowns or diversions are considered unavoidable, severe
restrictions or durations and timing will be imposed. The
practicability and acceptability of a shutdown or diversion will be
determined on the individual merits of each particular case.

6.2.2 Minor Lines

Lines of secondary importance t o KOC operations will be

classed as "Minor Lines". For lines in this classification, shutdowns
or diversions may be readily arranged providing that prior approval
has been obtained from KOC.
 6.2.3 Other Lines

Lines not formally classified as either principal or minor will be

termed "Other Lines". Lines falling within this grouping are n o t
readily categorised and would include non-critical hydro-carbon and
gas lines, utility service lines, water mains, etc. No general rules for
these lines will be laid d o w n and each case will be reviewed
individually.

6.3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

6.3.1 Consideration should be given in the design of the highway t o

the minimisation of the number and length of the crossings of KOC
pipelines, and t o the avoidance of unnecessarily close parallel
stretches.

5.3.2 The line of pipeline(s1 shall be maintained without change

throughout the period of highway construction, unless a concession
has been granted by KOC or until such time as any diversion is in
operation. Should long runs of pipe be exposed t o high ambient
temperature, then consideration m u s t necessarily be given t o the
need t o provide some means of accommodating the additional
thermal expansion.

6.3.3 The Highway contracting Company shall exercise all possible

care t o avoid accidental damage t o the pipelines from any cause
whatsoever. (Also see Section 8 for detailed requirements).

6.3.4 For all liquid hydrocarbon and gas lines, the preferred method
of protection is b y bridging or culverting. Accordingly, the Company
is prepared t o consider the diversion of certain lines t o permit their
passage through neighbouring culverts. Unless agreed otherwise all
principal lines shall be bridged or culverted.

6.3.5 The Company may be prepared t o accept cased or sleeved

crossings for Minor or other Lines providing that:

(i) The pipeline is inspected and found t o be in a serviceable

condition w i t h a predicted life of n o t less than t e n years.

(ii) A high level of assurance can be given that no untoward

internal or external corrosion will take place and such metal
wastage that is anticipated may be amply covered by a
corrosion allowance.
 (iii) Due regard is paid t o the recommendations and
provisions of the relevant pipelining standards.

6.3.6 Sections o f lines a t crossings found t o be unserviceable

or inadequate t o satisfy the design safety factors required b y
the appropriate Code o f Practice or this Standard will be
replaced unless the Company decides otherwise in relation t o
the particular circumstances existing.

6.3.7 A t all crossing points, arrangements shall be made for

possible, future pipeline installations by the allocation o f
additional space within culverts or by the provision o f spare
casings to the satisfaction o f the Company.

(3.4 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR LIQUID PETROLEUM PRODUCT AND

CRUDE OIL PIPELINES

6.4.1 In deciding the type o f protection, due regard will be

given t o the maximum design stress level, based o n peak
operating conditions, in relation t o the maximum permitted b y
ANSI B31-4.

6.4.2 Unless agreed otherwise b y the Company, pipelines

operating at design stress levels of 6 0 % of minimum yield
strength or above shall be installed in culverts or bridged.

6.4.3 Pipelines, other than Principal Lines, operating a t design

stress levels below 6 0 % of minimum yield strength may be
cased or sleeved, unless the Company specifically rules
otbarwise.

6.4.4 Mainline block valves shall be so positioned as to limit

the quantity o f petroleum product released in the direct vicinity
of the highway t o acceptable levels in the event o f a major
rupture.

Unless specifically advised otherwise by the Company,

valves shall be located t o limit the pipeline length that may
empty into the highway area in accordance with the following
table:
 PRODUCT PIPE DIAMETER MAXIMUM
LENGTH OF LINE
DISCHARGING

Liquid Petroleum; Up t o 3 0 c m (12in) 10km (6.2 miles)

Crudes
From 3 0 t o 6Ocm
( 12 t o 24in) 5km (3.1 miles)

Above 6 0 c m (24in) 3km ( 1 . 8 6 miles)

I.P.G.

From 3 0 t o 60cm
( 12 t o 24in) 4km (2.5 miles)

Above SOcm (24in) 21tm (1.25 miies)

6.4.5 Valves located at highway crossings shall be a maximum

of 2 5 m ( 8 0 feet) distant from the nearest point o f the hard
shoulder of the roadway.

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR GAS TRANSMISSION PIPELINES

6.5.1 Attention is drawn t o the greater hazards arising from

the operation o f pressurized gas transmission pipelines. Both
American and British Codes acknowledge the need for a
reduction in failure probability in areas of high risk and
accordingly specify lower design stresses for pipelines
traversing relatively highly populated localities,

The Company therefore has followed a similar policy in

drawing up these requirements for highway and motorway
crossings.

6.5.2 Unless a formal concession is given by the Company, no

gas pipelines operating at design stress levels greater than
6 0 % of minimum yield strength will be permitted t o cross a
major highway or motorway.

Where a pipeline is currently operating above the defined

stress level, the options open are t o reduce the line operating
pressure or, if this is not permissible, to replace the section.
 6.5.3 Unless agreed otherwise by the Company pipelines
operating at design stress levels of from 5 0 % t o 6 0 % o f
minimum yield strength shall be installed in culverts or bridged.

6.5.4 Pipelines, other than Principal lines, operating a t design

stress levels below 5 % o f minimum field strength may be
cased or sleeved, within the Company specifically rules
otherwise.

6.5.5 Mainline block valves shall be so positioned as t o limit

the volume of gas released in the direct vicinity o f the highway
i o acceptable levels in the event o f a major rupture.

Unless atlthorised otherwise by the Company, valves

shall be located t o limit the pipeline length that may discharge
into the highway zone in accordance wirh the following table:

PIFE DIAMETER MAXIMUM LENGTH OF

LINE DiSCHARGlNG

Up t o 30 c m ( 12 in) 6 m (3.75 miles)

From 3 0 t o 6 0 c m
( 12 t o 24in) 3 k m (1.8 miles)

Above 6 0 c m 2km (1.25 miles)

6.5.6 Valves located at highway crossings shall be a minimum

o f 5 0 m ( 1 6 0 feet) distant from the nearest point of the hard
shoulder of the roadway.

6.5.7 Consideration shall be given t o the desirability o f

installing automatic isolating valves at crossings located in a
populated or built-up area.

6.6 PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS

6.6.1 Bridainq

Bridging is an acceptable means of protecting KOC

pipelines providing that the specific requirements o f this
standard are satisfied. Lines must be treated in a similar
manner t o those culverted and similar minimum clearances
shall apply.

Hydrocarbon liquid and gas lines shall not be permitted

t o remain buried unless a special dispensation is obtained from
the Company.
 The needs o f "Other Lines" will be given individual
attention on an "ad hoc" basis.

6.6.2 Culverts

In this text, culverts designed t o protect a number o f

pipelines will be refereed t o as "Main Culverts" and culverts
designed t o protect single lines as "Box Culverts".

Main Culverts

KOC require direct access ?o lines t o

facilitate inspection and repairs in service. I t is
preferable therefore that pipsline under-passes
pass through culverts. This merhod is mandatory
for all hydrocarbon liquid or gas lines, other
hydrocarbon liquid or gas lines, whether classified
as rnirior or olher lines, that are covered by the
requirements of clauses 6.4.2 arid 6.5.3.

Where culverts are used 1:hey must meel

the following general requirements.

(a) Unless agreed otherwise, a suitable pipeline support

system shall be provided by the HCC. The pipeline
support unit shall restrict both vertical and lateral
displacements and where necessary, permit longitudinal
movement t o take place with minimum restraint.
Designs o f support system, acceptable t o the Company,
for both fixed or longitudinally free applications are
shown in Figure 1. Alternative schemes may be offered
providing that the declared design requirements are met.
In preparing the detailed designs due regard should be
given t o the relevant sections of BS 3974 - Pipe
Supports and/or MSS Standard Practice CP-69 - Pipes
Hangers and Supports.

For straight runs o f standard pipe the spacing between

supports shall not exceed the spans given in the
following table:
 The line profile directly under the road and in the immediately
vicinity* t o either side should be straight and level or slightly
sloped i n such a manner as will facilitate the complete
drainage of the underpass sections.

*50m t o either side of crossing t o be assumed for initial

schemes.

Adequate provision for drainage shall be made. The floor

shall be concreted and suitable surnps/channels provided. A
bilge pump sump shall be positioned in agreement w i t h KOC.

Pipework within the culvert containing hydrocarbon fluids and

gases shall be fully welded i.e. flanged connections will not
be permitted under normal circumstances.

Pipe supports and lines shall be so arranged as t o leave a t

least one clear w a l k w a y n o t less than 7 5 0 m m wide.

The structure shall be able t o withstand any additional loads

that may arise following the gross failure of any or all of the
enclosed lines. Arrangements must be made for the adequate
and safe venting of any contained spaces under fault
conditions.

(ii) Access

(a) The access cutting or w a y leading t o the culvert shall be such as

will permit the removal and replacement of.lines. Any demountable
side or end wall enclosures t o the culvert shall be so designed and
constructed as t o permit their ready and safe removal t o provide
access for major maintenance works.

(b) Entry doors or access traps shall be sized t o permit the passage
of standard maintenance and inspection equipment as advised by
KOC.

(c) The access w a y shall be suitably enclosed t o deny entry t o

unauthorised persons.

(iii) Internal Clearances

(a) Minimum head room above top surface of pipe t o be 1m. (See
also "d" below).
 (b) Minimum ground clearance beneath bottom surface of pipe t o be
500mm.
(c) Minimum side clearance between lines or a line and surrounding
structureb) t o be 5 0 0 m m . (See also "d" below).

(d) Minimum horizontal clearance t o any one side of any line t o 1 m

or 1-YZ times line diameter whichever is the greater. If this
requirement cannot be met, then minimum head room must be
increased t o 2 m or 1-YZ times t o diameter of the pipe whichever is
greater.

6.6.2.2 Box Culvert

"Eox Culvert" is defined as a "close" culvert for

a single line, but still permitting access for inspection
and maintenance. In this case, the requirements will
be as for the Main Culvert (section 6.6.2.1) except
that the Dimensional Requirements will be simplified
to:

(a) The Box Culvert shall be so dimensioned as t o give

reasonable access for personnel and provide sufficient
horizontal clearance t o permit the removal of line
sections.

(b) Unless authorized otherwise, the radial clearance

around the pipe shall n o t be less than 7 5 0 m m (30in)
nor the internal height less than 1.5m (60ins).

6.6.3 Casinas (or Sleeves1

KOC are prepared t o accept the use of casings (or sleeves) on

Minor or Other Lines that are shown t o be i n a serviceable
condition and meet the conditions of clauses 6.4.3 and 6.5.4.

Any casings used shall meet the minimum requirements of

API 1 1 0 2 - Recommended Practice for Liquid Petroleum
Pipelines crossing Railroads and Highways.

Wherever practicable, the line and casing profile should be

such as t o ensure that sludge and/or condensate pools m a y
not collect beneath or in the immediate vicinity* of the
roadway.

* 5 0 m t o each side of crossing t o be assumed for initial

schemes.

A spare casing shall be provided on a one for t w o basis for all

lines cased (or sleeved) a t multi-point crossing locations.
Individual lines crossings a t isolated points, i.e. 5 0 0 m or more
from the nearest lines(s) shall be provided w i t h spare casings
on a one for one basis.
 The internal diameter of the casings used should be n o t less
than 1 5 c m (6in) greater than the external diameter of the
transmission pipeline.

Both ends of casing pipes shall be extended for a minimum

distance of 1 0 m " beyond the boundary of the "black-top"
road surface measured a t normal t o the road axis.

"This minimum distance may be increased at the discretion

of the Highway Design Authority.

The ground on w h i c h the sleeves rest shall be compacted t o

form a uniform continuous medium.

Unless agreed otherwise all casings, both used or spare, shall

be provided and installed by the HCC. The precise location
of the casings shall be subject t o the approval of KOC.

DIVERSIONS

Diversions are acceptable t o bring lines under a culvert or bridge

providing that the diversions m a y be s h o w n t o be both practicable and
economically justified. Proposals for the diversion of any lines shall be
submitted t o KOC for approval i n principle a t the earliest possible stage.

KOC PIPELINE RESERVATION

The KOC Pipeline Reservation is a 1 0 0 metre wide track that

extended from Mina t o North Kuwait.

In planning roadways or road systems that are likely t o bring a build-

u p of population or industrial development i n the vicinity of the Pipeline
Reservation it is essential that:

(i) Major highways running parallel t o the reservation maintain a

distance of 2 5 m minimum depth between the road side and
Reservation limit.

(ii) Roadways bounding residential areas or industrial estates of

workshop areas maintain a distance of not less than 1 0 m from
roadside t o Reservation limit.

(iii) The positioning of electrical apparatus (lighting standards;

switchgear; junction boxes; etc.) within the immediate area of the
pipeline reservation is t o be avoided, if possible.

For the purpose of hazardous area classification for electrical

apparatus, a Zone 2 region exists, w h i c h extends vertically upwards
from ground level t o a height of 8 m ( 2 5 f t ) and horizontally 8 m ( 2 5
2 4 ft) on each side of the reservation boundary, giving a hazardous
area gross width of 1 1 6 m (1 3 0 yds).
 Such electrical apparatus that m a y be authorised by the Company for
installation within the hazardous zone shall comply w i t h the
appropriate parts of BS 5 3 4 5 - Selection, Installation and
Maintenance of Electrical Apparatus for Use in Potentially Explosive
Atmospheres and be certified t o this effect. Unless agreed
otherwise, the equipment installed shall have a surface temperature
rating of T3 (i.e., 200°C maximum). Lighting fittings (luminaries)
shall comply w i t h the requirements of BS 4533 Part 2; Section 2.1 -
Electric Luminaries and t o the appropriate associated standards
quoted therein.

6.9 KOC RESPONSIBILITIES

6.9.1 KOC t o formally approve all pipeline crossing schemes.

6.9.2 KOC t o be satisfied on the arrangements for controlling
quality standards relating directly t o the pipelines and have the right
of inspection.

6.9.3 In the case of any diversions that may be s h o w n t o be

desirable, KOC t o assume full responsibility for the design,
procurement and construction.

6.9.4 KOC t o ascertain condition of pipelines to be crossed b y the

highway.

6.9.5 'flhilst the Highway Contracting Company carries the full

responsibility for the safety of their structures under normal and fault
conditions, KOC will provide the necessary basic data relating t o the
assessment of hazards originating from KOC services.
 7. CLEARANCES BETWEEN BURIED PIPELINES,
SERVICES CABLES AND UNDERGROUND
STRUCTURES

INTRODUCTION

This section lays d o w n the precautions that are considered

necessary, when KOC services cross or converge with other service lines,
whether owned by the Company or others.

Safeguards are necessary since enhanced corrosion may occur in the .

systems involved. Conditions may well be severe when a cathodically
protected pipeline interacts w i t h an unprotected line or buried structure.
(e.g., steel reinforced or piled foundations for bridges, buildings, pylons,
etc.).

The subject is complex and i t is essential that proven good

engineering practices be followed. In particular, due regard shall be given
t o relevant recommendations made in British Standard Code of Practice:
CP 1021 - Cathodic Protection

In general, adverse interaction between buried structures i n the

presence of an impressed electrical current field may be mitigated by:

(i) Improving the quality of the insulating coating on any cathodically

protected, primary structure.

(ii) Minimising the electrolytic potential gradient i n the vicinity of

secondary structures b y ensuring that impressed currents are the
minimum necessary t o provide an acceptable level of protection.

(iii) Increasing the spacing between primary and secondary structures.

Allowing adequate clearance between underground structures is a

simple and effective method of reducing galvanic interaction since it
is desirable, in any case, t o provide ample space around pipelines for
easy and safe access for repair operations. Established codes and
standards* unfortunately do not provide an adequate treatment of
this subject, although CP 1021 includes a general recommendation
for cathodically protected installations (Sub-clause 8.3.4.3(3)refers).

In the following sub-sections, certain minimum standards of

protection acceptable t o the Company are defined. Each particular
case will be subject t o examination b y Company engineers and each
scheme will require t o be formally approved. These provisions,
however, may be used as the bases for the preparation of preliminary
budget estimates.
 Under normal circumstances, a n e w pipeline would be run below the
original line. However, when the depth of cover over the existing
+
line is sufficient (i.e. equals or exceeds (2m diameter of n e w line),
then the n e w line m a y be run above the original, provided the
required ground and separation clearances are maintained.

Where the Company require interaction tests t o be carried out t o

ascertain potential gradients at critical locations, the costs of
carrying out such tests shall be borne by the Highway Contracting
Company, unless agreed otherwise.

* A s listed in Sub-section 11.2.

7.2 PIPELINES AhlD UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES NOT CATHODICALLY

PROTECTED
-

7.2.1 The standard clearance required between buried pipelines and

other underground steel structures shall not be less than 1 m (See
Figure 2).

7.2.2 This clearance m a y be reduced t o a minimum of 0.5m,

providing that it can be clearly established, t o the satisfaction of the
Company, that no strong electrical fields are present i n the area, or,
if present, will not subject the pipelines or structures t o a positive
potential change a t any point greater than 20mV.

7.3 CATHODICALLY PROTECTED PIPELINES AND UN-PROTECTED

UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES

7.3.1 The standard clearance required between buried, cathodically

protected pipelines and un-protected, underground pipelines and
structures shall be n o t less than I m. I n addition, an interline bond
shall be installed.

When conditions are such as t o make it impracticable or

uneconomic t o attain the standard clearance, then the clearance may
be reduced t o n o t less t h a n 0.5m providing that:

(i) A n interline bond is established.

(ii) The insulation on the protected, primary pipeline(s) is

increased t o double normal thickness for a minimum distance
of 1m from each side of the crossing point or convergence.
 (iii) Consideration is also given t o the advisability of installing
insulation or improving the standard of existing insulation on
the un-protected, secondary line or structure providing t h a t a
high level of assurance m a y be given of coating integrity.

(iv) It is understood that the Company reserves the right t o

require interaction surveys t o be carried out should KOC
engineers have any doubts on the adequacy of the
arrangements.

7.3.3 The interline bond shall be an insulated copper conductor,

adequately sized t o carry any fault current that may flow and, in any
case, shall not be less than 1 6 m m 2 i n cross-sectional area. Both
open a ~ buried
d bonds shall be suitably protected from mechanical
or other damage. The position of buried bonds shall be "sign-
posted" t o permit easy location for periodic inspection.

7.4 PIPELINES AND UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES BOTH CATHODICALLY

PROTECTED

7.4.1 Preference should be given t o developing a joint cathodic

protection scheme that will safeguard both pipelines and structures.
Under these conditions, the minimum clearance shall be 0.5m.

7.4.2 Interaction tests shall be carried out should either the

Company or the other operating group so request.

7.4.3 Should any doubts exist on the ready achievement of a jointly

operated system, then the minimum clearance acceptable t o the
Company shall be 0.5m and the provisions defined i n Sub-sections
7.3.2 and 7.3.3 shall apply.

7.4.4 In the event that the requirements of Sub-section 7.3.2 are

not met, the standard minimum clearance of 1m shall apply.

7.5 PIPELINES, ELECTRICAL POWER CABLES AND TELECOMMUNICATION

SIGNAL CABLES

7.5.1 Crossina of P i ~ e l i n e sand Electrical Power

or Telecommunication Cables

The following are minimum requirements and are subject t o

detailed examination and formal approval by the Company in any
particular case.
7.5.1 (1) Low Voltase* Power and Telecommunication Cables

Case A [See Figure 4 ( a ) l

Where the pipeline or containment sleeve upper point

is 1.25m or more below ground level, the power or signal
cable should be run i n ducts above the pipeline providing that
the appropriate minimum clearance indicated can be achieved.

" 4 4 0 V and below

Case 8 [See Figure 4(5)1

Where the pipeline or containment sleeve upper point

is less than 1 . 2 5 m below ground level, the power or signal
cable should be run in ducts w i t h the upper point of the duct
at the appropriate minimum clearance indicated below the
invert of the pipe or sleeve.

7.5.1 (2) Cables O ~ e r a t i n aa t 3.3KV and Above

[See Figure 4 ( c ) l

I n the case of systems operating a t or above 3.3kV,

the power cable shall be run below the pipeline, unless
authorised otherwise by the Company. The installation shall
be such as will ensure that the following minimum clearances
are maintained:

INVERT OF PIPE TO UPPER MINIMUM CLEARANCE

POINT OF DUCT

Under n o circumstances shall the depth below ground

level of 3 . 3 and 1 1 .OkV cables be less than 1m ( 3 f t ) or 1.25m
( 4 f t ) respectively.

The minimum clearances t o apply t o cables operating

a t voltages above 1 1 .OkV will be the subject of an individual
assessment relating t o the particular circumstances a t the
crossing point.
 7.5.1 (3) Where requested by KOC, a suitable length of
cable slack shall be provided at each crossing point.
Acceptable means of meeting this requirements are
shown i n Figure 3. Cable runs shall be such as will
ensure that minimum bending radii are n o t exceeded.

7.5.1 (4) Particular care is required where telecom-

munication cables are installed in the vicinity of a
pipeline cathodic protection system since, under
certain conditions, interference may result.

It remains the responsibility of the Highway

Contracting Company t o satisfy KOC on the adequacy
of the arrangements taken t o prevent such
interference. Under no circumstances will a clearance
of less than 1m (39in) be accepted.

7.5.2 Clearance Between Electrical Power And Telecommunication

Sianal Cable

Interaction between power and telecommunication cables is

dependent upon a range of parameters and factors. Each case will
require individual consideration.

As a general rule, where such cables follow parallel routes a

minimum separation of 1 metre is appropriate; for parallel runs of
more than 5 0 metres i n length a minimum separation of 1.5 metres
must be maintained.

This requirement is essential t o eliminate, in the event of an

earth fault on the power cable, potentially dangerous voltages,
presenting a hazard t o both life and equipment, being induced into
the communication cable.

Where it is necessary for a power cable t o cross a

telecommunication cable (or vice versa) it shall cross as near t o right
angles as is practicable. A minimum vertical distance of 5 0 0 m m
shall be maintained for crossing w i t h single core or multi core power
cable carrying 6 5 0 volts and above.

Any additional protection t o limit interaction, as m a y be

deemed necessary b y KOC, shall be provided for the power and/or
telecommunication cable by the Highway Contracting Company.
 - 20 -
8. PROTECTION DURING CONSTRUCTION PERIOD

8.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

8.1.1 The Highway Contracting Company shall accept the full

responsibility for the safety of KOC personnel, plant and services
during the construction period. A formal acceptance of liability shall
be submitted t o cover all w o r k carried out on or in the vicinity of
KOC service lines and property. (See Appendix "B").

8.1.2 The HCC shall ensure that all required and relevant safety
regulations and provisions are implemented t o the satisfaction of the
Company.

8.1.3 Excavation or Work Permits shall be submitted t o cover all

work or operations t o be carried out. No work will be permitted
unless the relevant permit has been formally approved.

8.1.4 Buried pipelines or service cables in the vicinity of or passing

through the construction area shall be clearly marked or flagged prior
t o the commencement of construction. A 1Om wide clear zone shall
be established on each side of the pipeline areas and heavy lorries,
earth moving equipment, etc., shall be denied access t o this area.

8.1.5 Within the 1 0 m clear zone, thus designated, only hand

excavation will be allowed unless a special concession has been
obtained and a w o r k permit specifically endorsed t o this effect has
been formally issued.

8.1.6 No part of any plant, mobile or static or any equipment or

cranage is t o be brought within 1 5 m of any electrical overhead
power lines, whether major or minor, unless prior approval has been
obtained from the Electrical Maintenance Department and an
appropriate permit issued.

8.1.7 The arrangements made b y the HCC shall be subject t o

Company approval and KOC representatives shall be permitted
access t o all constructional areas a t all times for the purpose of
surveillance.

8.2 TEMPORARY CROSSING POINTS

Where i t is necessary for KOC pipelines t o be crossed on a temporary

basis during the construction period t o permit diversions from existing roads
or the passage of construction vehicles, the following provisions precautions
shall be made.
8.2.1 Excavations shall be carried out a t the crossing position(s)
under the direction of KOC staff. The Company will carry out an
inspection of the line(s), report on their condition, and advise the
HCC on the protection measures t o be taken.

8.2.2 In the case of liquid hydro-carbon lines, the requirements of

API RP 110 2 - Recommended Practice for Liquid Petroleum Pipelines
crossing Railroads and Highways shall be followed by the Highway
Contracting Company t o assess the need if any, for bridging,
culverting or casing the line. Details of the assumptions made
together w i t h supporting calculations and drawings shall be
submitted t o the Company for vetting and approval.

8.2.3 In the case of Gas or Vapour lines, uncased crossings will not
be permitted even on a temporary basis. These lines will require t o
be bridged, culverted or cased t o prevent traffic loadings being
transmitted t o the pipe walls.
 9. FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS

Financial cover for all the costs arising to KOC that are directly
attributable to the construction of the highway shall be provided by
the Government Department initiating the work. The sums budgeted
shall be based on the protection standards defined in this
specification, unless authorised otherwise.

KOC will submit cost estimates for all the engineering works
for which it will take full responsibility to the Government Department
concerned for inclusion in the Project Budget.

Mutually acceptable arrangements shall be agreed for the

utilisation of these funds and special provisions shall be made t o
permit material orders to be placed at an early stage. The
arrangement finally agreed will serve as the basis for a formal
agreement between KOC, the Highway Contracting Company and the
Government Department concerned.

10. INTERCOMMUNICATION

The formal route for communication between the Company and

the HCC will be through the Relations Department of KOC, which will
direct HCC staff to the various specialist groups involved within the
Company.

English is the technical language of the Company and it is

requested, therefore, that any reports, drawing notes, calculations,
etc., necessarily submitted for examination and/or approval should be
prepared in this language.

It is requested also that supervisory staff in control of site

labour for on behalf of the HCC should be fluent in both Arabic and
Enalish, when this is clearlv necessarv for effective communication.
 11. CODES AND SPECIFICATION

The following codes and specifications are relevant t o this w o r k and

due reference should be made t o them, as and when necessary.

1 1.1 KOC SPEClFlCATlONS OR REGULATIONS

11.1.1 General Specification for Civil Engineering,

Building and Electrical Works.

11.1.2 General Specification for Electrical Engineering in

Industrial Plants.

11.1.3 General Conditions o f Contract for Engineering

Construction and Maintenance Contracts.

11 .'I.4 Safety Regulations.

11.1.5 Fire Regulations and Procedures in case o f fire.

11.1.6 Safety Rules - Electrical Power System and High

Pressure Apparatus.

11.2 NATIONAL CODES

11.2.1 ANSI 831 -4 Liquid Petroleum Transportation

Piping Systems.

11.2.2 ANSI B31-8 Gas Transmission and Distribution

Piping Systems.

11.2.3 API RP 1102 Recommended Practice for Liquid

P e t r o l e u m Pipelines C r o s s i n g
Railroads and Highways.

11.2.4 IP Model Code o f Safe Practice:

Part 6 - Petroleum Pipelines.

11.2.5 British Standard CP 1021 : Cathodic Protection.

11 - 2 . 6 CClTT - Yellow Book - Vol IX - Protection against

Interference.
 - 24 -

GENERAL NOTES - PIPE SUPPORTS

1. The range of pipe supports detailed in sheets 2, 3 and 4 are units

intended primarily for use on relatively highly rated, hydrocarbon and
other critical lines* when it is important to safeguard the piping from
ill-defined, imposed stresses and/or localised corrosion. Their use is
particularly recommended in situations in which a line failure may put
the public at risk.

"Hoop stresses of 50% of minimum yield strength or greater

and lines for which fatigue is a design criterion or stress
corrosion cracking a probable failure mode.

Units may be selected t o provide fixed or longitudinally free supports.

In order to provide comprehensive coverage, the range has been
extended t o cover supports for pipes up to 1500mm (60in) in
diameter. Whilst these designs (or similar) have been proven in
service upto sizes of 900mm (36in), in this is not the case for the
larger units. Accordingly, Project Engineers are advised t o prove a
prototype assembly for units sized 1000mn-I (40in) and above prior t o
putting the design into full production.

3. The designs are based on the limiting spans detailed in sub-section

6.6.2 of this specification. Longer spans should not be used without
the approval of the Supervising Engineer.

4. Units may be used without the bolted top cover if a pipe cradle only
is required. In this role, the supporting cradle may be simplified t o a
tubular section covering an arc of 140°, if desired.

5. Only functional dimensions are toleranced; the basic designs may be

adapted t o suit particular applications at the discretion of the
Supervising Engineer.

6. In the case of longitudinally free units, it has not proven possible to

define the form of sliding bearing pads t o be used, since various l o w
friction materials are suitable for use.

In any particular application, the form and fixing of the sliding bearing
pads must be specified and the angle iron guides dimensioned t o suit.
 'A'
-I
iPTl 'U'DIA.xV'LC.

DETAIL
(WELDED GUIDES)

LOW FRICTION BEARING

PADS-DlAGt(AhlhfAT1C ONLY. -4 I-
7.5+25 / FLAT BAR WELDED
TO 5Ox5Ox5RSA.
( S E E GENERAL NOTE 5 )

HOLES TO S U I T
U3DIA.BOLTS.

1
1-
IlOLES TO SUIT
h t 1 2 UOL'I'S.
* S E E GENERAL NOTE 6 DETAIL

'F'
-I I- 'N' -

P I P E S U P P O R T WITH SLIDING BASE NOTES:

(A) DIhfENSIONS SYhlhfE'I'HICAI1,Y DISPOSED
ABOUT VEIZ'I'ICAL CEN'I'RE LINES UNLESS
INDICA'I'EU OTIIEIZWISE.

! W S 'TO S I l T (11) NOlihlAl, 12N(;INICIZlilN(; 'I'OI.ERAN('l?S Al'lll,Y

IJSI)IA 1iOl:l'S l % ~ ' l ~ ~ I ' W1114Xb~
l' 1NI)1('ArI'EI) o'I'llfaXwlsk!.

( C ) BASEPLA'I'E MAY U E WELDED I N POSITION,

WHERE APIJROI'RIA'I'E,AND BASEPLATE
DlhlENSIONS 'I'RIhlMEl) 1'0 SUIT.

(I)) NOMINAL ILEIGII'I' MAY B E ADJUSTED UP 01t

DOWN TO S U I T A PEKTICLILAR APPLICATION
I'T SHOULD NO'I' RE INCREASED,HOWEVER,
BY hiOliE THAN 50% IVUHOUT TIIE APPROVAL
P I P E S U P P O R T WITH FIXED BASE O F 'I'HE SIIIJEI~VISING ENGINEER.
(NOT TO SCALE)

-
KUWAIT OIL COMPANY (K.S.C.)
FIGURE 1 SHEET 2
1 P I P E SUPPORTS

- --
PACP Nn ?El
 During installation, the initial position of the moving support on the
bearing track must be correctly adjusted to permit the direction and
range of expansion movement anticipated to be accommodated.

7. In normal use, direct contact between the pipe and support clamp will
be avoided by the application of suitable, resilient sleeves or
wrappings appropriate t o the operating temperature. It remains the
responsibility of the Supervising Engineer to ensure that the diameter
of the clamp ring and the outer diameter of the sleeved or wrapped
pipe are such as will provide a secure fit. For general purposes, it is
suggested that an appropriate tolerance for the clamp ring would be:

( + 1 % of O.D. of wrapped pipe

(- 0

8. Insulated pipework should be provided with a reinforcing sleeve or

shield at the support point. Particular care is necessary with insulated
cold pipes incorporating a vapour barrier. Where a support sleeve is
used, it is not mandatory for the sleeve exterior to be wrapped.

9. Materials of construction shall be generally in accordance with the

recommendations of BS 3974 or MSS-SP-58, or be of equivalent or
superior grades.

10. Unless specified otherwise, all steel parts shall be given a good
quality paint finish suitable for the working conditions. For normal
applications, the steel shall be blast-cleaned to SA 2 % . For surface
temperatures not exceeding 150°C, t w o zinc Chromate priming coats,
giving a minimum, overall DFT of 5 0 microns, followed by an
aluminium top coats, or coats, giving a minimum DFT of 35 microns,
would be required.

The particular painting specification proposed shall be submitted t o

KOC for approval.
 5Ox5Ox5RSA
r CUT TO SUIT.
'A' _]

DE'IAIL
(VELUED GUIDES)

7.5tE,5
--! I--
,f-FLAT BAR WELDED
TO 5Ox50x5RSA.

hi12 BOL'SS.
DETAIL
(BOLTED GUIDES)

P I P E S U P P O R T WITH SLIDING BASE NOTES:

(A) DIhfENSIONS SYhihIE'I'RICAII,Y DISPOSED
AHOUT VE1:'I'ICAI. CEN'I'RE LINES UNLESS
1NI)ICA'I'ED OTIIEIZIYISE.

(C) IJASEPLA'I'I' MAY UE WELDED IN POSI'I'ION,

WHEW APIJIIOI'RIA'I'E,AND BASEPLA'I'E
1)IhlENSIONS 'I'RIhIMEI) TO S U I T .
(I)) NOhllNAL IIEIGII'I' MAY LIE ADJUSTED U P OR
DOWN TO S U I T A PEKTICULAN APPLICATION
I T SHOULD NOT RE INCREASED,HOWEVER,
LIY AfOllE THAN 50% WI'I'IIOUT T I E APPROVAL
P I P E S U P P O R T WITH FIXED BASE OF' 'I'IIE SUI'EKVISING ENGINEER.
(NOT TO SCALE)

I KUWAIT OIL COMPANY (K.S.C.)

FIGURE 1 SHEET 2
PIPE SUPPORTS
150 TO 350mm.
DATE OF ISSUE : DECEMBER 1982 --
' S E E DRAWING NOTE 'D' PAGE NO. 25
 DETAIL
(WELDED GUIDES)

-? 1-
7.51L,S
-
/- PLAT BAR WELDED
1'0 B l l \ t i u ~ l O R S A .

.- ,. HOLES 'I'O SUI'P

t
I t-
'E'
ii 1) 11; I'AIL
M24 BOUI'S

C. 'F'
-I (BOLTED GUIDES)

PIPE SUPPORT WITH SLIDING BASE NOTES:

(A) I)IhlENSIONS SYhfhfETKICALLY DISPOSED
ABOUT VEII'I'ICAL CENTRE LINES UNLESS
INDICATED OTIIERIYISE.

(B) NORhlAI, ENGINEERlNG TOLERANCES APPLY

EXCEIJ'l' WHERE INDICA'I'EI) OTHERWISE.

( C ) BBSI:'EJI.ATE MAY HE WELIIED I N I'OSITION,

WIIERE A P I J I I O P l t I ~ ~ ' I ' E , ~ ~UASEPI.A'L'E
N1~
DlhllCNSIONS 'I'IUMhtEI) 'I'O SUIT.
.'('
-I i I-- ''I"
-4 ( I ) ) NOMINAL IIEIGII'I' MAY 11E ADJUS'I'KD IJP 01<
C- 'S'
- 'U' DOWN '1'0 SiJl'1' A I'I<1;'1'1(,'IJI.AF\ API'I.IL'A'I'ION
l'l' SIlO(1LD NOT rlE INCItEASED,HOIYEVL'R,
BY hfO1:l.: 'L'IIAN 5 0 % WI'1'lIOUT T H E APrJROVAL
PIPE SUPPORT WITH FIXED BASE O F THE SUPERVISING ENGINEER.
(NOT 'TO SCALE)

KUWAIT OIL COMPANY (K.S.C.)

FIGURE I SHEET 3
P I P E SUPPORTS
400 1'0 7501nm.
DA'IE OF ISSUE : DECEblUER 1902
' SEE DRAWING NOTE 'D' DACP Nn OR
 9Ox90xlORSA
7 5 + 5~ CUT ?.U S U I T .

DE'I'AIL
(WEIJIED G U I D E S )

FLAT BAR WELDED

-? 1L5z2.5/-- TO 9Ox90xlORSA.

I1
-IIOLES T O SUIT
-
DETAIL 1124 BOLTS.
(DOibED GUIDES)
NOTES:
(A) UIMENSIONS SYhlhiETRICALLY DISPOSED
ABOUT VERTICAL CENTRE LINES UNLESS
1NI)ICA'I'ISD O'I'III:'ItIYISI?'.

( B ) NORMAL ENGINEERING TOLERANCES APPLY

EXCEIJT WHERE INDICATED OTHERWISE.

(C) BASEPLA'I'E hIAY B E WELDED IN POSITION,

PIPE SUPPORT WITH SLIDING RASE WHERE APPIIOPRIATE,AND BASEPLATE
DIhiENSIONS TRIMMED TO SUIT.

( D ) I N T H E CASE O F BOLTED BASES BOLT

POSITIONS MAY NEED 1'0 B E ADJUSTED T O
S U I T T H E PARTICULAR S U P P O R T I N G STRUCTURE

(E) ON WELDED 8: HOLTED BASEPLATES,PLUG &

S 1 . W WELDS MAY 11E I.OCATED,AS APPROPRATE,
1'0 I'ROVI1)E A FIA'I',SECURE SURFACE FOR
S1,II)ING SUIJI'O1t'I'S.

I '9"
',I'
4 1 SEE OILAWING NOTE 'i.
SEE DRAWING NOTE 'C'
(F) NOMINAL IIEIGII'I' HAY IjE ADJUSTED U P OR
HOWN 'KO SUlrI' A I'k~IU'ICULAl? AIJIJL1CA'I'ION
I?' S I I O U I D NO'I' 11E INCREASED,IIOWEVER,
BY MORE THAN YO"/, WI'I'IIOUT T H E APPROVAL
O F 1'IIE SUPEIiVISING ENGINEER.
PIPE SUPPORT WITH FIXED BASE
(SEE DRAWING NOTES 'cS&'D') ( G l T H E LIh,iITING SIJAN FOR T H I S RANGE OF
P I P E SUPPORTS IS 10.lM.(33FT) UNLESS
AUTIIORISED OTHERWISE BY THE
SUPERVISING ENGINEEl{.

I KUWAIT 01L COMPANY (K.S.C.)

FIGURE i SHEET 4
PIPE SUPPORTS

F- 1 ISSUE
8 0 0 TO 1 5 0 0 m m .
: DKCEbIBiR ,962
PACE NO. 27
I
$ EXISTING PIPELINE

I KUWAIT OIL COMPANY (K.S.C.)

FIGURE 2 PAGE 28

I TYPICAL CROSSING OF PIPELINES

WITH STAYDARD CLEARilNCES
I MINIMUM DEPTH
75Omm.
7)

*-*----
I
I iL GREATER
1 3 0 m m OR

a ) LOW VOLTAGE POWER AND TELECOYMC3ICATION CABLES.

LESS THAN

I MINIMUlvf DEPTH
750mm.
\ r-T------ 4 -,CABLE
1250mm.

I MINIMUM CLEARANCE DUCT

b) LOW VOLTAGE POWER AND TELECOMMUNICATION CABLES.

---
-------------

'L- DUCT

MINIMUM CLEARANCE lOOOmm - 11.OKv.

MINIMUM DEPTH lOOOmm - 3.3Kv.
MINIMUM DEPTH 1250mm - 11.OKv.

C ) POWER CABLES 3.3Kv. AND ABOVE.

I KUWAIT OIL COMPANY (K,S.C.)

FIGURE 4 PAGE 30

CABLE AND PIPELINE CROSSINGS

-dCUW-PlrL -
 APPENDIX 'A'
KOC STD 38 1113 Pt. 1

SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS FOR PIPELINES

A. 1 FAILURE PROBABILITY

Failures of pressurised systems occur as a result of an increase in

stress levels arising from the conditions of service. The cause of these
increases may be:

(il Material wastage resulting from internal or external corrosion/erosion

mechanisms.

(ii) Development of incipient faults within the material due t o super-

imposed service or environmental loads.

(iii) Over-stressing caused b y fault or accidental occurrences.

Clearly, the probability of failures resulting from external causes will

be lowest when the environment is n o t corrosive/erosive and the pipework
is n o t subject t o random or indeterminate external loads.

INCIDENT SEVERITY

Apart from gross over-pressurisation or accidental damage, ruptures

or penetrations of pipelines will normally occur as the result one of t w o
processes:

(i) By thinning of the pipe wall b y corrosion/erosion affecting the

general surface or particular zones which may result in a major
rupture.

AND

(ii) By the development of very localised pits or material faults t h a t m a y

result i n penetration and leakage.

Whilst general surface wastage may be covered by the addition of a

corrosion allowance, localised pits, etc., are not so readily dealt with.
Luckily, in these cases, a leak will normally develop as a precursor of
potential major rupture.

Pipeline inspections are carried out periodically t o ascertain current

state. The standard and scope of these inspections are influenced by the
accessibility of the line.
 A higher standard of inspection is possible on 'open' lines since there
are fewer restrictions on the examination procedures that may be used.
Inspections m a y be more frequent and hence leakage points are more likely
t o be discovered at an early stage of development, permitting prompt
remedial action.

A.3 DESIGN CODE CONSIDERATIONS

I t is Company policy t o comply w i t h the provisions and requirements

of the following pipeline Codes of Practice:

ANSIIASME B31.4 - Liquid Petroleum Transportation Piping

Systems ( 1979 Edition cited).

ANSIIASME B31.8 - Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping

Systams (1 975 Edition cited).

These codes differ in the recommendations made that relate t o

highway crossings and the differences are identified briefly in the following
sub-sections.

A.3.1 Liauid Petroleum P i ~ i n aSvstems

The requirements for highway crossings are stated

thus:

"434.13.4 Railroad and Highway Crossings

The safety of the general public and the prevention of

damage TO the pipeline by reason of its location are
primary considerations. The great variety of such
crossings preclude standard design. The construction
specifications shall cover the procedure for such
crossings, based upon the requirements of the specific
location.

Installation of carrier pipe, or casing if used, shall be in

accordance w i t h API RP 1102. A s specified i n
4 6 1 .I.2(f) if casing is used, coated carrier pipe shall
be independently supported outside each end of the
casing, insulated from the casing throughout the cased
section, and casing ends shall be sealed using a
durable, electrically non-conductive material.

The sum of the circumferential stresses due t o internal

design pressure and external load in pipe installed
under railroads or highways without use of casing
shall n o t exceed the allowable circumferential stresses
noted in 402.3.2(3)."
 Hence, both cased and uncased pipe may be used
subject t o the specified stress limitations i.e.
design stress limited to 72% of minimum yield
strength for normal application.

The code also includes mandatory requirements

for block and isolating valves (Sub-section
434.15).The need for additional block-valves at
crossing points will require to be assessed in
relation t o existing locations, terrain profile and
the necessity t o place limits on the amount o f
leakage that may be permitted adjacent t o the
highway under fault conditions.

Gas Transmission P i ~ i n aSvstems

The provisions of ANSI 31.8 differ considerably to those

relating to liquid petroleum lines. In this standard, the factor
of safety is related t o the environment through which the
pipeline runs in desert or open country, design stresses up t o
72% of minimum yield are permitted whereas, in areas of
dense population and heavy traffic, this limit is reduced t o
40%. *

*Considered as the sum of both primary and secondary

stresses.

The Standard lays down certain requirements for cover

of buried pipelines (para 841.142)and then states:

"Where these cover provisions cannot be met or where

external loads may be excessive, the pipeline shall be encased,
bridged or designed t o withstand any anticipated external
load".

The design requirements for casings are given in para

841 .I 44, which also specifies the form of construction t o be
~ s e din particular locations.

Section 846 of the code deals with the spacing and

location of block valves on transmission lines. Similar
considerations arise as those noted in the previous sub-section
for liquid petroleum lines.
A.4 SUMMARY

The factors that influence failure probability and incident

severity have been examined and i t has been argued that optimum
safety conditions will be achieved when the line is accessible for
direct inspection.

Recognised pipelining codes, relating to liquid petroleum and

gas transmission lines, clearly identity gas lines as presenting the
greater hazard and higher factors of safety are demanded.

In the light of these considerations and the Company's desire

to maintain high standards of safety, the Company has prepared
specific recommendations for highway crossings (Section 6), which
shall be followed unless the specific circumstances clearly justify
some concession or variation.
m
- MAIN OFFICE: &$I &!
P.O.B. 9758 4VdA : u.
61008 AHMADI 61008 $ruQ!
KUWAIT -&I
C.R. 21835 Y \ A T 0 4JLr;ll WI

FAX : 3983661 rq~r77j : wi

j
TELEX : 44211
KUbVAIT OIL COMPANY LK.S.C.)

APPENDIX '8'

STATEMENT OF INDEMNITY

In return for Kuwait Oil Company

permitting
t o proceed with its excavation and other
work on or in the vicinity of Kuwait Oil
Company services lines and other
property, I
for and on behalf of the
said shall take
full responsibility for the care of said
services lines and property and shall be
liable for and in respect of an indemnity
and keep indemnified Kuwait Oil
Company, its employees and agents
against all losses and claims for injuries
or damage t o any person or property or
in connection with any work taking place
as a result of this permit. Damages for
Loss of profit and loss of use by this
Company are excluded from this
indemnity.

Given today the 19-

Signature

For and on behalf of