Polynomial Equation Quadratic Equation

A polynomial P(x) in one variable x, is an algebraic expression Let P(x) be a quadratic polynomial
of the form (i.e. degree n = 2), then P (x) = 0, known as quadratic equation.
P(x) = an x n + an –1 x n–1 + an –2 x n–2 + ... + a2 x 2 + a1x + a 0 Standard form of quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0, where,
where, an ≠ 0, a0, a1, a2, ..., an are constants and these are a ≠ 0 and a, b, c are any constants.
also called coefficient of the variable in polynomial. If the terms of P (x) = 0 are written in descending order of their degree, then
If P(x) = 0, then it is known as polynomial equation of this form of equation is called standard form of a quadratic equation, i.e.
degree n. ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 and a, b, c are any constants.
i.e. anx n + an–1x n + an–2x n–2 + ... + a2x 2 + a1x + a0 = 0
is a polynomial equation of degree n.
Solutions Or Roots of a
Solution of a Quadratic Equation Quadratic Equation
by Factorisation A real number is said to be a root or solution of a quadratic
equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0, if aα2 + bα + c = 0.
In factorisation method, we first write the given
quadratic polynomial as product of two linear
factors by splitting the middle term and then
equate each factor to zero to get possible roots Solution of a Quadratic Equation by
of given quadratic equation. Completing the Square
Firstly, write the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0
Solution of a Quadratic ⇒ x +—
2 bx =– c
a a
Equation by Quadratic Formula 2
b
2 Adding —
Firstly, find the discriminant, D = b – 4ac of 2a
2
given equation ax + bx + c = 0. If D is negative, on both sides to make LHS as a perfect
then solution does not exist. square of a binomial expression and
– b ± √D simplify RHS, then take square root
Otherwise, x = ———— on both sides and get values of x,
2a
Simplify it to get required roots. b2– 4ac b
which are x = ± ——— 2 –—
4a 2a

Nature of Roots Sum and Product of Roots

Find discriminant, D = b2 – 4ac
2 If α and β are the roots of quadratic
(i) If D = b – 4ac = 0, then quadratic equation 2
equation, ax + bx + c = 0,
has two equal real roots or repeated roots.
where a ≠ 0. Then,
(ii) If D = b2 – 4ac > 0, then quadratic equation
–b
has two distinct real roots. Sum of roots (S) = α + β = — a
(iii) If D = b2 – 4ac < 0, then quadratic equation
has no real roots. c
Product of roots (P) = αβ= —
a

Formation of Quadratic Equation

If roots of a quadratic equation are
given, then the quadratic equation
is given by
x2 – Sx + P = 0
⇒ x – (α + β) x + αβ = 0
2