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International Journal of Food Properties

ISSN: 1094-2912 (Print) 1532-2386 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ljfp20

Influence of extracted 5-nucleotides on aroma


compounds and flavour acceptability of real beef
soup

Fatma Sh Abd El-Aleem, Mohamed S. Taher, Shereen N. Lotfy, Khaled F. El-


Massry & Hoda H. M. Fadel

To cite this article: Fatma Sh Abd El-Aleem, Mohamed S. Taher, Shereen N. Lotfy, Khaled F. El-
Massry & Hoda H. M. Fadel (2017) Influence of extracted 5-nucleotides on aroma compounds and
flavour acceptability of real beef soup, International Journal of Food Properties, 20:sup1, S1182-
S1194, DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2017.1286506

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2017.1286506

© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC Published online: 16 May 2017.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES
2017, VOL. 20, NO. S1, S1182–S1194
https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2017.1286506

Influence of extracted 5-nucleotides on aroma compounds and


flavour acceptability of real beef soup
Fatma Sh Abd El-Aleema, Mohamed S. Taherb, Shereen N. Lotfya, Khaled F. El-Massrya,c,
and Hoda H. M. Fadela
a
Chemistry of Flavour and Aroma Department, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt; bApplied Organic Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt; cFaculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Aljouf University,
Sakaka, Kingdom Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY


Real beef soup samples were separately supplemented with 5-nucleotides Received 2 September 2016
extracted from mushroom before and after extraction of soluble sugars Accepted 21 January 2017
(NM and NMs, respectively) and yeast extract. Headspace volatiles and flavour
KEYWORDS
palatability of each sample were compared with beef soup supplemented
Enhancers;
with 5-IMP and control sample. Each investigated enhancer revealed signifi- Flavour-5-nuclotides; Meat
cant release of thiol-containing compounds. 3-Mercapto-2-butanone was the flavour; Mushroom; Sensory
major identified compound in the headspace volatiles of all samples. However, evaluation
the sample supplemented with 5-IMP + NM showed the highest release of
this compound followed by S-NM compared with other samples. The high
palatability of sample S-NM may be correlated to the high content of 2-methyl-
3-furanthiol.

Introduction
Flavour is the main factor affecting the acceptability of meat by consumers. Flavour of the cooked meat
is predominantly derived from the well-known Maillard reaction and the degradation and/or oxida-
tion of lipid.[1] However, only limited compounds are considered as potent odourants of meat aroma
depending on their odour threshold and concentration in the food.[2] Perception of aroma depends not
only on nature and concentration of volatile compounds but also on their availability that can be
modulated by physicochemical interaction with other food components.[3] Therefore, the variations in
the composition or constituents of the food product affect the volatility of aroma compounds.
Umami substances such as monosodium glutamate (MSG) and 5-nucleotides are effective enhan-
cers and positive flavour modulators in food products.[4] Therefore, they are used worldwide as
additives to impart umami taste to the food processed in industrial scale as well as to home and
restaurant-made food.[5,6] Umami effect is resulted by joined stimulation of added and natural umami
substances.[6] Synergy of umami substances has been widely studied and confirmed.[7] Flavour
nucleotides, 5-disodium inosinate (5-IPM) and 5-disodium guanylate (5-GMP), are disodium salts
containing compounds. They impart slight salty taste and possess broth-like and meaty notes.[7]
Most of the reported studies, dealing with the effect of umami compounds on food flavour, had
been concerned with their effect on palatability and pleasantness of simple food model systems.[8]
The effect of rising the added amount of umami compounds on the palatability of various food
products had been evaluated.[6] Ventanas et al.[4] designed simple model systems including meat
broth and two meat odour active compounds (1-octen-3-ol and 2, 6 dimethylpyrazine). The authors
evaluated the effect of added umami compounds on the perceived odour and flavour in the model

CONTACT Hoda H. M. Fadel hodafadel_f@hotmail.com Chemistry of Flavour and Aroma Department, National research
Centre, Al-Buhouth St.Dokki,12622 Cairo, Egypt.
Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/ljfp.
© 2017 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES S1183

systems and also their effect on the perception of the odour active compounds. However, these
previous studies used pure chemical umami compounds.
Umami compounds with a pleasant savoury taste produced by glutamate, ribonucleotides, and
chemicals occur naturally in many foods including mushroom, meat, fish, cheese, and yeast.[5,9] Edible
mushroom, with its umami taste, is considered a good source of umami enhancers and was reported as
a promising potential for application in food spices industry.[10] Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus) was
reported amongst the most widely cultivated edible mushroom species.[11] The taste components such
as soluble sugars, free amino acids, and 5—nucleotides of A. bisporus had been reported.[9,12] On the
other hand, the economic production of yeast compared with other organisms has made it the
organism of choice for the production of extracts rich in 5—nucleotides. Yeast extracts are available
in commercial scale and extensively used by food industries as flavouring agents.[13]
Meat products are complex systems including non-volatile compounds such as protein, fat, and
carbohydrates in addition to endogenous umami compounds. During processing, several interac-
tions can take place between these compounds and the generated endogenous volatile compounds.
These interactions affect the perception of the volatile compounds in beef products. Therefore, the
results of simple beef model system do not give accurate indication for the release and perception of
volatile compounds from a real beef product.[14]
Evaluation of the effect of umami compounds, such as 5-nucleotides, on palatability of foods is
usually carried out by using soups.[15] Therefore, the main objective of the present study was to
evaluate the enhancement efficiency of edible sources rich in flavour 5-nucleotides, such as mush-
room and yeast extracts, to be used as natural enhancers in real beef soup. To achieve this objective,
flavour 5-nucleotides in each extract were quantified. The effect of supplementation of beef soup
with each extract on its palatability and headspace volatiles was evaluated compared with unsupple-
mented soup (control sample) and soup supplemented with pure chemical 5-IMP.

Materials and methods


Materials
Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) was purchased from Poloshum Mushroom Co. (Dokki, Egypt). Yeast
extract powder was purchased from Lab M Limited (Topley House, 52 Wash Lane, Bury, Lancashire
BL96AS, United Kingdom). Beef meat was purchased from local market on the day of slaughter.
Flavour 5-nucleotides; 5-inosine monophosphate (5-IMP), 5-guanosine monophosphate (5-GMP), and
5-xanthosine monophosphate (5-XMP) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. s (St. Louis,
Mo, USA). Authentic volatile compounds and standard n-paraffin (C6—C22) were purchased from
Sigma-Aldrich Co. s (St. Louis, Mo, USA). All other chemicals were at least of analytical grade.

Extraction of 5ʹ-nucleotides
5ʹ-nucleotides were extracted and analysed as described by Taylor et al.[16] Air-dried mushroom
powder (20 g) was extracted with 500 ml of deionised water. This suspension was heated to boiling
for 1 min, cooled, and then centrifuged at 4500 rpm for 15 min. The extraction was repeated once
with 300 ml of deionised water. The combined filtrate containing 5-nucleotides with soluble sugar
(NMs) was rotary evapourated to a final volume of 100 ml and filtered.[12] For preparation of 5-
nucleotids extract free from soluble sugar (NM), air-dried mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) powder (30
g) was extracted with 500 ml of 80% aqueous ethanol. This suspension was shaken for 45 min at
room temperature and filtered through a Whatman No. 4 filter paper. The residue was washed five
times with additional 250 ml portions of 80% ethanol. The precipitate was dried again and used to
extract the nucleotides as mentioned before. From each extract, 100 μl were taken out to be analysed
using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The reminder of each extract was
subjected to freeze drier (Snijders Scientific b.v. Model L45 Fm-Ro, Tilburg-Holand).
S1184 F. S. ABD EL-ALEEM ET AL.

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis


The HPLC system was consisted of Agilent 1100 series (Waldborn, Germany), quaternary pump
(G1311A), Degasser (G1322A), Thermostated Auto Sampler (G1329A), variable wave length detec-
tor (G1314A), and Zorbax 300SB C18 column (Agilent Technologies, USA) (250 × 4. 8 × 5 um).
Injection (20 µl) was carried out at wave length 254 nm. The mobile phase was 0.5 M KH2PO4/
H3PO4 (pH 4.0, Adwa Instruments Kft Co., Romania) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min (Yang, Lin, & Mau,
2001). Each 5-nucleotide was quantified by the calibration curves of the authentic flavour 5-
nucleotides.

Preparation of beef soup


One kg minced beef (1% fat) was mixed with sodium chloride (10 g) and onion (50 g). No other
ingredients were added to avoid the possible uncontrolled variability which might affect the palat-
ability of soup samples. The soup was cooked (40 min. in 3 L boiling water), cooled down, filtered
twice in order to remove meat solids, and stored at 4°C (overnight) until preparation of the samples
supplemented with enhancers. Before addition of the investigated enhancers, the soup was let at
room to research room temperature (30°C) and then divided into six equal samples, with the first
considered as control (SC, unsupplemented with enhancer) sample. The investigated umami com-
pounds 5-IMP, NM, NMs, yeast extract (YE), and mixture of 5-IMP + NM (ratio, 1:1) were added
(0.015% w/w) separately to the other five beef soup samples and stirred with magnetic stir. All
samples were subjected to sensory analysis as well as isolation and gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry analysis (GC–MS) of the headspace volatiles.

Isolation of meat soup volatiles


Each sample (100 ml) under investigation with 9.72 µg 3- heptanol (internal standard) was placed in
a 100 mL headspace glass vial sealed with a PTFE faced silicon septum (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA,
USA). The volatile compounds in headspace of the samples were extracted by solid phase micro-
extraction (SPME) (Supleco, 57348-U, Bellefonte, PA, USA), with coated fibre of divinylbenzene/
carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS)(coating thickness:50/30 µm). The SPME fibre
was exposed to the headspace of each sample for 1 h at 65 ºC, and then it was inserted into the GC
injection port for desorption (260ºC/10 min in splitless mode). Before use, the fibre was conditioned
in the injection port of GC (270ºC/1 h) as recommended by manufacture.

GC–MS analysis
GC–MS analysis was performed by using a gas chromatography (Hewlett–Packard model 5890)
coupled to a mass spectrometer (Hewlett–Packard-MS (5970). A fused silica capillary column DB5
(60 m × 0.32 mm i.d. × 0.25 µm film thickness) was used. The oven temperature was maintained
initially at 50°C for 5 min and then programmed to rise to 250°C at a rate of 4°C/min. Helium was
used as the carrier gas at flow rate of 1.1 ml/min. The injection was conducted in the splitless mode
for 5 min at 260°C. Mass spectra in the electron impact mode (EI) were obtained at 70 eV and scan
m/z range from 39 to 400 amu. The volatile compounds were identified using both the mass spectra
of National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST) database and comparison with those
of authentic compounds and published data.[17–19] Retention indices of the separated volatile
compounds were determined using homologous series of normal n-alkanes,C6-C22. The relative
areas of the volatile components identified were determined by comparing their peak areas to that of
3-heptanol, an internal standard compound, on total ion chromatograms of GC–MS.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES S1185

Sensory analysis
Odour sensory analysis was conducted to evaluate the palatability of the investigated soup samples
supplemented with the enhancers as well as control sample (unsupplemented with enhancers). All
samples were warmed up to 70°C before evaluation, put (20 ml each) in coded warmed glass bakers,
covered by petri dishes and kept warm until tested.[6] The evaluation was carried out by 20 members
(12 female, 8 male) drawn from Food Industry and Nutrition Division, National Research Centre,
Cairo, Egypt. The panelists participated occasionally in hedonic tests. They were asked to rank the
six samples according to the degree of liking on bar diagrams expressed in the range of 1 (least like)–
9 (most like). The sensory evaluation was carried out according to ISO 8589.[20] Each sample was
prepared in triplicate.

Statistical analysis
Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and least significant difference
(LSD) was performed to determine any significant difference amongst various treatments that were
used to compare the means. Differences were considered to be significant at p < 0.05.

Results and discussion


Content of flavour 5-nucleotides in mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and yeast extract
5-Inosine monophophate (5-IMP), 5-guanosine monophosphate (5-GMP), and 5-xanthosine mono-
phosphate (5-XMP) are the flavour 5-nucleotides.[9] As shown in Table 1, 5-XMP was detected only
in the 5-nucleotides (NMs and NM) extracted from mushroom. Total content of 5-nucleotides was
higher in NM extract (2.73 mg/g) than in NMs (1.71 mg/g) and YE (1.59 mg/g). However, in all
samples, 5-IMP comprised higher concentration compared with 5-GMP, and this finding is in
agreement with previous studies.[10] The total content of 5-IMP and 5-GMP in sample NM was
approximately in the same range as that reported in a previous study,[12] while, in the same study,
the content of 5-XMP was higher than that found in the present study. This difference may be
attributed to many factors such as conditions of growth, post-harvest conditions, and maturity.

Volatile compounds in beef soup samples


The main volatile compounds identified in the headspace volatiles of beef soup samples (supple-
mented with different investigated enhancers) and control sample (unsupplemented with enhancers)
are cited in Table 2 . A total of 66 volatile compounds were positively identified in the investigated
samples, and most of them have been previously reported as key active compounds of cooked
meat.[18,21] Generally, flavour of beef products are derived from the complex interaction of flavour
precursors such as amino acids, peptides, sugars, thiamine, nucleotides, and products of lipid
oxidation.[21–23]

Table 1. Content of flavour 5-nucletiodes in mushroom and yeast extract.


Concentration (mg/g)
Extracted nucleotides 5-IMP 5-GMP 5-XMP
NMs 1.60 0.06 0.05
NM 2.25 0.27 0.21
YE 1.15 0.44 —–
NMs: Nucleotides extracted from mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) before extraction of soluble sugar.
NM: Nucleotides extracted from mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) after extraction of soluble sugar.
YE: Yeast extract.
S1186 F. S. ABD EL-ALEEM ET AL.

Table 2. Volatile compounds in headspace of beef soup samples supplemented and unsupplemented (SC) with enhancers (5-
nucleotides).
Relative peak area (%)C
A B
No. RI Volatile compounds SC S-5-IMP S-NMs S-NM S-YE S-5-IMP +NM IDD
1 >600 Methanthiol 1.29a 2.89b 1.38a 0.71c 0.39d 0.62c B
2 >600 Dimethyl sulfide 1.89a —– 0.78c 0.86cd —– 0.87d B
3 611 2,3-Butandione 5.31a 7.98 ±b 7.01c 16.73d 5.22a 11.24e A
4 635 2-Methyl-1-propanol —– 0.10b —– 0.03c —– —– B
5 643 3-Methylbutanal —– 4.17b 0.04a 0.06a 0.03a 0.04a B
6 664 2-Methylbutanal 0.06a 0.06a 0.02a 0.03a —– —– B
7 683 Ethyl furan —– 0.02a —– —– —– 0.03a B
8 696 2-Pentanone —– 0.01b —– 0.14c —– —– B
9 718 2,3-Pentandione —– 0.46b 0.23c 0.66d 0.23c 0.58e B
10 735 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone 0.09a 0.18b 0.15c 0.45d 0.04e 0.19b B
11 745 2-Methyl-2-pentanone —– 0.02a 0.04a —– 0.06a 0.06a B
12 753 Dimethyl disulfide —– 0.07b 0.09c 0.27d 0.05e 0.32f B
13 802 Hexanal 0.90a 0.26b 0.14c 0.35d 0.02e 0.07f A
14 817 3-Mercapto-2-butanone 8.10a 20.53b 45.75c 56.17d 40.49e 65.14f B
15 820 2-Methylpyrazine —– 0.52b —– —– —– —– A
16 835 2-Furfural 0.15a 0.12b —– —– 0.04d 0.05d A
17 839 2-Methylthiazol —– 0.37b 0.84c 0.92d 0.11e 0.15e B
18 854 2,4-Dimethyl furan —– 0.06b 0.28c 0.15d —– —– B
19 861 2-Methyl-3-furanthiol —– 0.34b 0.16c 0.42d 0.03e 0.27f B
20 872 4-Hydroxy-5-methyl-3-(2 H)furanone 0.09 ±a 0.03b 0.05c 0.20d 0.03b —– B
21 899 3-Mercapto-2-pentanone —– —– 0.09b 0.58c 0.13d 0.06e B
22 901 Heptanal —– 0.03b 0.19c —– —– —– A
23 904 3 (Methylthio) propanal —– 0.03b —– 0.38c 0.09d 0.48e B
24 916 2-Furan methanthiol —– 0.08b 0.13bc 1.70d 0.20c 0.53e A
25 919 2-Acytylpyrroline —– —– 0.40b 0.26c —– —– A
26 930 2-Methyl-3(methylthio)furan —– 0.45b —– 1.40c 0.02a 0.35d B
27 956 Dimethyl trisulfide —– 0.02b 0.16c 0.23d 0.03b 0.14e B
28 962 Benzaldehyde 0.57a —– 0.04c 0.23d —– 0.11e A
29 983 1-Octene-3-ol 0.12a 0.02b —– 0.03c —– —– B
30 992 2-Pentyl furan 0.81a —– 0.20c 0.03b 0.14d 0.14d B
31 1002 1-Octene-3-one —– 0.07b —– 0.65c —– —– B
32 1005 Octanal —– 0.11b 0.13c 0.28d 0.03e 0.16f A
33 1027 Acetyl thiazole 0.12a 0.03b 0.04b 0.48c 0.04b —– A
34 1031 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol 0.27a 0.02b 0.05c 0.36d 0.11e 0.03b B
35 1051 Phenyl acetaldehyde —– 0.04a 0.05a —– —– —– A
36 1058 (E)-2-Octenal —– 0.54b —– 0.49c —– —– B
37 1063 2-Methyl-3-thiophenethiol —– 0.14b —– 0.10c —– 0.03d B
38 1080 1-Octanol —– 0.10b 0.03c 0.13d —– —– B
39 1084 1-Nonene-3-one 2.64a 0.06b 1.08c 2.53a 0.71d 0.10b B
40 1096 2-Acetyl thiophene —– 0.04b 0.04b 0.29c 0.02d 0.03e B
41 1102 Nonanal 0.27a 0.24b 0.08c 0.05d 0.05d 0.06d A
42 1104 2-Thenyl mercaptane —– 0.27b —– 0.12c —– —– B
43 1114 2-Formyl-5-methyl thiophene —– 0.02b 0.04b 0.84c —– —– B
44 1187 Decanone 0.09a —– —– —– —– —– B
45 1205 Decanal 0.06a 0.05ab 0.17c 0.18c 0.02d 0.04b A
46 1226 2,4-Nonadienal 0.48a —– —– —– —– —– A
47 1255 Benzo thiazole 0.54a —– —– —– —– 0.03c B
48 1266 (E)-2-Decanal 0.21a 0.03b —– 0.42d —– —– B
49 1267 2-Acetyl-2,5-dimethyl thiophene 0.12a —– —– —– —– —– B
50 1274 Decanol 0.18a 1.03b 0.07c 0.50d 0.05 c —– B
51 1292 Undecanal 0.15a —– 0.04c 0.10d 0.02e —– B
52 1306 (E, Z) 2,4-Decadienal —– 0.10b —– —– —– —– A
53 1323 (E, E) 2,4-Decadienal —– 1.74b —– —– —– —– A
54 1344 Dipropyl trisulfide —– 2.99b —– —– —– —– B
55 1357 (E)-2-Undecenal 0.06a 1.21b 0.06a 0.25b 0.11c 0.09ac B
56 1376 Undecanol 0.12a 0.24b 0.03c —– —– —– B
57 1402 Dodecanal —– 0.24b 0.03c 0.14d —– 0.04c B
58 1475 1-Dodecanol 0.27a 0.04b 0.16ac 0.17a 0.06bc 0.10abc B
59 1483 2-[(Methyltrithio) methyl] furan 0.36a 0.68b —– —– —– —– B
60 1498 Tridecanone 0.15a 0.05b 0.03c 0.08d 0.03c 0.03c B
61 1510 Tridecanal 1.41a 0.76b 0.07c 0.03d 0.10c 0.06c B
(Continued )
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES S1187

Table 2. (Continued).
Relative peak area (%)C
A B
No. RI Volatile compounds SC S-5-IMP S-NMs S-NM S-YE S-5-IMP +NM IDD
62 1527 Benzyl furan 0.21a —– —– —– —– —– B
63 1540 Bis (2-Methyl-3-furyl) disulfide 0.09a 0.06b —– 0.09a —– 0.07d B
64 1556 1 (2-Furylmethyldithio) propanone 0.36a 0.40b 0.11c 0.34a 0.05d 0.54e B
65 1594 2 (2-furylmethyldithio) −2-butanone 0.12a 0.10b 0.13a 0.08c 0.03d —– B
66 1609 Tetradecanal —– 0.29b —– —– —– —– B
Total 27.66a 50.51b 60.61c 91.69d 48.78b 82.85e
Sample cods: SC, unsupplemented beef soup (control sample), S-5-IMP, beef soup supplemented with pure chemical 5- inosine
monophosphate, S-NMs, beef soup supplemented with nucleotides extracted from mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) before
extraction of soluble sugar, S-NM, beef soup supplemented with nucleotides extracted from mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)
after extraction of soluble sugar, S-YE, beef soup supplemented with yeast extract and S-5-IMP + NM, beef soup supplemented
with chemical 5- inosine monophosphate and nucleotides extracted from mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) after extraction of
soluble sugar
A
Retention indices.
B
Compounds listed according to their elution on DB5 column.
C
Relative percentage of peak area of each compound compared to that of internal standard on GC-MS total ion chromatograms (n
= 3) ± standard deviation.
D
Volatile compound identification was performed as follows: (A) Mass spectrum and retention index were consistent with those of
an authentic standard. (B) Mass spectrum was identical with that of NIST mass spectrum database, and retention index was
consistent with that of the literature.[17,18,24]

Control sample
Concerning the volatile compounds in the control sample, only 34 compounds could be identified,
most of them are lipid-derived compounds. Methanthiol (1), dimethyl sulfide (2), 2-methyl-3-thio-
phenthiol (37), 2-acetyl—2, 5- dimethylthiophene (49), Bis- (2-methyl-3-furyl) disulfide (63), 1- (2-
furylmethyldithio) propanone (64) and 2- (2- furylmethyldithio) −2-butanone (65) are the identified
sulphur containing compounds in headspace of control sample. Sulphur-containing compounds are
important in cooked beef flavour since some heterocyclic sulphur-containing compounds were
described as possessing meat-like aromas.[25] These compounds could be generated from either thermal
degradation of cysteine or cystine[26] through the interaction between carbonyl compounds and
sulphur-containing amino acids[27] or as a result of thermal decomposition of thiamine.[28]
Methanthiol (1), which smelt like cooked cabbage,[29] was identified in considerable concentra-
tion (Table 2). This compound was found in cooked ground beef[30] and boiled beef[29] and reported
as one of the character impact odour of stewed beef juice.[31] It can be perceived at very low
concentration due to its low threshold (0.2 μg /kg).
3-Mercapto-2-butanone (14) was the major identified compound in the volatiles of control
sample (Table 2). It was described to have cooked rise meat aroma note and considered as the
impact compound of process flavourings prepared from enzymatic hydrolyzed beef protein,[18]
hydrolyzed soybean protein[24,32–34] with cysteine, thiamine, and taurine. Mercaptoketones that
produce important meat-like volatiles can be prepared by the reaction of dicarbonyls, 2, 3-butan-
dione (3) and 2, 3- pentandione (9) (sugar degradation products) with hydrogen sulfide (Strecker
degradation products of cysteine).[35]
Acetyl thiazole (33) and benzo thiazole (47) were found in the aroma of the control sample
(Table 2). These compounds were reported amongst the dominant sulphur-containing compounds
in cooked beef meat.[36] They are thermal degradation products of cysteine either alone or in the
presence of reducing sugar such as ribose or xylose[37] and can be formed by heat degradation of
thiamine.[38]
The two furans, 2- furfural (16) and 4- hydroxy −5- methyl −3- (2 H) furanone (20), were
detected in small concentration in the headspace of SC sample (Table 2). These compounds are
considered as the secondary intermediates for production of the thiol containing volatile
compounds.[39] Compound 20 could be generated from the degradation of ribonucleotides such as
ribose −5- phosphate or from sugar degradation.[29]
S1188 F. S. ABD EL-ALEEM ET AL.

As shown in Table 2, the lipid degradation products identified in the present study were including
16 aldehydes, 7 ketons, 7 alcohols, and 4 alkyl furans. These compounds are mostly generated from
degradation and/or thermal oxidation of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids[40] in food materials.
Hexanal (13), benzaldehyde (28), nonanal (41), decanal (45), 2, 4—nonadienal (46), (E) −2- decanal
(48), undecanal (51), (E) −2- undecenal (55), and tridecanal (61) were the aldehydes found in the
headspace of control sample (Table 2). Most of these compounds were identified in boiled beef[29]
and cooked beef.[36] Aldehydes are believed to not only contribute to the aroma of food including
beef[41] but also react with other compounds to produce flavour through amino carbonyl reaction. 3-
Hydroxy −2- butanone (10), 1- nonene −3- one (39), and decanone (44) were the only ketones
found in headspace volatiles of control beef soup. These compounds have been implicated in the
buttery aroma of cooked meats.[42] 1- Octene −3- ol (29), 2- ethyl-1-hexanol (34), decanol (50),
undecanol (56), and 1- dodecanol (58) were the identified alcohols in headspace of control sample
(Table 2). Compounds 29 and 34 were found in headspace of cooked beef.[23] Compound 34 was the
predominant alcohol in cooked meat.[36] The straight chain primary alcohol has been reported to
have greenish, woody, and fatty floral.[43] Pentyl furan, which had been identified in the volatiles of
different beef products,[23,29,30] was found in the volatiles of the control sample (Table 2).
The three disulfide compounds, bis (2- methyl-3- furyl) disulfide (63), 1- (2- furylmethyldithio)
propanone (64), and 2- (2- furylmethylditio) 2- butanone (65), were detected in the volatiles of
control sample. These compounds possess potency savoury aromatics, and they are generally
produced from dehydrogenation amongst furanthiols, thiophenethiols, and α- mercaptoketones.[44]

Beef soup samples supplemented with 5-nucleotides


Addition of 5-nucleotides; 5-IMP, NMs, NM, YE, and 5-IMP + NM separately to the beef soup
revealed a significant release of most of the identified compounds (Table 2). The release of the total
volatiles of the investigated samples was in the order of S-NM > S-5-IMP + NM > S-NMs > S-5-IMP
> S-YE > SC. However, some compounds such as hexanal (13), 2- furfural (16), benzaldehyde (28),
1- nonene −3- one (39), 2, 4- nonadienal (46), benzo thiazole (47), and benzyl furan (62) showed
opposite trend.
The ability of nucleotides to release selected volatile compounds (salting-out phenomenon) had
been confirmed early.[45] Salting-out phenomenon has been well stablished,[46] when salt concentra-
tion increases water molecules are bound by salt ions, decreasing the ‘free water’ available for volatile
compounds solubilisation which enhances flavour release.[47] In the present study, NaCl was added
at constant concentration to all investigated samples. Salting-out phenomenon of NaCl has been
demonstrated using sensory techniques for model system containing odour active compounds
typically present in meat products.[4] Previous studies showed that MSG, IMP, and GMP enhance
the perception of other taste active compounds including NaCl.[48] In contrast, Ventanas et al.[4]
reported that the combination of NaCl with umami compounds revealed modulator effect rather
than potentiator effect.
The effect of the investigated enhancers on the release or retention of some selected key aromatic
compounds in headspace of beef soup is discussed as follows to clarify their potentiator properties.

Thiols
Thiols are very important volatile compounds, as many of them are considered as key odourant of
beef aroma.[18,21,22] As shown in Table 2, all thiol-containing compounds showed variable release by
addition of different investigated enhancers (5-IMP, NMs, NM, YE, and 5-IMP + NM). The release
of volatile compounds depends on their physicochemical characteristics,[3] and therefore, the release
of the thiol-containing compounds (hydrophilic, more soluble in water compared with other
compounds) from the matrix was higher. Compound 14, the major identified compound in control
sample (SC), showed more than two fold higher releases in sample S-5-IMP than its concentration in
SC sample. As shown in Table 2, the highest release of this compound was found in sample S-5-IMP
+ NM followed by S-NM, S- NMs, S-YE, S-5-IMP, and SC. The total yield of furan thiols, 2-methyl-
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES S1189

3-furanthiol (19) and 2- furan methanthiol (24), the most potent odourants of boiled beef aroma,[21]
showed the highest value in sample S-NM followed by S-5-IMP + NM (Table 2) compared with
other investigated samples. These two compounds were absent in control sample.
The higher release of the thiol compounds from sample S-NM compared with S-5-IMP may be
correlated to the synergy effect of 5-GMP and 5-XMP that comprised 0.27 mg/g and 0.21 mg/g,
respectively, of the nucleotide (NM) extracted from mushroom (Table 1). The enhancement effect of
5-GMP was found to be stronger than MSG.[30] On the other hand, the lower content of 5-IMP, 5-
GMP, and 5-XMP in the nucleotide extract NMs (Table 1) gave rise to a decrease in the released
thiols in this sample compared with S-NM. However, the salting-out effect of the soluble sugar[49]
present in NMs may compensate some of this decrease, while simple sugar interaction with water
increases the concentration of flavour compounds in remaining ‘free water’.
The decrease in thiol-containing compounds in headspace of sample S-YE (Fig. 1) may be attributed
to the lower content of 5-IMP and 5-GMP and absence of 5-XMP in the yeast extract (Table 1) or to the
presence of yeast micro molecules (polysaccharides). The ability of yeast macromolecules to bind aroma
compounds was mainly investigated in model solutions.[50] However, no literatures were found regard-
ing the more complex food matrices such as beef products. Effect of commercial yeast autolysate was
investigated[51] on a model solution of five volatile compounds, ethyl octanoate, linalool, 2-phenyletha-
nol, β–ionone, and octanoic acid. The results revealed poor effect in headspace concentration of ethyl
octanoate and linalool. In contrast, the headspace concentration of phenylethanol, at 20°C and pH 4,
showed a significant decrease. It is generally known that colloids, especially polysaccharides, can
oppositely affect the perception of aroma substances either reducing or increasing their volatility.[52]

Disulfides
Four disulfides were detected in the present study: dimethyl disulfide (12), bis (2- methyl-3- furyl)
disulfide (63), 1 (2- furylmethyldithio) propanone (64), and 2 (2- furylmethyldithio) 2- butanone
(65). Compound 12 is a degradation product of methionine,[24] and it is responsible for onion- and
cabbage-like odours.[19] Compounds 63–65 possess savoury aromatic note and are generally formed
by the dehydrogenation amongst furanthiol, thiophenthiol, and α—mercaptoketones.[44] It is well
known that compound 19 is easily oxidised to compound 63. As shown in Fig. 2, supplementation of
beef soup with different enhancers revealed variable effect on the total release of the disulfide
compounds. Insignificant (p > 0.05) increase of the total sulfide compounds was found in headspace

80
Thiols
f
70
d
60
Relative area (%)

50 c
e
40

30 b

20
a
10

0
SC S-5-IMP S-NMs S-NM S-YE S-5-IMP + NM

Figure 1. Total thiol-containing compounds in headspace of investigated samples.


S1190 F. S. ABD EL-ALEEM ET AL.

Disulfides
1.2

1 e

c
0.8
Relative area (%)

a
0.6 a

0.4 b

0.2 d

0
SC S-5-IMP S-NMs S-NM S-YE S-5-IMP + NM

Figure 2. Total disulfide-containing compounds in headspace of investigated samples.

of sample S-5-IPM compared with SC, whereas, the synergy effect between 5-IMP and the flavour
nucleotides present in NM extract revealed a significant increase in headspace of sample S-5-IMP +
NM. In contrast, the highest retention of the disulfides was found in sample S-YE followed by
S-NMs. According to previous studies,[50] the major binding sites for aroma compounds in yeasts are
connected with lipidic fraction of yeast walls[52] and mannoproteins,[53] and therefore the intensity of
such interactions is generally higher for the most hydrophobic compounds. Our finding confirms
those reported by other authors[51,52] who stated that the less polar compounds are mostly involved
in the interaction with yeast walls.

Diketones
The two diketones; 2,3—Butandione (3) and 2,3—pentandione (9), were identified in the present
study (Table 2). They are degradation products of sugar and considered as important intermediate in
the formation of the two mercaptoketone compounds 14 and 21 by the interaction with hydrogen
sulfide.[35] These diketones were reported amongst the meat odour active compounds and described
to have a buttery note.[1] As shown in Fig. 3, all the investigated enhancers favoured the release of
these compounds except for YE. Their high release in the headspace of samples S-NM and S-5-IMP
+ NM may be attributed to the synergy effect between 5-IMP, 5- GMP, and 5-XMP in the two
investigated enhancers NM and 5-IMP + NM.

Lipid degradation products


According to the results observed in Fig. 4, it is obvious that supplementation of beef soup with 5-
nucleotides gave rise to retention of the lipid degradation volatile compounds. No significant (p >
0.05) differences were found between the behaviour of the two soup samples supplemented with
5-IMP and NM. These two samples showed the least perception of lipid degradation products,
compared with other investigated samples. Beef soup supplemented with 5-IMP + NM showed the
highest retention of the lipid derived compounds followed by S-YE sample. This unexpected result
may be related to the differences amongst the chemical structure of the chemical groups which are
consisting the lipid degradation products such as aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, and alkylated furans.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES S1191

Diketones
20
d
18
16
14
Relative area (%)
e
12
10 b
8 c
a a
6
4
2
0
SC S-5-IMP S-NMs S-NM S-YE S-5-IMP +
NM

Figure 3. Total diketone-containing compounds in headspace of investigated samples.

Lipid degradation products


10
a
9
b b
8

7
Relative area (%)

4
c
3

2 d
e
1

0
SC S-5-IMP S-NMs S-NM S-YE S-5-IMP +
NM

Figure 4. Total lipid degradation products in headspace of investigated samples.

Sensory evaluation
Sensory analyses are very much necessary to evaluate the aforementioned physicochemical interactions
and influence of added enhancers on the beef soup flavours. The effect of supplementation of beef soup
with mushroom or yeast extracts, as potential sources of natural enhancers, on its palatability was
investigated. The palatability of each sample was compared with that of beef soup supplemented with 5-
IMP and control sample. As shown in Fig. 5, sample S-5IMP showed insignificant rise (p > 0.05) in
palatability response, whereas the other investigated samples showed significant (p < 0.05) increase of
hedonic response. Sample S-NM showed the highest degree of liking (Fig. 5) compared with other
investigated samples. As shown in Table 2, the headspace volatiles of sample S-NM comprised the
highest content of 2-methyl-3-furanthiol (19), 2-furan methanthiol (24), and 2-methyl −3(methylthio)
S1192 F. S. ABD EL-ALEEM ET AL.

10

7
mean rank scores

0
SC S-5-IMP S-NMs S-NM S-YE S-5-IMP +
NM

Figure 5. Change in palatability of beef soup supplemented with different enhancers.

furan (26), in addition to the high concentration of 3-Mercapto-2-butanone (14). These compounds
were reported as active compounds in beef-like aroma.[17] Compounds 19 and 24, the most potent
odourants of beef flavour,[21] were reported amongst the key aroma compounds in boiled beef.[29] The
high palatability response of sample S-5-IMP + NM may be correlated to the higher content of the
disulfide compounds, which possess savoury aromatic note,[44] in its headspace compared with the other
samples (Fig. 2), in addition to the presence of the potent odourants of beef flavour (Table 2).

Conclusion
The present study highlights the possibility of using edible sources, which contain significant
quantities of flavour 5-nucleotides, as potential sources of flavour enhancers instead of the pure
chemicals that are expensive and may be less safe. Most reported studies dealing with the enhancing
effect of flavour enhancers on volatiles and palatability of food products had been carried out on
simple model systems. The present study is the first that evaluated the enhancing effect of natural
enhancers on real food product. Results of sensory analysis confirmed the physicochemical interac-
tion between the components of beef soup, including the aroma compounds, and flavour 5-nucleo-
tides extracted from mushroom and yeast. 5-IMP was the major flavour 5-nucleotide identified in
the investigated extracted nucleotides. However, the pure 5-IMP showed less enhancing effect
compared with the investigated samples S-NM and S-5-IMP+NM, which may be correlated to the
synergistic effect between 5-IMP, 5-GMP, and 5-XMP in the extracted nucleotides.

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