Energy Automation

Basics and Design of Current Transformers

2/LSSHUW('($352/0
© Siemens AG
Energy Sector
Content

ƒ Basics
ƒ Magnitude and angle errors of current transformers
ƒ Transients
ƒ Design
ƒ Summary of current transformers

Page 2 Mrz-11 Energy Automation Energy Sector

Basics
Types of current transformers

Resin-insulated Generator-current transformer

Indoor or outdoor For terminal box or main leads

Current transformers

insulator-type transformer

slip-over transformer

bushing-type current transformer

totally insulated

Cable-type current transformer

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Basics
Magnitude and angle errors
N
I‘p = Ip. 1
N2
Equivalent circuit:
Ip I‘p Rct ε
Is Magnitude
error
N1 N2 I0 Is

L0 E U2 Rba

ideal Faulted part of current δ

current transformer
Angle error
transformer

Note:
The secondary current is leading
(positive angle error) I0

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Basics
Defined errors at the P class (IEC60044-1)

Definition: 5 P 20 30 VA
Rated burden
Rated accuracy limiting factor (ALFN old n)
core type P = protection
accuracy in % at ALFN • IN

at rated current at primary overcurrent

Accuracy
class Magnitude
Angle error Angle error Total error
error

% minute centigrade %
5P ±1 ±60 ±1,8 5
10P ±3 ⎯ ⎯ 10

All values are valid for steady state conditions (symmetrical currents)

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Basics
Influence of the burden on the errors

Isecondary/In burden < 15 VA

Improvement
Under of the saturation
10 burden = 15 VA burden degree
Fi = 10%

burden > 15 VA Note:

5 The burden is
mainly
determined by
10P10, 15 VA Over
the instrument
burden
leads.
0 5 10 15 Iprimary/In

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Basics
Definition of the rated currents

Primary rated current

Orientation on the rated current of the protective object
Normally the CT current selection is a little bit higher
Grading according standard: Decimal multiple of
10 – 12,5 – 15 – 20 – 25 – 30 – 40 – 50 – 60 – 75 A
(CT manufacturer delivers also a different grading)
Example: IN,G = 7330 A Æ selected rated CT current: 8000 A

Secondary rated current

Dominant current are 1 A and 5 A (according standard 2 A is permissible)
5 A: Advantage: less number of winding turns; Disadvantage: low permissible
burden ( ZN = SN,CT/(IN,CT)2 = 15 VA/25 A2 = 0,6 Ohm)
1A: Advantage: Higher permissible burden ( ZN = SN,CT/(IN,CT)2 = 15 VA/1 A2 = 15
Ohm); Disadvantage: higher number of winding turns (larger internal burden)

Preferred secondary rated current: 1A

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Basics
Equivalent circuit and Magnetizing characteristic

Ip I‘p Is RCt E = secondary e.m.f. (rms)

I0 IP = primary current
L0
TP E US RBC Is = secondary current

I0 = Magnetizing current
ideal Faulted part of current
CT transformer RCt = sec. winding resistance
RBC= connected burden
Example: CT 1500/1A, 5P20, 50VA, Rct = 3Ω
US = sec. voltage (rms)
TP = primary time constant
E (e.g. network time
Econstant)
= I ·(R + R )
s ct ba

Note:
Magnetizing characteristic
is nonlinear
I0

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Basics
Special features of class P CTs
Specification is for the total error at accuracy limit current
(5P20 Æ 5% at twenty time of rated current and rated burden)
No requirements on remanence
Closed ring core
Large CT time constant (seconds to minutes)

Problem:
Remanence ƒ Current transformer is magnetized e.g. via
switching off of a transient current with a large
Hysterese
DC time constant. He remains in the resulting
Initial
remanence point.
magnetizing
curve ƒ An new fault current can immediately lead to a
saturation. Reason: The process starts from the
remanence point (worst case: 80%)
ƒ The actual value of remanence is unknown (e.g.
the fault current can also start in the opposite
direction). This leads to a reduction of
remanence)

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 Basics
Transient currents

Primary- and
I‘p [A]
secondary IS [A]
current

CT goes into
saturation

Magnetizing I0 [A]
current

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CT saturation
Critical at differential protection

Trip
45°

Block

n
ti o
i za
tab il
n s
-O
A dd

Page 11 Mrz-11 Energy Automation Energy Sector

Current differential protection
Switching on of external loads can lead to problems 1/3

Generator differential protection trip on generator G1

In a industrial plant a transformer was switched on

69 kV Industrial infeed

30 km

12 MVA

6,9 kV

G1 G2

5,6 MVA G G
Page 12 Mrz-11 Energy Automation Energy Sector
Current differential protection
Switching on of external loads can lead to problems 2/3
Instantaneous values from the protection

DC component in the phase current is clear visible

Page 13 Mrz-11 Energy Automation Energy Sector
Current differential protection
Switching on of external loads can lead to problems 3/3

Different DC transient
transmission leads to a
small increased differential
current with a low
0,15 stabilizing current

0,18 Countermeasure:
Increasing of the
inclination of slope 1 from
0,15 to 0,25 (factory
setting)

Page 14 Mrz-11 Energy Automation Energy Sector

 Current transformer dimensioning
Over dimensioning factor

To improve the transient performance of the CT the relay manufacturer

specify a transient dimensioning factor (Ktd).

Required actual accuracy limiting factor (ALF):

Abbreviations:
ISSC ALF actual accuracy limiting factor
ALF = K td ALFN rated accuracy limiting factor
I pN
Ktd transient dimensioning factor
ISSC maximum symmetrical short-
circuit current
Required rated accuracy limiting factor (ALFN):
IpN CT rated primary current
R BC + R Ct RCt secondary winding d.c.
ALFN = ALF resistance at 75°C
R BN + R Ct RBC connected burden
(lead + device)
RBN rated burden of the CT

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Current transformer dimensioning
CT verification 1/4

132 kV, 50Hz

-T (G S2) -G1 -T (T LV1) -T1 -T (T HV)

6000/1A 120 MVA 6000/1A 120MVA 1200/5A
5P20 10.5 kV, 5P20 110/10.5 kV 5P20 Red:
20 VA 50 Hz 20 VA 50 Hz 50 VA Short circuit
Rct = 18Ω xd’’= 0.16 Rct = 18Ω uk = 14% Rct = 0.96Ω current infeed from
the network
G
3~ 4.5kA

47.1kA 45.4kA 2.1 kA

(infeed from the generator side
l= 60m l= 40m
A= 4mm2 A= 4mm2 l= 100m
A= 4mm2
7UM62 7UT633

CB arrangement inside power station is not shown

xd’’ = generator direct axis sub transient reactance in p.u.
uk = transformer impedance voltage HV side – LV side in %
Rrelay = assumed with 0.1 Ω, (power consumption for above relays is below 0.1 VA)

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Current transformer dimensioning
CT verification 2/4

c ⋅ S NG 1.1 ⋅ 120000 kVA c = voltage factor

I scc max (ext. fault) = = = 45363 A for the Generator: c = 1.1
3 ⋅ U NG ⋅ x 'd' 3 ⋅ 10.5 kV ⋅ 0.16

Ktd = 5 (given from the relay manufacturer)

Requirement:
I scc max (ext. fault) 45363 A
ALF ≥ K td ⋅ = 5⋅ = 37.8
I pn 6000A
S n 20 VA
R BN = 2
= 2
= 20 Ω
I sn 1A
2 ⋅ρ ⋅l
R BC = R Lead + R Relay = + 0.1 Ω
A
Ω mm 2
2 ⋅ 0.0175 ⋅ 60 m
= m + 0.1 Ω = 0.625 Ω
4 mm 2 ALF required = 37.8
ALF CT = 40.8
CT: 37.8 < 40.8
R Ct + R BN 18 Ω + 20 Ω
ALF = ALF N ⋅ = 20 ⋅ = 40.8 Æ CT Dimensioning is okay
R Ct + R BC 18 Ω + 0.625 Ω

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Current transformer dimensioning
CT verification for transformer differential protection
CT on generator side 3/4
S NT 12 0000 kVA The calculation for a
I scc max (ext. fault) = = = 47130 A
3 ⋅ U NT ⋅ u k 1-2 3 ⋅ 10.5 kV ⋅ 0.14 transformer is done under
the assumption:
source impedance = 0
Ktd = 3 (given from the relay manufacturer)
Æc=1
Requirement:
I scc max (ext. fault) 47130 A
ALF ≥ K td ⋅ =3 = 23.6
I pn 6000A

S n 20 VA
R BN = 2
= = 20 Ω
I sn 1A 2
2 ⋅ρ ⋅l
R BC = R Lead + R Relay = + 0.1 Ω
A
Ω mm 2
2 ⋅ 0.0175 ⋅ 40 m
= m + 0.1 Ω = 0.45 Ω
4 mm 2 ALF required = 23.6
ALF CT = 41.2
CT: 23.6 < 41.2
R Ct + R BN 18 Ω + 20 Ω
ALF = ALF N ⋅ = 20 ⋅ = 41.2 Æ CT dimensioning is okay
R Ct + R BC 18 Ω + 0.45 Ω

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Current transformer dimensioning
CT verification for transformer differential protection
CT on line side 4/4
S NT 12 0000 kVA
I scc max (ext. fault) = = = 4499 A The calculation for a
3 ⋅ U NT ⋅ u k 1-2 3 ⋅ 110 kV ⋅ 0.14 transformer is done
under the assumption:
Ktd = 3 (given from the relay manufacturer) source impedance = 0
Æc=1
Requirement:
I scc max (ext. fault) 4499 A
ALF ≥ K td ⋅ =3 = 11.25
I pn 1200A
S 50 VA
R BN = 2n = 2 2 = 2 Ω
I sn 5 A
2 ⋅ρ ⋅l
R BC = R Lead + R Relay = + 0.1 Ω
A
Ω mm 2
2 ⋅ 0.0175 ⋅ 100 m
= m + 0.1 Ω = 0.975 Ω
4 mm 2 ALF required = 11.25
ALF CT = 30.5
CT: 11.25 < 30.5
R Ct + R BN 0.96 Ω + 2 Ω
ALF = ALF N ⋅ = 20 ⋅ = 30.5 Æ CT dimensioning is okay
R Ct + R BC 0.96 Ω + 0.975 Ω

Page 19 Mrz-11 Energy Automation Energy Sector

Current transformer dimensioning
Avoiding of overfunction via remanence

Present practice:
Current applications live the risk of remanence (low probability
assumed) and trust the saturation detection in the relays

Additional over dimensioning of the P – core

1 1
K rem = → worst case at class P : =5
1 - Kr 1 - 0,8
CT design is becomes larger and is more expensive

Current transformer with air gap and lower remanence

ƒ PR as class P , max. remanence factor 10%
(approx. factor 1,2 larger as P core)
ƒ TPY Standard 60044-6, max. remanence factor 10%
(Cl. 1 at IN, error is specified at the transient overcurrent)
ƒ TPZ Standard 60044-6, no remanence
(angle error 180‘ Ætime constant 60 ms; Rated burden must be
connected on the CT)
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 Summary
CT for protection applications

High remanent (closed-core)

IEC 60044-1 class P (5P,10P) no limit for remanence flux
IEC 60044-1(2002) class PX no limit for remanence flux
(defined via knee point e.m.f., magnetizing current and resistance of secondary winding)

IEC 60044-6 TPS no limit for remanence flux

IEC 60044-6 TPX no limit for remanence flux

Low remanent (small air gap)

IEC 60044-1(2002) class PR (5PR,10PR) Remanence factor < 10%
IEC 60044-6 TPY Remanence flux < 10% of saturation flux

without remanence (large air gap)

IEC 60044-6 TPZ Remanence flux is negligible
RED preferred types

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