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Exploration of students’ conceptual

understanding in static fluid through


experiential learning integrated STEM with
formative assessment
Cite as: AIP Conference Proceedings 2330, 050010 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0043129
Published Online: 02 March 2021

Estianinur, Parno, Eny Latifah, et al.

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AIP Conference Proceedings 2330, 050010 (2021); https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0043129 2330, 050010

© 2021 Author(s).
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The 4th International Conference on Mathematics and Science Education (ICoMSE) 2020
AIP Conf. Proc. 2330, 050010-1–050010-8; https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0043129
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-4074-6/$30.00

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