URDANETA CITY College of Pharmacy

UNIVERSITY
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies a. Vitamin B1

I. Definition of Terms: - Also known as thiamine
- Sources: Yeast, Cereals, Liver
Dietary Requirement – defined as an intake level which
- Functions:
meets a specified criteria for adequacy thereby
minimizing risk of nutrient deficit or excess. o ATP production
EAR – Estimated Average Requirement is the average o Stabilizing the Appetite
daily nutrient intake level that meets the needs of 50% of o Proper Nerve Function
the healthy individuals in a particular age and gender - Deficiencies:
group.  Beri Beri (disease of
RNI – Recommended Nutrient Intake is the daily intake. nervous system)
Equivalent to the same definition of RDA (Recommended  Wernicke-Korsakoff
Dietary Allowance) syndrome
*requirements are affected by: - Risk of thiamin Deficiency
 Physical Characteristics Excessive loss: hemodialysis and
 Dietary Habits diuretics
 Sex Low intake of Vitamin B and
 Pregnancy alcoholism
 Lactation - Therapeutic Use: Congestive Heart
 Age Failure
- Cancer Prevention
Apparently Healthy – refers to the absence of disease - Alzheimer’s disease
based on clinical signs and symptoms of micronutrient
- Recommended Nutrient Intake: 0.2-
deficiency.
0.9mg/day for infant and children;
II. Vitamins
1.1-1.5 mg/day for adults
These are organic compounds required in
the diet in small quantities to perform
biological functions. b. Vitamin B2
Vitamins can be obtained through the foods - Also known as Riboflavin
we eat or through supplements. - Yellow respiratory enzyme
Vitamins can either be: - Cytochrome oxidase enzyme
a) Water-Soluble (Vitamins B and C) - Rapidly absorbed from the bowel and
a. Vitamin B1 stored in the tissues
b. Vitamin B2 - Sources: Eggs, meat, leafy green
c. Vitamin B3 vegetables, milk
d. Vitamin B5 - Functions:
e. Vitamin B6 - Energy production
f. Vitamin B7 - Cell respiration
g. Vitamin B9 - Maintenance of good vision
h. Vitamin C skin, and nails

- Deficiencies:
b) Fat-Soluble (ADEK) - Itching and burning eyes
a. Vitamin A - Oily skin
b. Vitamin D - Dermatitis
c. Vitamin E - Digestive disturbances
d. Vitamin K - Cracks and sores in mouth and
A. Water Soluble vitamins lips
Compiled by:
Maricar Grace F. Mararac, RPh
 URDANETA CITY College of Pharmacy
UNIVERSITY
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

- Recommended daily Intake: 0.3- - Production of red blood

0.9mg/day for infants and children cells
- 1.1-1.6mg/day for adults - Nervous system
function
c. Vitamin B3 - Immunity
- Also known as Niacin - Reduces muscle spasm,
- Sources: Liver, Kidney, Meat, cramps and numbness
Green Vegetables, Grain Cereals - Helps in proper balance
- Functions: of sodium and
o Energy Production phosphorus
o Improves Circulation - Deficiencies:
o Maintenance of skin - Nervousness
and tongue - Skin lesions
o Maintenance of the - Loss of muscle control
nervous system - Muscle weakness
o Helps in Lowering Bad - Arm and leg cramps
Cholesterol - Peripheral neuropathy
- Deficiencies: - Recommended Daily Intake:
o Pellagra – Rare in - Infants and Children:
western societies 0.1-1.0 mg/day
o Nervousness - Adults: 1.3-2.0mg/day
o Irritability f. Vitamin B7
o Fatigue - Also known as Biotin
o Headache - Sources: Meat, Egg yolk, soya beans
o Insomnia - Function:
o Depression - Produces energy
- Recommended Daily intake: 2- - Aids in producing body
9mgNE’s/Day for infant and chemicals like insulin
children - Aids in gene expression
- Adult: 14-18 mgNE’s/Day - Deficiencies:
- *NE = Niacin Equivalents - Nausea
d. Vitamin B5 - Anorexia
- Also known as Pantothenic acid - Mental and neurological
- Function: symptoms
- Produces energy - Hallucinations
- Sources: Fruits, meats, poultry, - Depression
legumes - Recommended daily intake:
- Recommended Daily intake: - Infants and children: 5-
- Infants and children:1.7- 20ug/day
4.0mg/day - Adults: 25-35ug/day
- Adults: 5.0-7.0mg/day g. Vitamin B9
e. Vitamin B6 - Also known as Folic acid
- Also known as Pyridoxine Sources: Yeasts, Leafy Vegetables
- Sources: Meats, eggs, Green - Function: Synthesis of nucleic acids
Vegetables - Deficiencies:
- Functions: - Neural tube defects
Compiled by:
Maricar Grace F. Mararac, RPh
 URDANETA CITY College of Pharmacy
UNIVERSITY
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

-
Anemia (megaloblastic) - Retinol: Cod liver, Dairy
-
Deficiencies brought about by products, Egg yolk
pregnancies - Beta Carotene: Dark green leafy
- Therapeutic Use: vegetables, broccoli, carrots,
- Aids in treating chronic orange fruits, and vegetables
hemolytic anemia - Deficiencies:
- Recommended Daily intake o Retarded growth
- Infants and Children: 80ug/day o Malformed bones
- Adults: 400-500ug/day o Nyctalopia
h. Vitamin B12 - Excess may lead to liver damage
- Also known as Cyanocobalamin and bone damage
- Functions: - Recommended daily intake:
- Proper Nerve Function 900ug for men and 700 ug for
- Production of red blood cells women
- Aids in DNA reproduction b. Vitamin D
- Prevents anemia - Also known as ergocalciferol (D2),
- Aids in metabolizing fats and Cholecalcefirol (D3)
proteins - Broken down in the body to be
- Deficiencies: converted to calcitriol
- Can lead to anemia - Functions:
- Hypersensitive skin - Absorption and laying down of
- Recommended Daily Intake: calcium and phosphorus in
- Infants and Children: 0.4ug/day bones and teeth
- Adults: 2.4-2.8ug/day - Regulates calcium balance
i. Vitamin C between bones and blood
- Functions: - Can prevent rickets
- Aids in strengthening the - Sources:
immune system - Sunlight conversion
- Aids in formation of connective - Fish liver oils
tissue known as collagen - Dairy Product
- Aids in absorption of iron - Fish
- Prevents scurvy - Margarine
- Promotes healing in wounds - Deficiencies:
- Antioxidant - Rickets in children
- Sources: Strawberries, Spinach, - Osteomalacia in adults
Citrus Fruits, Broccoli, Cabbage - Long term: Osteoporosis—
B. Fat Soluble Vitamins bones become light less densed
a. Vitamin A and prone to fractures
- Also known as retinol/retinoic acid - Recommended Daily Intake:
- Beta carotene o 400-800 IU/Day
- Functions: c. Vitamin E
- Regular growth - Also known as tocopherol
- Promotes Healthy Skin - Functions:
- Maintenance of healthy tissues o Protects tissues against
- Helps eye adapt to dim light damage
- Sources:
Compiled by:
Maricar Grace F. Mararac, RPh
 URDANETA CITY College of Pharmacy
UNIVERSITY
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

o
Promotes normal Types of anemia:
growth and Iron deficiency anemia –
development  Most common type of anemia
o Antioxidant  Shortage of iron in body
 Helps in normal  Needs iron to produce hemoglobin
red blood cell
Vitamin deficiency anemia - besides iron, body
formation
needs folate (folic, b9,) and vitamin b12
- Sources: Pure vegetable oils, cyanocobalamin to produce enough healthy
Wheat, egg yolk, nuts, blood cells. (also known as pernicious anemia)
sunflower seeds
- Deficiency: rare but can affect Aplastic anemia – rare, life threatening where
the nervous system body does not produce enough red blood cells.
- Recommended Daily intake: Causes: infections, autoimmune diseases
400-1200 IU/day
d. Vitamin K Hemolytic anemia – RBC gets destroyed at a
- Also known as Napthaquinone faster rate than the bone marrow can replace
- Functions: them. Can be inherited or be devolped.
- Needed for blood clotting
Sickle cell anemia – defective form of
- Helps in would healing
hemoglobin that forces rbc to assume an
- Can aide in building strong
abnormal crescent shape. These irregular blood
bones cells die prematurely resulting in a chronic
- Sources: Green Leafy Vegetable, shortage of red blood cells.
Vegetable oils, Cereals
- Deficiency: Rare but when acquired,
can lead to liver damage and new b. Zinc
born infants are more at risk Function: Everything, can aide in acne and
- Recommended Daily Intake: diabetes. Needed for the senses of smell and
- 122mcg for women, 138mcg for taste.
men Deficiency: Dry skin, acne, spasms
Sources: Meat (Lamb), Oats, eggs, nuts
III. MINERALS Recommended Daily intake: 8mg/day for
women; 11mg/day for men
Can be divided into 2:
a. Trace Elements: iron, Zinc and iodine
c. Iodine
b. Major Elements: Sodium, Potassium
Function: Thyroid gland Function (controls how
calcium and phosphorus
quickly the body uses energy and body
Trace Elements: metabolism.
a. Iron Deficiency: decrease in the production of thyroid
Function: Production of hemoglobin in red blood hormones
cells to carry oxygen (transferrin)in the blood. Sources: animal and plant life from the sea
Deficiency: anemia Milk, eggs, yogurt
Sources: red meat, Kidney, liver, eggs, Bread, Recommended daily intake: 150mcg/day
Green Vegetable
Recommended dietary Intake: 16 to 18mg/day
for men
12mg/day for women

Compiled by:
Maricar Grace F. Mararac, RPh
 URDANETA CITY College of Pharmacy
UNIVERSITY
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta

Major Elements:
a. Sodium
Function: Maintains water balance in the body
and controls body temperature, helps you sweat
when temperature rises
Deficiency: Rare
Sources: Cheese, Bacon, Smoked meats,
processed foods
Recommended dietary intake: 1500mg/day
Maximum of 6g of salt/day

b. Potassium
Function: Muscle contraction and maintains
fluid. It is necessary for the building of muscle
and for normal body growth.
Deficiency: Dry skin, Muscle Spasms -
Sources: banana, celery, Turnips
Recommended dietary intake: 3500-
4700mg/day

C. Calcium
Functions: teeth and bones, Blood clotting, nerve
and muscle contraction, Heart regulation
Deficiencies: Rickets and osteoporosis
Sources: Dairy products, white bread, oily fish,
green leafy vegetables, citrus,
Recommended Daily Intake: 1000mg

IV. Other Mineral Deficiencies:

Kwashiorkor- Protein deficiency in babies
Marasmus – Protein deficiency in older
people (children to adults)
Marasmus Kwashiorkor
Weight loss Inability to grow or
gain weight
dehydration Edema, swellingof
the hands and feet
Stomach Shrinkage Stomach bulging
diarrhea

Compiled by:
Maricar Grace F. Mararac, RPh