Present perfect

present tense of the verb have + the past participle of a verb.

Use :
1. for something that started in the past and continues in the
present:

They've been married for nearly fifty years.

She has lived in Liverpool all her life.

2. when we are talking about our experience up to the present:

I've seen that film before.

I've played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.
He has written three books and he is working on another one.

have been – cind pleaca si sa intors inapoi

A: Where have you been?
B: I've just been out to the supermarket.

have gone – cind cineva a plecat si inca nu sa intors inapoi

A: Where's Maria? I haven't seen her for weeks.
B: She's gone to Paris for a week. She'll be back tomorrow. 

Be careful!

We do not use the present perfect with adverbials which refer to a finished past time:

yesterda last in when I was

etc.
y week/month/year 2017 younger
 but we can use the present perfect with adverbials which refer to a time
which is not yet finished:

today this week/month/year now that I am 18 etc.

Have you seen Helen today?
We have bought a new car this week.
(Present perfect continuous)

Folosim prezentul perfect continuu pentru a descrie acțiuni care au început

în trecut și continuă în prezent (și, probabil, vor continua și în viitorul
apropiat).
Has/have + been +present participle
 I have been living in France for five years.
Am început să locuiesc în Franța acum 5 ani. Locuiesc în Franța acum.
  I have been reading this book for a week.
Am început să citesc cartea acum o săptămână și încă o citesc.
 
 She hasn’t been working here for long.
A început să lucreze aici de curând. Încă lucrează aici.
 
 Have they been enjoying their holiday?
Și-au început vacanța acum ceva timp în trecut. Încă sunt în vacanță.

Past continuous

The past continuous shows us that the action was already in progress at a
certain time in the past.
While I was studying, I suddenly felt sleepy.
I broke my leg when I was skiing.
We use the past continuous to talk about the past:
1. for something which happened before and after another action:
The children were doing their homework when  I  got  home.
Compare: The children did their homework when (= after) I got home.
This use of the past continuous is very common at the beginning of a story:
The other day I was waiting for a bus when …
Last week, as I was driving to work, … 

2. for something that happened before and after a specific time:

It was eight o'clock. I was writing a letter.

Compare: At eight o'clock I wrote (= started writing) some letters.

3. to show that something continued for some time:

My head was aching.
Everyone was shouting.

4. for something that happened again and again:

I was practising every day, three times a day.

They were meeting secretly after school.
They were always quarrelling.

5. with verbs which show change or growth:

The children were growing up quickly.
Her English was improving.
My hair was going grey.
The town was changing quickly.

The First Conditional

The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the other
clause:

if + present simple, ... will + infinitive

It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know what
will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true.

 If it rains, I won't go to the park.

 If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
 If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
 She'll be late if the train is delayed.
 She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.
 If I see her, I'll tell her.

First vs. Second Conditional:

The first conditional describes things that I think are likely to happen in the future, whereas
the second conditional talks about things that I don't think will really happen. It's subjective;
it depends on my point of view.

For example (first conditional):

If she studies harder, she'll pass the exam (I think it's possible she will study harder and so
she'll pass)

Dacă învață mai mult, va trece examenul

But (second conditional):

If she studied harder, she would pass the exam (I think that she won't study harder, or it's very
unlikely, and so she won't pass)

Dacă ar studia mai mult, ar trece examenul.

The Second Conditional

The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive:

 if + past simple, ...would + infinitive

It has two uses.

First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true.
Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example.

 If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery)
 If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
 She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
 She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't
happen)

Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's
not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:

 If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's
impossible for me to call him).
 If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.

How is this different from the first conditional?

This kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional because this is a lot
more unlikely.

For example (second conditional): If I had enough money I would buy a house with twenty
bedrooms and a swimming pool (I'm probably not going to have this much money, it's just a
dream, not very real)

But (first conditional): If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes (It's much more
likely that I'll have enough money to buy some shoes)

Modal verbs
Reported Speech

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

present
I like ice cream She said (that) she liked ice cream.
simple
present I am living in
She said (that) she was living in London.
continuous London
She said (that) she had bought a car OR She
past simple I bought a car
said (that) she bought a car.
I was walking along She said (that) she had been walking along
8
the street the street.
present
I haven't seen Julie She said (that) she hadn't seen Julie.
perfect
I had taken English She said (that) she had taken English lessons
past perfect*
lessons before before.
will I'll see you later She said (that) she would see me later.
would* I would help, but..” She said (that) she would help but...
I can speak perfect She said (that) she could speak perfect
can
English English.
I could swim when I She said (that) she could swim when she was
could*
was four four.
shall I shall come later She said (that) she would come later.
I should call my
should* She said (that) she should call her mother
mother
might* I might be late She said (that) she might be late
She said (that) she must study at the
I must study at the
must weekend OR She said she had to study at the
weekend
weekend