ME2121

Thermodynamics

Lecture 2.11
Gas-Vapour Mixtures - II
Sections 14.1 to 14.5 (Cengel & Boles)

The Psychrometric Chart

• facilitates computations for air-
water vapour mixtures
• constructed for a particular
pressure, e.g. 1 atm (1.013bar).
• ASHRAE chart assumes that
enthalpy of dry air is zero at 0°C,
enthalpy of vapour may be taken
from the steam tables (which
assumes that the enthalpy of
saturated liquid is zero at 0°C).

⇒ h = Cp,daT + ωhv (T in °C)

⇒ only to use enthalpy
differences in calculations!

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 Example 1/5
Supply line contains steam, Pi=600 kPa, Ti=200°C

Required:
Air-water vapour
i
• QCV
mixture, P1=150 kPa,
T1=40°C, φ1=10% • P2
300 L • Net
entropy
Final mixture, gain, ∆Snet
T2=T1=40°C,
φ2=90%
Tamb=25°C

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Example (contd.) 2/5

(i) Considering the 1st Law for the process,
(QCV + mvi hi ) = (ma u a 2 + mv 2 u 2 ) − (ma u a1 + mv1u1 )

Energy added in process Initial energy in vessel

Final energy in vessel

But assuming ideal gas behaviour, u = f(T) = constant

⇒ ua1=ua2 and uv2=uv1≈ ug,40°C

Considering mass continuity, mvi = mv2 – mv1 = ma (ω2 - ω1 )

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Example (contd.) 3/5
But Pv1 = φ1 Pg1 = 0.1 x 7.375 = 0.7375 kPa

But Pa1 = P1 − Pv1 = 150 – 0.7375 = 149.26 kPa

P
But ω1 = 0.622 v1 = 0.00307 kg of vapour per kg of dry air
Pa1

Also Pv 2 = φ 2 Pg 2 = 0.90 x 7.375 = 6.6375 kPa

But Pa1 = Pa 2 Air volume, temperature and mass are unchanged

P
But ω 2 = 0.622 v 2 = 0.02766 kg of vapour per kg of dry air
Pa 2

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Example (contd.) 4/5

P V
But ma = a1 = 0.4950
Ra T1

Also mvi = ma (ω 2 − ω1 ) = 0.01217 kg

The supply steam is superheated: hi = 2851 kJ/kg

The heat transfer during the process may now be calculated.

But QCV + mvi hvi = (ma u a 2 + mv 2 u v 2 ) − (ma u a1 + mv1u v1 )

= ma (u a 2 − u a1 ) + u v 2 (mv 2 − mv1 )

0 uv2=uv1
QCV = -5.12 kJ

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Example (contd.) 5/5
(ii) Final pressure in vessel may now be calculated:
P2 = Pa2 + Pv2 = 156.0 kPa

(iii) Net increase of entropy resulting from tank-filling process:

QCV
+ mvi svi + ∆S net = (ma s a 2 + mv 2 sv 2 ) − (ma s a1 + mv1sv1 )
T
= ma (s a 2 − s a1 ) + (mv 2 sv 2 − mv1sv1 )

Tds = C P dT − vdP
T P
s a 2 − s a1 = C P air ln 2 − Rair ln a 2 ⇒ ds = C P
dT
−R
dP
T1 Pa1 T P
0 0
P
⇒sa2 - sa1 = 0 ⇒ sv 2 = s g 2 − Rsteam ln v 2 = 8.305 kJ/kg.K ,
Pg 2
From tables, svi = 6.968 kJ/kg.K P
and sv1 = s g1 − Rsteam ln v1 = 9.319 kJ/kg.K.
∆Snet = 0.0324 kJ/K Pg1

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Assignment 6

Please attempt:

Problem Set 3:
Q 3 (problem-solving class)
Q 4 (online tutorial)
(Please attempt problems before referring to the Outline
Solutions for maximum benefit in learning)

Enjoy!!

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